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61-600: Yx or YX may refer to: Yx (digraph) , in the Nambikwara language YX Energi , a Scandinavian fuel station chain Midwest Airlines (former IATA code: YX) Republic Airways (current IATA code: YX) Yahoo!Xtra , a defunct New Zealand web portal See also [ edit ] XY (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

122-527: A broad and a slender consonant. In Scottish Gaelic , it represents /a/ or /ɛ/ between a broad and a slender consonant, except when preceding word-final or pre-consonant ⟨ll, m, nn⟩ (e.g. cainnt /kʰaiɲtʲ/ , or pre-consonant ⟨bh, mh⟩ (e.g. aimhreit /ˈaivɾʲɪtʲ/ . In the Kernowek Standard orthography of Cornish , it represents /eː/ , mostly in loanwords from English such as paint . ⟨ aí ⟩

183-534: A consonant or finally); or /bm/ (before a vowel); examples are mabm ('mother') or hebma ('this'). ⟨ bp ⟩ is used in Sandawe and romanized Thai for /p/ . ⟨bp⟩ (capital ⟨bP⟩ ) is used in Irish , as the eclipsis of ⟨p⟩ , to represent /bˠ/ (beside ⟨a, o, u⟩ ) and /bʲ/ (beside ⟨e, i⟩ ). ⟨ bv ⟩

244-627: A consonant, after ⟨f, ch⟩ and word finally). - ⟨eon, ion, yon⟩ - in French loanwords are written with a single ⟨n⟩ ( mayonaise ) except when a schwa follows ( stationnement ). Vowel length is always indicated but in different ways by using an intricate system of single and double letters. Old Dutch possessed phonemic consonant length in addition to phonemic vowel length, with no correspondence between them. Thus, long vowels could appear in closed syllables, and short vowels could occur in open syllables. In

305-496: A double vowel, followed by a double consonant, to distinguish those forms from the present tense. Compounds should be read as if each word were spelled separately, and they may therefore appear to violate the normal rules. That may sometimes cause confusion if the word is not known to be a compound. Final devoicing is not indicated in Dutch spelling; words are usually spelled according to the historically original consonant. Therefore,

366-424: A geminated /tʃ/ , as in lacci /ˈlat.tʃi/ . In Piedmontese and Lombard , ⟨cc⟩ represents the /tʃ/ sound at the end of a word. In Hadza it is the glottalized click /ᵑǀˀ/ . In English crip slang, ⟨cc⟩ can sometimes replace the letters ⟨ck⟩ or ⟨ct⟩ at the ends of words, such as with thicc , protecc , succ and fucc . ⟨ cg ⟩

427-442: A hyphen, for example auto-ongeluk (car accident). The grave accent is used in some French loanwords and native onomatopoeic words, generally when pronunciation would be wrong without it, such as après-ski , barrière (barrier), bèta, caissière (female cashier), carrière (career) and hè? ("What?"), blèren (to yell). Officially, appel is always written without an accent, but sometimes an accent

488-408: A word may be written with a letter for a voiced consonant at the end of a word but still be pronounced with a voiceless consonant: Weak verbs form their past tense and past participle by addition of a dental, ⟨d⟩ or ⟨t⟩ depending on the voicing of the preceding consonant(s) (see Assimilation (linguistics) ). However, because final consonants are always devoiced, there

549-475: A word. Later in Middle Dutch, the distinction between short and long consonants started to disappear. That made it possible for short vowels to appear in open syllables once again. Because there was no longer a phonetic distinction between single and double consonants (they were both pronounced short now), Dutch writers started to use double consonants to indicate that the preceding vowel was short even when

610-538: Is a list of digraphs used in various Latin alphabets . In the list, letters with diacritics are arranged in alphabetical order according to their base, e.g. ⟨ å ⟩ is alphabetised with ⟨a⟩ , not at the end of the alphabet, as it would be in Danish , Norwegian and Swedish . Substantially-modified letters, such as ⟨ ſ ⟩ (a variant of ⟨s⟩ ) and ⟨ɔ⟩ (based on ⟨o⟩ ), are placed at

