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14-682: Influential figures in the group included Khalid ibn Hashim and Ferhat Abbas . The Young Algerians emerged from a new group of middle class Algerians who were integrated into the French economic system and had gone through the French education system. They were influenced by the Young Tunisians movement, and established a number of study circles. In 1908 they went to France to meet Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau and expressed their opposition to Algerian conscription unless they were extended full civil rights. Clemenceau subsequently gave Muslims

28-571: A certain number of Algerian natives (military conscription). The indigenous press then seized on the subject to demand French citizenship for the Algerian native in return. And in June 1912, in Bône (Annaba), a delegation of nine Young Algerians submitted a note to French parliamentarians. This note would later be called the "Young Algerian Manifesto". In 1913, Emir Khaled approached the movement and made

42-495: A lecture tour in Paris where he defended their program. He declared that he wished "very reasonably for rights for those who have accepted all duties including the blood tax", and concluded: "Instruct us, assist us as you can do in times of peace. Associate us with your prosperity and your justice. We will be with you in times of danger" Khalid ibn Hashim Khaled ibn Hashimi ibn Hajj Abd al Qadir (1875 – January 1936)

56-416: A symbol of Algerian nationalism. However, there has been some controversy over whether Khaled can be defined as a nationalist , due to his demands for Algerians to be able to maintain their Islamic identity and his association with secular nationalists in his later years, or whether he was an assimilationist, due to his demands for reform within the French system. Jonnart Law The Jonnart Law

70-725: The French, and he was commonly referred to as the Emir. In 1913, he signed the program of the Young Algerians . He went on to help establish the Union Franco-Algérienne in 1914. Khaled continued to serve in the French army, and fought in the trenches during the First World War until he was struck down with Tuberculosis . After the Jonnart Law was passed in 1919, Khaled split with other members of

84-769: The Union Franco-Algérienne such an Benthai, on the grounds that the Jonnart Law was insufficient. In the elections that followed in the same year, Khaled won a major victory. However he was feared by the colons who got the result overturned and rigged the election that followed in 1920. By 1923, Khaled was becoming frustrated with French intransigence, and was becoming isolated from his allies who feared his personal influence. Further, he had built up considerable debts which left him vulnerable to attack. The French government offered to pay off these debts if he would go into exile. He accepted this offer, withdrew from

98-534: The Young Algerians gained the support of the popular Khalid ibn Hashim, the grandson of Abd al Qadir , the resistance fighter of the 1830s. The Young Algerians successfully used France's need to conscript its Algerian subjects for World War I to extract a number of minor reforms from France in the immediate pre-war years. In 1917, when Clemenceau returned to power in France, a more serious attempt at reform

112-614: The election he was contesting, closed down his personal publication, and went into exile in Damascus in 1924. From there and from Paris , he continued to pursue his political program, but his influence declined. Over time, Khaled moved increasingly towards more secular and nationalist politics, appearing alongside communists and others. When Khaled died in January 1936, there was an outpouring of grief in Algeria. He became, for many,

126-512: The original proposals of 1917. Proposals such as the creation of a joint European and Muslim council in Paris were abandoned entirely. The law was controversial, with colons (European immigrants) believing that too much had been given to the Algerians and the Algerians largely believing it to be insufficient recognition from a country for which they had fought and died during the First World War . This Algerian history -related article

140-500: The parliament were able to push back on major reforms. They published a number of journals including L'Islam and El-Hack . Although the group was, for a time, at the forefront of the Algerian resistance to French colonial policy, it never gained much support either from the Algerians, who saw them as aloof and overly French, or from the colons (European immigrants), who feared and suspected them. This meant that they usually performed badly in elections. In an attempt to overcome this,

154-594: The right to elect Algerian members of the general councils, rather than have them appointed by the French. They sent another delegation to France in 1912 to present the "Young Algerians Manifesto", which demanded reforms including equal taxation, representation in the French National Assembly , wider suffrage and the abolition of the Code de l'Indigénat . Only minimal reforms were made in French parliamentary debates in 1913-1914, as French settler interests in

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168-530: Was made but due to colon opposition, this was watered down and became the Jonnart Law passed in 1919. This reform was divisive, splitting the movement between Khalid, who demanded much more far reaching reform, and more moderate elements such as Benthai, who were largely content with the reforms as a step in the right direction. On the eve of the First World War, the decree of February 3, 19126, established compulsory military service by drawing lots for

182-547: Was the culmination of Governor General Charles Jonnart's reform program for French Algeria , passed on 4 February 1919. Although it increased the number of Algerian Muslims eligible to vote for the Muslim members of municipal councils to approximately 425,000, and gave approximately 100,000 the right to vote for members of the departmental councils and the Financial Delegations, it was greatly watered down from

196-639: Was the grandson of the military leader Abd al Qadir and was for a time a prominent opponent of the nature of French colonial rule in Algeria . Khaled ibn Hashimi was born in 1875 in Syria , where he grew up. He studied in Paris and went on to become an officer in the French army . He served with the army in Morocco . Khaled ibn Hashimi was well known in Algeria thanks to his grandfather's protracted struggle with

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