Misplaced Pages

#647352

64-466: Xujiahui means "Xu family junction" - more precisely, "property of Xu family at the junction of two rivers". The "Xu family" refers to the family of Xu Guangqi (Hsü Kuang-ch'i; 1562–1633), China's most notable Catholic convert. Most of what is now Xujiahui was once the ancestral home of the Xu family. Baptized by famed Italian Jesuit, Matteo Ricci , Xu Guangqi and his descendants donated large plots of land to

128-547: A 1632 mutiny under Kong Yude and Geng Zhongming permitted them to successfully capture Dengzhou, seize the artillery, and establish an independent power base that eventually joined the Manchus. Xu's memorials for clemency were unsuccessful and Sun was court-martialed and executed. He held the positions of Minister of Rites ( 禮部尙書 ), overseeing government programs related to culture, education, and foreign affairs, and Deputy Senior Grand Secretary ( 內閣次輔 ), effectively

192-453: A Shanghai native who had passed the juren exams in 1555. The next year, he traveled to Beijing in the spring and passed its provincial exam , becoming a juren . He seems to have stayed there for the imperial exam the next year, but failed to pass. He then returned to Shanghai around April, turning his attention to the study of military and agricultural subjects. The next year he studied under Cheng Jiasui . He first met Matteo Ricci ,

256-592: A book on military techniques and strategies entitled Mr Xu's Amateur Observations in response to the criticisms he faced for daring discuss military matters in spite of being a mere scholar. He frequently cited the Xunzi and Guanzi , and made use of rewards and punishments along the lines of the Legalists , at least in relief activities. Xu Guangqi put forward the concept of a "Rich Country and Strong Army" (富國強兵), which would be adopted by Japan for its modernization in

320-518: A center of education. The Aurora University was founded by the Jesuits in Xujiahui. The imperial Nanyang Public School system was founded in Xujiahui at the end of the 19th century, and the historic main campus of its most prominent descendent school, Jiao Tong University , one of Shanghai's most prestigious, is still located in Xujiahui. Fudan University , also one of Shanghai's most prestigious,

384-525: A deputy premier for the imperial cabinet. Johann Adam Schall von Bell stayed with Xu during his final illness in 1633 and oversaw the return of his body to his family in Shanghai. There, it was publicly displayed at his villa until 1641, when it was buried "in a time of hardship". Xu Guangqi's tomb remains the centerpiece of Shanghai's Guangqi Park on Nandan Road ( 南丹路 ), just south of Xujiahui Cathedral . The 350th anniversary of his death in 1983

448-424: A distinct legal structure, with financial and developmental goals, like making services more accessible while earning profit (such as a state railway). They can be considered as government-affiliated entities designed to meet commercial and state capitalist objectives. The terminology around the term state-owned enterprise is murky. All three words in the term are challenged and subject to interpretation. First, it

512-533: A number of contemporary guidebooks and literature as "Zikawei" or some variant thereof. With land donated by Xu Guangqi's family and those acquired by other means, the Society of Jesus established a grand cathedral as well as an entire one square mile complex that covers most of present-day Xujiahui. In addition to the cathedral, the French Jesuits also built orphanages, monasteries, schools, libraries and

576-661: A public objective. For that reason, SOEs primarily operate in the domain of infrastructure (e.g., railway companies), strategic goods and services (e.g., postal services, arms manufacturing and procurement), natural resources and energy (e.g., nuclear facilities, alternative energy delivery), politically sensitive business, broadcasting, banking, demerit goods (e.g., alcoholic beverages ), and merit goods (healthcare). SOEs can also help foster industries that are "considered economically desirable and that would otherwise not be developed through private investments". When nascent or 'infant' industries have difficulty getting investments from

640-495: A regular enterprise, state-owned enterprises are typically expected to be less efficient due to political interference, but unlike profit-driven enterprises they are more likely to focus on government objectives. In Eastern Europe and Western Europe , there was a massive nationalization throughout the 20th century, especially after World War II . In the Eastern Bloc , countries adopted very similar policies and models to

704-419: Is a business entity created or owned by a national or local government, either through an executive order or legislation. SOEs aim to generate profit for the government, prevent private sector monopolies, provide goods at lower prices, implement government policies, or serve remote areas where private businesses are scarce. The government typically holds full or majority ownership and oversees operations. SOEs have