671-460: Is also informally written kado , but this spelling is not recognized by the standard spelling dictionary ). ⟨c, qu, x, y⟩ are sometimes adapted to ⟨k, kw, ks, i⟩ , but ⟨c, x, y⟩ (and rarely ⟨qu⟩ ) are usually retained. Greek letters ⟨φ, ῥ⟩ become ⟨f, r⟩ , not ⟨ph, rh⟩ , but ⟨θ⟩ usually becomes ⟨th⟩ (except before

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732-806: Is found in a few words such as paon representing /ɑ̃/ and as paonne representing /a/ . In Malagasy , it represents /o/ . In Wymysorys , it represents /œʏ̯/ . ⟨ ão ⟩ is used in Portuguese for /ɐ̃ũ̯/ . ⟨ aq ⟩ is used in Taa , for the pharyngealized vowel /aˤ/ . ⟨ au ⟩ is used in English for /ɔː/ . It occasionally represents /aʊ/ , as in flautist . Other pronunciations are /æ/ or /ɑː/ (depending on dialect) in aunt and laugh , /eɪ/ in gauge , /oʊ/ in gauche and chauffeur , and /ə/ as in meerschaum and restaurant . ⟨ äu ⟩

793-490: Is in some proper names) for [ɔ] or [ʌ] (in Danish), until it was replaced with ⟨ å ⟩ . There is a ligature ⟨ Ꜳ ⟩ . In Cantonese romanisations such as Jyutping or Yale , it is used for /aː/ , contrasting with ⟨a⟩ /ɐ/ . ⟨ ae ⟩ is used in Irish for /eː/ between two "broad" ( velarized ) consonants, e.g. Gael /ɡeːlˠ/ "a Gael ". ⟨ ãe ⟩

854-411: Is no difference in pronunciation between these in the participle. Nonetheless, in accordance with the above rules, the orthography operates as if the consonant were still voiced. The same dental consonant letter is spelled in the past participle as in the past tense forms in which it is not word-final. To help memorise when to write ⟨d⟩ and when ⟨t⟩ , Dutch students are taught

915-443: Is no normal way to indicate them in the spelling. When a vowel is short/lax but is free in pronunciation, the spelling is made checked by doubling the following consonant, so that the vowel is kept short according to the default rules. That has no effect on pronunciation, as modern Dutch does not have long consonants: When a vowel is long/tense but still checked in pronunciation, it is necessarily checked in spelling as well. A change

976-412: Is reflected in the spelling: However, ⟨f⟩ and ⟨s⟩ are also written at the end of a syllable that is not final. The pronunciation remains voiced even if the spelling shows a voiceless consonant. This is most common in the past tense forms of weak verbs: Compare this to verbs in which the final consonant is underlyingly voiceless. Here, the dental assimilation rule calls for

1037-408: Is thus needed to indicate the length, which is done by doubling the vowel. Doubled ⟨i⟩ does not occur. A single ⟨e⟩ indicates short and long e but is also used to indicate the neutral schwa sound /ə/ in unstressed syllables. Because the schwa is always short, ⟨e⟩ is never followed by a double consonant when it represents /ə/ . A word-final long /eː/

1098-611: Is used for /ɐ̃/ before a consonant. In French it represents /ɑ̃/ ( /an/ before a vowel). In Breton it represents /ɑ̃n/ . ⟨ aⁿ ⟩ is used in Hokkien Pe̍h-ōe-jī for /ã/ . ⟨ ân ⟩ is used in Portuguese for a stressed /ɐ̃/ before a consonant. ⟨ än ⟩ is used in Tibetan Pinyin for /ɛ̃/ . It is alternately written ⟨ ain ⟩ . ⟨ ån ⟩

1159-416: Is used for the fortis sound /p͈/ , otherwise spelled ⟨pp⟩ ; e.g. hobbang . In Hadza it represents the ejective /pʼ/ . In several African languages it is implosive /ɓ/ . In Cypriot Arabic it is /bʱ/ . ⟨ bd ⟩ is used in English for /d/ in a few words of Greek origin, such as bdellatomy . When not initial, it represents /bd/ , as in abdicate . ⟨ bf ⟩

1220-527: Is used in Bavarian and several African languages for the /b̪͡v/ . ⟨ bh ⟩ is used in transcriptions of Indo-Aryan languages for a murmured voiced bilabial plosive ( /bʱ/ ), and for equivalent sounds in other languages. In Juǀʼhoan , it's used for the similar prevoiced aspirated plosive /b͡pʰ/ . It is used in Irish to represent /w/ (beside ⟨a, o, u⟩ ) and /vʲ/ (beside ⟨e, i⟩ ), word-initially it marks

