The Young Lamas Home School was a school established by the 14th Dalai Lama and Freda Bedi in 1960. Its funding was provided by Christopher Hills and its early abbot was Karma Thinley Rinpoche .
112-409: Freda Bedi asked Chogyam Trungpa to train young Tibetan monks, and then he became the spiritual advisor of them. In addition to Chogyam Trungpa, there were Thubten Zopa Rinpoche , Akong Rinpoche , Tulku Pema Tenzin, Katak Tulku, Gelek Rimpoche , Yeshe Losal , and the sons of Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche , Chokyi Nyima and Tsikey Chokling Rinpoche who attended the school. Freda Bedi was the principal of
224-513: A treaty between Tibet and Mongolia in Urga , proclaiming mutual recognition and their independence from China. The British diplomat Charles Bell wrote that the 13th Dalai Lama told him that he had not authorized Agvan Dorzhiev to conclude any treaties on behalf of Tibet. Because the text was not published, some initially doubted the existence of the treaty, but the Mongolian text was published by
336-574: A Chinese constitutional assembly in Nanjing as observers. Under orders from the Kuomintang government of Chiang Kai-shek, Ma Bufang repaired the Yushu airport in 1942 to deter Tibetan independence. Chiang also ordered Ma Bufang to put his Muslim soldiers on alert for an invasion of Tibet in 1942. Ma Bufang complied, and moved several thousand troops to the border with Tibet. Chiang also threatened
448-416: A Foreign Office in 1942, and in 1946 it sent congratulatory missions to China and India (related to the end of World War II). The mission to China was given a letter addressed to Chinese President Chiang Kai-shek which states that, "We shall continue to maintain the independence of Tibet as a nation ruled by the successive Dalai Lamas through an authentic religious-political rule." The mission agreed to attend
560-579: A bilateral accord with a note denying China any of the rights under the convention until it signed. The British Government initially rejected McMahon's bilateral accord as being incompatible with the 1907 Anglo-Russian Convention . The 1907 Anglo-Russian Treaty, which had earlier caused the British to question the validity of Simla, was renounced by the Russians in 1917 and by the Russians and British jointly in 1921. Tibet, however, altered its position on
672-647: A concise collection of the Shambhala views. According to Trungpa, it was his intention to propagate the Kingdom of Shambala that provided the necessary inspiration to leave his homeland and make the arduous journey to India and the West. From the beginning of his time in the United States, Trungpa encouraged his students to integrate a contemplative approach into their everyday activities. In addition to making
784-1024: A fool. I did not feel that charlatans had hoodwinked me into giving up my powers to enhance theirs. On the contrary, mine were unveiled." In 1973, Trungpa established Vajradhatu , encompassing all his North American institutions, headquartered in Boulder, Colorado . Trungpa also founded more than 100 meditation centers throughout the world. Originally known as Dharmadhatus, these centers, now more than 150 in number, are known as Shambhala Meditation Centers . He also founded retreat centers for intensive meditation practice, including Rocky Mountain Dharma Center in Red Feather Lakes , Colorado, Karmê Chöling in Barnet, Vermont , and Gampo Abbey in Cape Breton , Nova Scotia . In 1974, Trungpa founded
896-473: A lay teacher. He made that decision principally to mitigate students' becoming distracted by exotic cultures and dress and to undercut their preconceptions of how a guru should behave. He drank, smoked, slept with students, and often kept students waiting for hours before giving teachings. Much of his behavior has been construed as deliberately provocative and sparked controversy. In one account, he encouraged students to give up smoking marijuana , claiming that
1008-445: A low ebb when a special commissioner called Chao Yu-fong appeared on the scene. Acting with a savagery which earned him the sobriquet of "The Butcher of Monks," he swept down on Batang, sacked the lamasery, pushed on to Chamdo, and in a series of victorious campaigns which brought his army to the gates of Lhasa, re-established order and reasserted Chinese domination over Tibet. In 1909, he recommended that Sikang should be constituted
1120-557: A part of China, provided that Tibetan internal systems were left untouched, and provided China relinquished control over a number of important ethnic Tibetan areas in Kham and Amdo. In support of claims that China's rule over Tibet was not interrupted, China argues that official documents showed that the National Assembly of China and both chambers of parliament had Tibetan members, whose names had been preserved all along. China
1232-669: A part to play. In 1914, Great Britain, China, and Tibet met at the conference table to try to restore peace, but this conclave broke up after failing to reach agreement on the fundamental question of the Sino-Tibetan frontier. This, since about 1918, has been recognized for practical purposes as following the course of the Upper Yangtze. In these years, the Chinese had too many other preoccupations to bother about reconquering Tibet. However, things gradually quieted down, and in 1927
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#17327802138841344-626: A period. These additions greatly slowed and complicated the journey. Forced to abandon their animals, over half the journey was on foot as the refugees journeyed through an untracked mountain wilderness to avoid the PLA troops. Sometimes lost, sometimes traveling at night, after three months they reached the Brahmaputra River . Trungpa, the monastics and about 70 refugees managed to cross the river under heavy gunfire, then, eating their leather belts and bags to survive, they climbed 19,000 feet over