SECTION 10

#1732765076648

768-562: Is a viable argument for SOEs is debated. SOEs are also frequently employed in areas where the government wants to levy user fees , but finds it politically difficult to introduce new taxation. Next, SOEs can be used to improve efficiency of public service delivery or as a step towards (partial) privatization or hybridization. SOEs can also be a means to alleviate fiscal stress, as SOEs may not count towards states' budgets. Compared to government bureaucracy, state owned enterprises might be beneficial because they reduce politicians' influence over

832-764: Is approximately 70% of total employment. State-owned enterprises are thus a major factor behind Belarus's high employment rate and a source of stable employment. In most OPEC countries, the governments own the oil companies operating on their soil. A notable example is the Saudi Arabian national oil company , Saudi Aramco , which the Saudi government bought in 1988, changing its name from Arabian American Oil Company to Saudi Arabian Oil Company. The Saudi government also owns and operates Saudi Arabian Airlines , and owns 70% of SABIC as well as many other companies. China's state-owned enterprises are owned and managed by

896-418: Is available within five minutes, but the type of product that Xujiahui is most famous for is electronics. It is one of the biggest places for people to get electronic equipment, from cameras to PSPs to Xboxes and modchips for those Xboxes and other game consoles as well. However, the biggest shopping mall for electronic equipment has closed in 2016. Currently, a brand new shopping center is under construction, it

960-542: Is debatable what the term "state" implies (e.g., it is unclear whether municipally owned corporations and enterprises held by regional public bodies are considered state-owned). Next, it is contestable under what circumstances a SOE qualifies as "owned" by a state (SOEs can be fully owned or partially owned; it is difficult to determine categorically what level of state ownership would qualify an entity to be considered as state-owned since governments can also own regular stock , without implying any special interference). Finally,

1024-617: Is highlighted in the predominant local terminology, with SOEs in Canada referred to as a " Crown corporation ", and in New Zealand as a " Crown entity ". The term " government-linked company " (GLC) is sometimes used, for example in Malaysia , to refer to private or public (listed on a stock exchange) corporate entities in which the government acquires a stake using a holding company . The two main definitions of GLCs are dependent on

1088-553: Is located on Hongqiao Road, right beside the Grand Gateway. The new shopping center will officially open in 2016. The historic main campus of the Shanghai Jiao Tong University is located in Xujiahui, to the north of the Xujiahui junction. While due to space limitations the university has moved its undergraduate department to a new campus on the outskirts of Shanghai, the Xujiahui campus still houses

1152-555: Is not recorded, but this school was probably a separate secular and fee-based institution for families too poor to hire private tutors for their sons. His mother died on May 8, 1592, and he undertook the ritual mourning period in her honor. His whereabouts over the next few years are uncertain but he seems to have failed the provincial exam at Beijing in 1594, after the mourning period was over. In 1596, he moved to Xunzhou (now Guiping) in Guangxi to assist its prefect Zhao Fengyu ,

1216-488: Is one of the " Three Pillars of Chinese Catholicism ". The Roman Catholic Church considers him a Servant of God , one of the stages towards formal sainthood. On April 15, 2011, Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi announced the start of a beatification process for Xu Guangqi, which has stalled. Xu Guangqi is the pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation of Xu's Chinese name. His name

1280-410: Is still in Xujiahui. The former Shanghai Medical University , now Fudan University Shanghai Medical College , is located close to Xujiahui metro station. The Bibliotheca Zi-Ka-Wei (Xujiahui Library) is in the area. On the location of a former brick factory now stands the Xujiahui park, which was completed in 2002. The park also contains a manmade meandering brook (miniature model of the course of

1344-504: Is worth doing. If you want to talk about the sort of person you want to become, then it should be to establish yourself and to follow the Way . Bring order to the state and the people. Revere the orthodox and expose the heterodox. Don't waste the chance to be someone who matters in this world." From 1569 to 1573, the family sent Guangqi to the school at the Buddhist monastery at Longhua . It

SECTION 20

#1732765076648

1408-460: Is written Hsü Kuang-ch‘i using the Wade–Giles system. His courtesy name was Zixian and his penname was Xuanhu . In the Jesuits' records, it is the last which is used as his Chinese name, in the form "Siù Hsven Hú". At his conversion , he adopted the baptismal name Paul ( Latin : Paulus ). In Chinese, its transcription is employed as a kind of courtesy name (i.e., Xu Baolu) and