1281-536: Is used in German for the diphthong /ɔɪ/ in declension of native words with ⟨au⟩ ; elsewhere, /ɔɪ/ is written as ⟨eu⟩ . In words, mostly of Latin origin, where ⟨ä⟩ and ⟨u⟩ are separated by a syllable boundary, it represents /ɛ.ʊ/ , e.g. Matthäus (a German form for Matthew ). ⟨ aw ⟩ is used in English in ways that parallel English ⟨au⟩ , though it appears more often at

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1342-594: Is used in Irish for /iː/ between a broad and a slender consonant. ⟨ aî ⟩ is used in French for /ɛː/ , as in aînesse /ɛːnɛs/ or maître /mɛːtʁ/ . ⟨ ái ⟩ is used in Irish for /aː/ between a broad and a slender consonant. ⟨ ài ⟩ is used in Scottish Gaelic for /aː/ or sometimes /ɛː/ , between a broad and a slender consonant. ⟨ ãi ⟩

1403-754: Is used in Manx for /tʃ/ , such as in the word çhengey, meaning speech, as a distinction from ⟨ch⟩ which is used for /x/ . Dutch alphabet In the Netherlands , the official spelling is regulated by the Spelling Act of 15 September 2005. This came into force on 22 February 2006, replacing the Act on the Spelling of the Dutch Language of 14 February 1947. The Spelling Act gives

1464-419: Is used in Portuguese for /ɐ̃ĩ̯/ , usually spelt ⟨ãe⟩ . ⟨ am ⟩ is used in Portuguese for /ɐ̃ũ̯/ word finally, /ɐ̃/ before a consonant, and /am/ before a vowel. In French, it represents /ɑ̃/ . ⟨ âm ⟩ is used in Portuguese for a stressed /ɐ̃/ before a consonant. ⟨ an ⟩ is used in many languages to write a nasal vowel . In Portuguese it

1525-606: Is used in Portuguese for /ɐ̃ĩ̯/ . ⟨ ah ⟩ is used in Taa for breathy or murmured /a̤/ . In German and English it typically represents a long vowel /ɑː/ . ⟨ ai ⟩ is used in many languages, typically representing the diphthong /aɪ/ . In English , due to the Great Vowel Shift , it represents /eɪ/ as in pain and rain , while in unstressed syllables it may represent /ə/ , e.g. bargain and certain(ly) . In French , it represents /ɛ/ . In Irish and it represents /a/ between

1586-621: Is used in Walloon , for the nasal vowel /ɔ̃/ . ⟨ aŋ ⟩ is used in Lakhota for the nasal vowel /ã/ ⟨ ao ⟩ is used in many languages, such as Piedmontese and Mandarin Pinyin , to represent /au̯/ . In Irish , it represents /iː/ ( /eː/ in Munster ) between broad consonants. In Scottish Gaelic , it represents /ɯː/ between broad consonants. In French , it

1647-668: Is used in Bari and Hausa (in Nigeria) for /ʔʲ/ , but in Niger, Hausa ⟨ʼy⟩ is replaced with ⟨ƴ ⟩ . ⟨ aʼ ⟩ is used in Taa for the glottalized or creaky-voiced vowel /a̰/ . ⟨ aa ⟩ is used in Dutch , Finnish and other languages with phonemic long vowels for /aː/ . It was formerly used in Danish and Norwegian (and still

1708-541: Is used in Bari for /ɗ/ . ⟨ ʼm ⟩ is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark or yin tone /m/ . It is also often written as /ʔm/ . ⟨ ʼn ⟩ is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark /n/ . ⟨ ʼng ⟩ is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark /ŋ/ . ⟨ ʼny ⟩ is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark /ȵ/ . ⟨ ʼy ⟩ (capital ⟨ ʼY ⟩ )

1769-587: Is used in English for /eɪ/ . ⟨ bb ⟩ is used in Pinyin for /b/ in languages such as Yi , where ⟨b⟩ stands for /p/ . It was used in Portuguese until 1947. It had the same sound as ⟨b⟩ . Was used only for etymological purposes. In Hungarian , it represents geminated /bː/ . In English, doubling a letter indicates that the previous vowel is short (so ⟨bb⟩ represents /b/ ). In ISO romanized Korean , it