1456-563: A primarily Nyingma rather than Kagyü point of view at the Longchen Foundation. In 1976, Trungpa began giving a series of secular teachings, some of which were gathered and presented as the Shambhala Training , inspired by his vision of the legendary Kingdom of Shambhala . Trungpa actually started writing about Shambhala before his 1959 escape from Tibet to India , but most of those writings were lost during
1568-675: A separate province comprising thirty-six subprefectures, with Batang as the capital. This project was not carried out until later, and then in modified form, for the Chinese Revolution of 1911 brought Chao's career to an end and he was shortly afterwards assassinated by his compatriots. The troubled early years of the Chinese Republic saw the rebellion of most of the tributary chieftains, a number of pitched battles between Chinese and Tibetans, and many strange happenings in which tragedy, comedy, and (of course) religion all had
1680-559: A variety of traditional contemplative practices available to the community, he incorporated his students' already existing interests (especially anything relating to Japanese culture ), evolving specialized teachings on a meditative approach to these various disciplines. These included kyūdō (Japanese archery), calligraphy , ikebana (flower arranging), Sadō ( Japanese tea ceremony ), dance , theater , film , poetry , photography , health care , and psychotherapy . His aim was, in his own words, to bring "art to everyday life." He founded
1792-582: A vast body of Buddhist teachings in an atmosphere of intensive meditation practice. "The seminaries also had the important function of training his students to become teachers themselves." Trungpa was one of the first teachers to introduce Tibetan Buddhism and the Vajrayana to the West. As in Tibet, the schools of the Vajrayana Buddhism and their practices are the domain of everyone, including
1904-516: Is a minor problem. He trusts you completely. He knows that if he is always supporting you in a true sense you will not criticize him, whatever he does. And he doesn't mind whatever you say. That is not the point, you know. This kind of big spirit, without clinging to some special religion or form of practice, is necessary for human beings. Gehlek Rinpoche , who lived with Trungpa when they were young monks in India and later visited and taught with him in
2016-455: Is bound to be. Chinese control was little more than nominal; I was often to have first-hand experience of its ineffectiveness. To govern a territory of this kind, it is not enough to station, in isolated villages separated from each other by many days' journey, a few unimpressive officials and a handful of ragged soldiers. The Tibetans completely disregarded the Chinese administration and obeyed only their own chiefs. One very simple fact illustrates
2128-514: Is wholly untrue. Tibet has no newspapers, either in English or Tibetan, and has therefore no means of exposing these falsehoods. Tibetan author Nyima Gyaincain wrote that based on Tibetan tradition, there was no such thing as presiding over an event, and claims that the Han Chinese word " 主持 " (to preside or organize) was used in many places in communication documents. The meaning of the word
2240-527: The 10th Panchen Lama wrote a telegraph to Beijing, expressing his congratulations for the liberation of northwest China and the establishment of the People's Republic of China, and his excitement to see the inevitable liberation of Tibet. The Chinese Communist government, led by Chairman Mao Zedong , which came to power in October, lost little time in asserting a new Chinese presence in Tibet. In June 1950,
2352-417: The 11th Zurmang Trungpa, Chokyi Gyatso , was a Tibetan Buddhist master and holder of both Kagyu and Nyingma lineages of Tibetan Buddhism. He was recognized by both Tibetan Buddhists and other spiritual practitioners and scholars as a preeminent teacher of Tibetan Buddhism. He was a major figure in the dissemination of Buddhism in the West , founding Vajradhatu and Naropa University and establishing
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#17327802138842464-645: The 16th Gyalwa Karmapa , head of the Karma Kagyu lineage, to come to the West and offer teachings. Based on this visit, the Karmapa proclaimed Trungpa one of the principal Kagyu lineage holders in the West: The ancient and renowned lineage of the Trungpas, since the great siddha Trungmase Chökyi Gyamtso Lodrö, possessor of only holy activity, has in every generation given rise to great beings. Awakened by
2576-638: The Assam Himalayan region. The boundary included in India the Tawang tract , which had been under indirect administration of Tibet via the control of the Tawang monastery. The Simla Convention was initialled by all three delegations, but was immediately rejected by Beijing because of dissatisfaction with the boundary between Outer and Inner Tibet. McMahon and the Tibetans then signed the document as
2688-688: The Chinese Civil War , when Du Yuming removed him under the order of Chiang Kai-shek . Within territory under Chinese control, war was being waged against Tibetan rebels in Qinghai during the Kuomintang Pacification of Qinghai . In 1918, Lhasa regained control of Chamdo and western Kham. A truce set the border at the Yangtze River . At this time, the government of Tibet controlled all of Ü-Tsang and Kham west of
2800-541: The Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA). After spending the winter in hiding, he decided definitively to escape after learning that his monastery had been destroyed . Trungpa started with Akong Rinpoche and a small party of Buddhist monastics , but as they traveled people asked to join until the party eventually numbered 300 refugees, from the elderly to mothers with babies. Even the Queen of Nangchen joined for