1472-595: The Chinese calendar . The reform, which constituted the first major collaboration between scientists from Europe and from the Far East, was completed after his death and became known as the Chongzhen calendar . It's notable for systematically introducing the concepts and development of European mathematics and astronomy to China for the first time, including extensive translations and references to Euclid's Elements and

1536-678: The Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War . A few years after the People's Liberation Army entered Shanghai, the Jesuits abandoned Xujiahui and relocated to nearby posts such as Macau or Manila . Many of those who remained were imprisoned by Communist authorities. These include Cardinal Ignatius Kung, who spent decades in prison, and Father Chang-min "Beda" Chang, who died in prison in November 1951. From 1949 onwards, most of

1600-630: The Huangpu River ), basketball courts, and a children's playground. The park is traversed by a roughly 250 meter (820 feet)-long elevated pathway. The eastern part of the park features the historic Red House, which once housed the Pathé China record company. The Shanghai Conservatory of Music - also located in Xuhui district - often stages free performances during the Spring and Autumn months in

1664-605: The Italian Jesuit , in Nanjing in March or April 1600. He collaborated with Ricci in translating several classic Western texts—most notably the first part of Euclid 's Elements —into Chinese, as well as several Chinese Confucian texts into Latin . Ricci's influence led to Xu being baptized as a Roman Catholic in 1603. His descendants remained Catholics or Protestants into the 21st century. From 1607 until 1610, Xu

1728-715: The State-owned Asset Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) . China's state-owned enterprises generally own and operate public services, resource extraction or defense. As of 2017 , China has more SOEs than any other country, and the most SOEs among large national companies. China's SOEs perform functions such as: contributing to central and local governments revenues through dividends and taxes, supporting urban employment, keeping key input prices low, channeling capital towards targeted industries and technologies, supporting sub-national redistribution to poorer interior and western provinces, and aiding

1792-751: The Xujiahui observatory  [ zh ] (now the Shanghai Bureau of Meteorology). In time, it became a stronghold of Catholics in East Asia. One of the first structures to be built by the Jesuits was the St. Ignatius Cathedral in 1847, later reconstructed in 1906. The Cathedral is located on what is now known as North Caoxi Road and is still referred to in English as the St. Ignatius Cathedral . The sign on

1856-549: The 1550s. At the time of Guangqi's birth, his father worked twenty mu (1¼   ha ) or less south of the city wall. About half of this would have been used to feed the family, with the rest used to supplement his income from small-scale trading. By the time Guangqi was 6, the family had saved enough to send him to a local school, where a later hagiographer records him piously upbraiding his classmates when they spoke of wanting to use their education for wealth or mystical power. Guangqi supposedly advised, "None of these things

1920-649: The Catholic Church, including the site of the St. Ignatius Cathedral. During the 18th century it was known by Shanghai's western residents as "Ziccawei" or "Siccawei" in English, and "Zikawei" or "Zi-ka-wei" in French, from the pronunciation of its name in Shanghainese . These names survive in the names of some institutions, such as the Bibliotheca Zi-Ka-Wei , and the area is still listed in

1984-787: The Catholic church retains a significant presence and there are still educational and scientific institutions in the area. The main Xujiahui shopping district is centered on the intersection of the streets Hongqiao Rd, Huashan Rd, Zhaojiabang Rd and North Caoxi Rd. Each of these streets terminates at the intersection, which is home to three supermarkets, six major shopping malls and nine large-scale office towers. (Clockwise from Hongqiao Road, Grand Gateway, Huashan Road, Pacific Sogo, Hengshan Road Tunnel, Huijin Department Store, Zhaojiabang Road, Metro-City , North Caoxi Road, Oriental Shopping Mall.) Everything from cosmetics to cars to cucumbers

Xujiahui - Misplaced Pages Continue

2048-521: The Jesuits sometimes referred to him as "Siù Pao Lò" or Ciù Paulus . More often, however, they describe him as "Doctor Paul" ( Latin : Doctor Paulus ; Portuguese : Doutor Paulo ), "Our Paul" ( Latin : noster Paulus ), or "Paul Siu" or "Ciu". Xu Guangqi was born in Shanghai in Southern Zhili 's Songjiang Prefecture on April 24, 1562, under China 's Ming dynasty . At