1830-645: Is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the voiced labiodental affricate /b̪͡v/ . ⟨ bz ⟩ is used in Shona for a whistled sibilant cluster /bz͎/ . ⟨ cc ⟩ is used in Andean Spanish for loanwords from Quechua or Aymara with /q/ , as in Ccozcco (modern Qusqu) (' Cuzco '). In Italian , ⟨cc⟩ before a front vowel represents

1891-423: Is used to distinguish between appel ("apple") and appèl ("appeal", "roll call", and others). Besides being used to mark stress, acute accents are also used in many loanwords (mainly from French) such as logé (overnight guest), coupé (train compartment), oké (okay) and café . The name of the Dutch town Enschede , pronounced [ˈɛnsxəˌde] was once upon a time written Enschedé, but later

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1952-482: Is written ⟨ee⟩ (or ⟨é⟩ in some loanwords), as an exception to the normal rules. That means that a word-final single ⟨e⟩ will almost always represent a schwa. Because the position of the stress in a polysyllabic word is not indicated in the spelling , that can lead to ambiguity . Some pairs of words are spelled identically, but ⟨e⟩ represents either stressed /ɛ/ or /eː/ or unstressed /ə/ , depending on how

2013-463: Is written as more than two letters, the accent is put on the first two vowel letters – except when the first letter is a capital one. According to the Taalunie , accents on capital letters are used only in all caps and in loanwords. So, it is correct to write één, Eén , and ÉÉN , but not to write * Één . The Genootschap Onze Taal states that accents can be put on capital letters whenever

2074-415: The diaeresis (trema) to disambiguate diphthongs/triphthongs. Occasionally, other diacritics are used in loanwords and native onomatopoeic words. Accents are not necessarily placed on capital letters (for example, the word Eén at the beginning of a sentence) unless the whole word is written in capitals. Acute accents may be used to emphasise a word in a phrase, on the vowel in the stressed syllable. If

2135-517: The lenition of ⟨b⟩ , e.g. mo bhád /mˠə waːd̪ˠ/ "my boat", bheadh /vʲɛx/ "would be". In Scottish Gaelic , it represents /v/ , or in a few contexts as /w/~/u/ between a broad vowel and a broad consonant or between two broad vowels, as in labhair /l̪ˠau.ɪɾʲ/ . In the orthography used in Guinea before 1985 , ⟨bh⟩ was used in Pular (a Fula language ) for

2196-546: The voiced bilabial implosive /ɓ/ , whereas in Xhosa , Zulu , and Shona , ⟨b⟩ represents the implosive and ⟨bh⟩ represents the plosive /b/ . In some orthographies of Dan , ⟨b⟩ is /b/ and ⟨bh⟩ is /ɓ/ . ⟨ bm ⟩ is used in Cornish for an optionally pre-occluded /m/ ; that is, it represents either /m/ or /mː/ (in any position); /ᵇm/ (before

2257-551: The Committee of Ministers of the Dutch Language Union the authority to determine the spelling of Dutch by ministerial decision. In addition, the law requires that this spelling be followed "at the governmental bodies, at educational institutions funded from the public purse, as well as at the exams for which legal requirements have been established". In other cases, it is recommended, but it is not mandatory to follow

2318-743: The Dutch alphabet, as it is in English . The least frequently used letters are ⟨q⟩ and ⟨x⟩ , similar to English. Dutch uses the following letters and letter combinations. For simplicity, dialectal variation and subphonemic distinctions are not always indicated. See Dutch phonology for more information. The following list shows letters and combinations, along with their pronunciations, found in modern native or nativised vocabulary: The following additional letters and pronunciations appear in non-native vocabulary or words using older, obsolete spellings (often conserved in proper names): Loanwords often keep their original spellings: cadeau /kaːˈdoː/ 'gift' (from French) (this word

2379-470: The Dutch language of 30 June 2006. The modern Dutch alphabet, used for the Dutch language , consists of the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet . Depending on how ⟨y⟩ is used, six (or five) letters are vowels and 20 (or 21) letters are consonants . In some aspects, the digraph ⟨ij⟩ behaves as a single letter. ⟨e⟩ is the most frequently used letter in