2112-882: The Minister of Finance II, the Minister in the Prime Minister's Department in charge of the Economic Planning Unit, the Chief Secretary to the Government, Secretary General of Treasury and the heads of each of the GLICs (the Employees Provident Fund, Khazanah Nasional Berhad , Lembaga Tabung Angkatan Tentera (the armed forces pension fund), Lembaga Tabung Haji and Permodalan Nasional Berhad . Khazanah Nasional Berhad provided

2176-1019: The USSR. Governments in Western Europe, both left and right of centre, saw state intervention as necessary to rebuild economies shattered by war. Government control over natural monopolies like industry was the norm. Typical sectors included telephones , electric power , fossil fuels , iron ore , railways , airlines , media , postal services , banks , and water . Many large industrial corporations were also nationalized or created as government corporations, including, among many others: British Steel Corporation , Equinor , and Águas de Portugal . A state-run enterprise may operate differently from an ordinary limited liability corporation. For example, in Finland, state-run enterprises ( liikelaitos ) are governed by separate laws. Even though responsible for their own finances, they cannot be declared bankrupt ;

2240-575: The Xuhui District Government and People's Procurate. The Tou-Se-We Orphanage ( Mandarin : Tushanwan) operated by the church, whose workshops supplied much of the religious art on Xujiahui's religious buildings, is half a mile to the south of Xujiahui junction; the sole surviving building of the orphanage is now the Tou-Se-We Museum. The educational institutions founded by the Catholic church led to Xujiahui's reputation as

2304-529: The district. The subdistrict is not co-extensive with the geographical locality. Xu Guangqi (Xu Zhun) Xu Guangqi or Hsü Kuang-ch'i (April 24, 1562   – November 8, 1633), also known by his baptismal name Paul or Paul Siu , was a Chinese agronomist, astronomer, mathematician, politician , and writer during the Ming dynasty . Xu was appointed by the Chinese Emperor in 1629 to be

2368-593: The early Qing era. The Jesuit Philippe Couplet , who worked closely with her, composed her biography in Latin. This was published in French translation as A History of the Christian Lady of China, Candide Hiu ( Histoire d'une Dame Chrétienne de la Chine, Candide Hiu ) in 1688. Her son was Basil Xu, who served as an official under the Qing . State-owned enterprise A state-owned enterprise ( SOE )

2432-482: The end of the 19th century, under the name Fukoku Kyohei . In 1607, Xu and Ricci translated the first parts of Euclid's Elements (a treatise on mathematics, geometry, and logic) into Chinese. Some Chinese scholars credit Xu as having "started China's enlightenment". After followers of Xu and Ricci publicly predicted a solar eclipse in 1629, Xu was appointed by the Emperor as the leader of an effort to reform

2496-507: The form of Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs). The Malaysian government launched a GLC Transformation Programme for its linked companies and linked investment companies ("GLICs") on 29 July 2005, aiming over a ten-year period to transform these businesses "into high-performing entities". The Putrajaya Committee on GLC High Performance ("PCG"), which oversaw this programme, was chaired by the Prime Minister , and membership included

2560-405: The large houses and estates in Xujiahui were compulsarily acquired or seized by the government and converted into factories. Up until the late 1990s, the area was predominantly an industrial area. During the late 1990s, many of the state-owned factories were sold off and torn down. Xujiahui is now mainly a retail district of downtown Shanghai. Xujiahui today is mainly a commercial area, though

2624-612: The leader of the Shixian calendar reform, which he embarked on with the assistance of Jesuits. Xu was a colleague and collaborator of the Italian Jesuits Matteo Ricci and Sabatino de Ursis and assisted their translation of several classic Western texts into Chinese, including part of Euclid 's Elements . He was also the author of the Nong Zheng Quan Shu , a treatise on agriculture. He

Xujiahui - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-412: The leading application of the incomplete contract theory to the issue of state-owned enterprises. These authors compare a situation in which the government is in control of a firm to a situation in which a private manager is in control. The manager can invest to come up with cost-reducing and quality-enhancing innovations. The government and the manager bargain over the implementation of the innovations. If

2752-592: The negotiations fail, the owner can decide about the implementation. It turns out that when cost-reducing innovations do not harm quality significantly, then private firms are to be preferred. Yet, when cost-reductions may strongly reduce quality, state-owned enterprises are superior. Hoppe and Schmitz (2010) have extended this theory in order to allow for a richer set of governance structures, including different forms of public-private partnerships . SOEs are common with natural monopolies , because they allow capturing economies of scale while they can simultaneously achieve

2816-686: The park is a traditional house relocated here as a result of urban redevelopment elsewhere in the district. The main intersection at Xujiahui is a transportation hub. It is served by dozens of bus routes, and by the Xujiahui metro station on Lines 1 , 9 and 11 of the Shanghai Metro . Xujiahui Subdistrict was established in May 1994 as a subdistrict of Xuhui District , Shanghai. The subdistrict covers 4.04 square kilometers (1.56 sq mi). There are 31,624 households which total 94,872 residents. There are roughly 110,000 permanent residents in

2880-439: The park, as these are the times when weather in Shanghai is the best. The other notable park in Xujiahui is Guangqi Park, which features the tomb of Xu Guangqi , after whom the area and district are ultimately named. The tomb, recently restored according to its original set-up, is a curious combination of a large Christian cross as the grave marker, with a traditional Chinese "spirit way" lined with stone animals. Also located in

2944-476: The pieces were accepted and directed to Dengzhou (now Penglai) in Shandong . The Christian convert Ignatius Sun , a protégé of Xu's, was governor there and had also been a strong advocate of modernizing China's military. Together with Captain   Teixeira and his translator João Rodrigues , Sun used the pieces to train his troops to oppose the ongoing Manchu invasion . However, Sun's lenient treatment of

3008-399: The private sector (perhaps because the good that is being produced requires very risky investments, when patenting is difficult, or when spillover effects exist), the government can help these industries get on the market with positive economic effects. However, the government cannot necessarily predict which industries would qualify as such 'infant industries', and so the extent to which this

3072-428: The proportion of the corporate entity a government owns. One definition purports that a company is classified as a GLC if a government owns an effective controlling interest (more than 50%), while the second definition suggests that any corporate entity that has a government as a shareholder is a GLC. The act of turning a part of government bureaucracy into a SOE is called corporatization . In economic theory ,

3136-451: The question of whether a firm should be owned by the state or by the private sector is studied in the theory of incomplete contracts developed by Oliver Hart and his co-authors. In a world in which complete contracts were feasible, ownership would not matter because the same incentive structure that prevails under one ownership structure could be replicated under the other ownership structure. Hart, Shleifer, and Vishny (1997) have developed

3200-469: The service. Conversely, they might be detrimental because they reduce oversight and increase transaction costs (such as monitoring costs, i.e., it is more difficult and costly to govern and regulate an autonomous SOE than it is the public bureaucracy). Evidence suggests that existing SOEs are typically more efficient than government bureaucracy, but that this benefit diminishes as services get more technical and have less overt public objectives. Compared to

3264-465: The state answers for the liabilities. Stocks of the corporation are not sold and loans have to be government-approved, as they are government liabilities. State-owned enterprises are a major component of the economy of Belarus . The Belarusian state-owned economy includes enterprises that are fully state-owned, as well as others which are joint-stock companies with partial ownership by the state. Employment in state-owned or state-controlled enterprises

SECTION 50

#1732765076648

3328-497: The state's response to natural disasters, financial crises and social instability. China's SOEs are at the forefront of global seaport-building, and most new ports constructed by them are done within the auspices of the Belt and Road Initiative . As of at least 2024, an Ethiopian SOE is Africa's largest and most profitable airline, as well as Ethiopia's largest earner of foreign exchange. In India , government enterprises exist in

3392-543: The street calls it simply "Catholic Church." The cathedral was featured in the opening scenes of Steven Spielberg 's 1987 film Empire of the Sun . A number of other structures survive from its days as a center of Catholicism. One is the Collège Saint Ignace or Xuhui College on 68 Hongqiao Road, now renamed Xuhui High School (or Xuhui Middle School). Established by Jesuits in 1850, Xuhui (St. Ignatius) College

3456-657: The term "enterprise" is challenged, as it implies statutes in private law which may not always be present, and so the term "corporations" is frequently used instead. Thus, SOEs are known under many other terms: state-owned company, state-owned entity, state enterprise, publicly owned corporation, government business enterprise, government-owned company, government controlled company, government controlled enterprise, government-owned corporation, government-sponsored enterprise , commercial government agency, state-privatised industry public sector undertaking, or parastatal, among others. In some Commonwealth realms , ownership by The Crown