2440-489: The Netherlands. As in English, an apostrophe is used to mark omission of a part of word or several words: Contrary to the city of Den Haag, 's-Hertogenbosch (also known colloquially as ( Den Bosch ) has decided to retain the more formal orthography of its name for common communication like road signing. Except in all caps , the letter immediately following a word-initial apostrophe is not capitalised. If necessary,

2501-490: The acute accent fell off without changing the pronunciation, which has not become *[ɛnˈsxedə] . Similarly, a circumflex accent is also used in some French loanwords, including enquête (survey), and fêteren (to treat). For gênant (embarrassing) it is indecisive, the official spelling has the accent, but the Genootschap Onze also allows the spelling without the accent since it makes no difference to

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2562-399: The consonant had not been long in the past. That eventually led to the modern Dutch spelling system. Modern Dutch spelling still retains many of the details of the late Middle Dutch system. The distinction between checked and free vowels is important in Dutch spelling. A checked vowel is one that is followed by a consonant in the same syllable (the syllable is closed) while a free vowel ends

2623-470: The end of a word. In Cornish , it represents /aʊ/ or /æʊ/ . In Welsh , it represents /au/ . ⟨ ay ⟩ is used in English in ways that parallel ⟨ai⟩ , though it appears more often at the end of a word. In French, it represents /ɛj/ before a vowel (as in ayant ) and /ɛ.i/ before a consonant (as in pays ). In Cornish , it represents /aɪ/ , /əɪ/ , /ɛː/ , or /eː/ . ⟨ a_e ⟩ (a split digraph )

2684-535: The end. Capitalisation only involves the first letter ( ⟨ch⟩ becomes ⟨Ch⟩ ) unless otherwise stated ( ⟨ij⟩ becomes ⟨IJ⟩ in Dutch , and digraphs marking eclipsis in Irish , are capitalised on the second letter, i.e. ⟨mb⟩ becomes ⟨mB⟩ ). ⟨ ʼb ⟩ (capital ⟨ ʼB ⟩ ) is used in Bari for /ɓ/ . ⟨ ʼd ⟩ (capital ⟨ ʼD ⟩ )

2745-417: The ending -te , which gives away the voicelessness of the previous sound even if the spelling of that sound itself does not: Some modern loanwords and new coinages do not follow these rules. However, these words tend to not follow the other spelling rules as well: buzzen ("to page (call on a pager)") → buzz ("(I) page"), buzzde ("(I) paged"). Dutch uses the acute accent to mark stress and

2806-403: The examples below. A diaeresis is used to mark a hiatus , if the combination of vowel letters may be either mistaken for a digraph or interpreted in more than one way: geïnd (collected), geüpload (uploaded), egoïstisch (egoistic), sympathieën (sympathies, preferences), coördinaat (coordinate), reëel (realistic), zeeën (seas), met z'n tweeën (two together;

2867-552: The need arises, but makes an exception for Eén . Stress on a short vowel, written with only one letter, is occasionally marked with a grave accent : Kàn jij dat? (equivalent to the example below), wèl . However, it is technically incorrect to do so. Additionally, the acute accent may also be used to mark different meanings of various words, including een/één ( a(n) / one ), voor/vóór (for/before), vóórkomen/voorkómen (to occur/to prevent), and vérstrekkend/verstrékkend (far-reaching/issuing), as shown in

2928-830: The official spelling. The Decree on the Spelling Regulations of 2005–2006 contains the annexed spelling rules decided by the Committee of Ministers on 25 April 2005. This decree entered into force on 1 August 2006, replacing the Spelling Decree of 19 June 1996. In Flanders , the same spelling rules are currently applied by the Decree of the Flemish Government Establishing the Rules of the Official Spelling and Grammar of

2989-465: The pronunciation. The circumflex accent is also used the West Frisian language and so in general Dutch as well if there is no translation. Skûtsjesilen is the most common example, where silen is West Frisian for zeilen (to sail) and a skûtsje is a specific type of sailboat. Fryslân , the official (and Frisian) name of the province Friesland , is also well known, at least in