3520-517: The time of his death in 1633, the famous Jiangnan scholar Chen Zilong assembled a group of scholars to edit the draft, publishing it in 1639. The topics covered by his book are as follows: Xu's only son was John Xu ( t   徐驥 , s   徐 骥 , Xú Jì ), whose daughter was Candida Xu ( 徐 甘第大 , Xú Gāndìdà ; 1607–1680). A devout Christian, she was recognized as an important patron of Christianity in Jiangnan during

3584-662: The time, Shanghai was merely a small walled county seat in the old quarter around the present city's Yu Garden . His family, including an older and younger sister, lived in the Taiqing Quarter at the south end of the town. Guangqi's branch of the Xu clan were not related to those who had passed the imperial examinations and joined Shanghai's local gentry . His father Xu Sicheng (died   c.  1607 ) had been orphaned at age 5 and seen most of his inheritance lost to "Japanese" pirate raids and insolvent friends in

3648-484: The university's School of International Education and several research institutes. The campus is notable for a number of historic buildings dating from the early 20th century, including its imperial-style gate and remnants of the imperial-style marble bridges, reflecting the university's former status as the Imperial Polytechnic. The former Collège Saint Ignace, founded in 1850 and now Xuhui High School ,

3712-796: The use of wet-rice in the Northeast China . From 1613 until 1620 he often visited Tianjin , where he helped organize self-sufficient military settlements ( tun tian ). In 1629, memorials by Xu successfully moved the court to permit the Portuguese captain Gonçalo Teixeira-Correa to bring 10 artillery pieces and 4 "excellent bombards" across China to the capital to demonstrate the effectiveness of Western artillery . An earlier demonstration in 1623 had gone disastrously, with an exploding cannon killing one Portuguese artillerist and three Chinese observers, but on this occasion

3776-659: The works of Nicolaus Copernicus , Johannes Kepler , Galileo Galilei , and Tycho Brahe , whose Tychonic system was used its main theoretical basis. Xu Guangqi wrote the Complete Treatise on Agriculture , an outstanding agricultural treatise that followed in the tradition of those such as Wang Zhen (wrote the Wang Zhen Nong Shu of 1313 AD) and Jia Sixia (wrote the Chi Min Yao Shu of 535 AD). Like Wang Zhen, Xu lived in troubled times, and

3840-637: Was celebrated very publicly, both with ceremonies in Shanghai and a laudatory article in the Beijing Review . The vocal Communist support for these memorials has been seen as signaling support for Deng Xiaoping 's policies of opening up and modernizing China. Most Chinese treatments of his life and legacy, however, focus upon his desire for scientific, technological, and political progress and its effect upon Chinese development, whereas Western treatments nearly universally attach great importance to his Christian conversion and identity. Xu Guangqi wrote

3904-420: Was devoted as a patriot to aiding the rural farmers of China. His main interests were in irrigation , fertilizers , famine relief, economic crops, and empirical observation with early notions of chemistry . It was an enormous written work, some 700,000 written Chinese characters , making it 7 times as large as the work of both Jia Sixia and Wang Zhen. Although its final draft was unfinished by Xu Guangqi by

SECTION 60

#1732765076648

3968-576: Was forced to retire from public office and returned to his home in Shanghai. It was during this time that he experimented with Western-style irrigation methods. He also experimented with the cultivation of sweet potatoes , cotton , and the nu zhen tree. He was called once more to serve the Chinese bureaucracy, where he rose to a high rank and became known late in his career simply as "The Minister". Yet he continued to experiment and learn of new agricultural practices while he served his office, promoting

4032-623: Was located in Xujiahui until 1922. While central Xujiahui was administratively part of the Chinese area of Shanghai, it was in reality controlled by the Catholic Church , which was closely associated with the French authorities of the French Concession . From 1914, Xujiahui sat just outside the borders of the French Concession, and remained under heavy French influence. Catholic Xujiahui came to an abrupt end with

4096-524: Was the first educational institution in China to offer a fully western curriculum. Another is the Bibliotheca Zikawei (or Bibliotheque de Mission ), now a branch of Shanghai Library , adjacent to the cathedral. Several of the convent buildings scattered around Xujiahui are still visible in various states of preservation: one (structurally modified but still recognizable) serves as the office of

#647352