3050-568: The rule " 't kofschip is met thee beladen " ("the merchant ship is loaded with tea"). If the verb stem in the infinitive ends with one of the consonants of "'t kofschip" ( ⟨ -t, -k, -f, -s, -ch, -p ⟩ ), the past tense dental is a - ⟨t⟩ -; otherwise, it is a - ⟨d⟩ -. However, the rule also applies to loanwords ending in - ⟨c⟩ , - ⟨q⟩ or - ⟨x⟩ , as these are also voiceless. ⟨v⟩ and ⟨z⟩ are somewhat special: Then, therefore, final devoicing

3111-680: The same three-letter sequence in different situations, with hyphens indicating the syllable divisions in the written form, and the IPA period to indicate them in the spoken form: Free ⟨i⟩ is fairly rare and is mostly confined to loanwords and names. As tense /y/ is rare except before /r/ , free ⟨u⟩ is likewise rare except before ⟨r⟩ . The same rule applies to word-final vowels, which are always long because they are not followed by any consonant (but see below on ⟨e⟩ ). Short vowels, not followed by any consonant, do not normally exist in Dutch, and there

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3172-401: The singular and plural of a noun or between the infinitive and the conjugated forms of verbs. Examples of alternations are shown below. Note that free /i/ is spelled ⟨ie⟩ in native words: There are some irregular nouns that change their vowel from short/lax in the singular to long/tense in the plural. Their spelling does not alternate between single and double letters. However,

3233-460: The sound /ɪ/ becomes /eː/ in the plural in such nouns, not /iː/ That is reflected in the spelling. As a rule, the simplest representation is always chosen. A double vowel is never written in an open syllable, and a double consonant is never written at the end of a word or when next to another consonant. A double vowel is rarely followed by a double consonant, as it could be simplified by writing them both single. The past tense of verbs may have

3294-526: The stress is placed. The length of a vowel generally does not change in the pronunciation of different forms of a word. However, in different forms of a word, a syllable may alternate between checked and free depending on the syllable that follows. The spelling rules nonetheless follow the simplest representation, writing double letters only when necessary. Consequently, some forms of the same word may be written with single letters while others are written with double letters. Such alternations commonly occur between

3355-410: The syllable (the syllable is open). This distinction can apply to pronunciation or spelling independently, but a syllable that is checked in pronunciation will always be checked in spelling as well (except in some unassimilated loanwords). A single vowel that is checked in neither is always long/tense. A vowel that is checked in both is always short/lax. The following table shows the pronunciation of

3416-440: The title YX . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YX&oldid=1175856253 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Yx (digraph) This

3477-420: The transition to early Middle Dutch , short vowels were lengthened when they stood in open syllables. Short vowels could now occur only in closed syllables. Consonants could still be long in pronunciation and acted to close the preceding syllable. Therefore, any short vowel that was followed by a long consonant remained short. The spelling system used by early Middle Dutch scribes accounted for that by indicating

3538-466: The two of them) and even until 1996 zeeëend (sea duck; now spelled zee-eend ). On a line break that separates the vowels but keeps parts of a digraph together, the diaeresis becomes redundant and so is not written: ego-/istisch, sympathie-/en, re-/eel, zee-/en, met z'n twee-/en. The rule can be extended to names, such as Michaëlla , e.g. Michaëlla Krajicek . The diaeresis is only used in derivational suffixes since 1996; compounds are written with

3599-406: The vowel is written as a digraph, an acute accent is put on both parts of the digraph. Although that rule includes ⟨ ij ⟩ , the acute accent on the ⟨j⟩ is frequently omitted in typing (resulting in ⟨íj⟩ instead of ⟨íj́⟩ ), as putting an acute accent on a ⟨j⟩ is still problematic in most word processing software. If the vowel

3660-409: The vowel length only when it was necessary (sometimes by doubling the vowel but also in other ways). As the length was implicit in open syllables, it was not indicated there, and only a single vowel was written. Long consonants were indicated usually by doubling the consonant letter, which meant that a short vowel was always followed by at least two consonant letters or by just one consonant at the end of

3721-702: Was used for [ddʒ] or [gg] in Old English ( ecg in Old English sounded like 'edge' in Modern English, while frocga sounded like 'froga'), where both are long consonants . It is used for the click /ǀχ/ in Naro , and in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless dental click /ǀ/ . ⟨ ch ⟩ is used in several languages. In English, it can represent /tʃ/ , /k/ , /ʃ/ , /x/ or /h/ . See article. ⟨ çh ⟩

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