2912-584: The Library of Tibetan Works and Archives at Dharamsala, S.L. Kuzmin cited several sources indicating that the Tibetan government had not declared Tibet a part of China, despite an intimation of Chinese sovereignty made by the Kuomintang government. Since 1912, Tibet had been de facto independent of Chinese control, but on other occasions it had indicated willingness to accept nominal subordinate status as
3024-724: The Mongolian Academy of Sciences in 1982. In 1913–1914, a conference was held in Simla between the UK, Tibet, and the Republic of China . The British suggested dividing Tibetan-inhabited areas into an Outer and an Inner Tibet (on the model of an earlier agreement between China and Russia over Mongolia). Outer Tibet, approximately the same area as the modern Tibet Autonomous Region , would be autonomous under Chinese suzerainty . In this area, China would refrain from "interference in
3136-573: The Nalanda Foundation in 1974 as an umbrella organization for these activities, but changed its name to Naropa Institute . Trungpa visited Nova Scotia for the first time in 1977. In 1983 he established Gampo Abbey , a Karma Kagyü monastery in Cape Breton. The following year, 1984–85, he observed a yearlong retreat at Mill Village and in 1986 he moved his home and Vajradhatu's international headquarters to Halifax . By then he
3248-561: The Qing dyansty decided to assert greater control over the region. In 1912 the provisional government of the Republic of China (ROC) succeeded the Qing and received an imperial edict inheriting the claims over all of its territories. However, the newly formed ROC was unable to assert any real authority in Tibet. The 13th Dalai Lama declared that Tibet's relationship with China ended with
3360-695: The Qing dynasty of China in 1720 after the Qing expelled the forces of the Dzungar Khanate . But by the end of the 19th century, Chinese authority in Tibet was no more than symbolic. Following the Xinhai Revolution in 1911–1912, Tibetan militia launched a surprise attack on the Qing garrison stationed in Tibet after the Xinhai Lhasa turmoil . After the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912, the Qing officials in Lhasa were then forced to sign
3472-563: The Shambhala Training method. The 11th of the Trungpa tülkus , he was a tertön , supreme abbot of the Surmang monasteries , scholar, teacher, poet, artist, and originator of Shambhala Buddhist tradition. Among Trungpa's contributions are the translation of numerous Tibetan Buddhist texts , the introduction of the Vajrayana teachings to the West, and a presentation of Buddhism largely devoid of traditional trappings. Trungpa popularized
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3584-485: The United States at the invitation of several students, and traveled mostly to Vermont , California , and Colorado , where he was gaining renown for his ability to present Buddhism in a form readily understandable to Western students. He settled in Boulder, Colorado , and grew his sanghas of students. During this period, he conducted 13 Vajradhatu Seminaries, three-month residential programs at which he presented
3696-567: The Yangtze River , roughly the same borders as the Tibet Autonomous Region has today. Eastern Kham was governed by local Tibetan princes of varying allegiances. Qinghai was controlled by ethnic Hui and pro- Kuomintang warlord Ma Bufang . In 1932, Tibet invaded Qinghai , attempting to capture southern parts of Qinghai province, following contention in Yushu , Qinghai, over a monastery in 1932. Ma Bufang's Qinghai army defeated
3808-561: The monastic sangha , the vow-holding sangha , and the lay sangha . In the United States, Trungpa introduced the Vajrayana mostly to the lay sangha . The presentation of these teachings gave rise to some criticism. According to Trungpa's former student Stephen Butterfield, "Trungpa told us that if we ever tried to leave the Vajrayana, we would suffer unbearable, subtle, continuous anguish, and disasters would pursue us like furies". Other Vajrayana teachers also warn their students about
3920-632: The monastic vows , the Karmapa turned to him and said, "In the future you will bring Dharma to the West". At the time, Trungpa wondered what he could be talking about. In exile in India, Trungpa began his study of English. Freda Bedi then initiated a project with Trungpa and Akong Tulku called the Young Lamas Home School in Dalhousie, India . After seeking endorsement from the 14th Dalai Lama , they were appointed its spiritual director and administrator respectively. In 1963, with
4032-542: The "Three Point Agreement" for the surrender and expulsion of Qing forces in central Tibet. In early 1912, the Government of the Republic of China replaced the Qing dynasty as the government of China and the new republic asserted its sovereignty over all the territories of the previous dynasty, which included 22 Chinese provinces , Tibet, and Outer Mongolia . This claim was provided for in the Imperial Edict of
4144-529: The 13th Dalai Lama had assumed full control over Tibet in the 1910s, he began to build up the Tibetan Army with support from the United Kingdom , which provided advisors and weapons. This army was supposed to be large and modern enough to not just defend Tibet, but to also conquer surrounding regions like Kham which were inhabited by Tibetan peoples. The Tibetan Army was constantly expanded during
4256-525: The 13th Dalai Lama ruled. But his reign was marked with border conflicts with Han Chinese and Muslim warlords, which the Tibetans lost most of the time. At that time, the government of Tibet controlled all of Ü-Tsang (Dbus-gtsang) and western Kham (Khams), roughly coincident with the borders of the Tibet Autonomous Region today. Eastern Kham, separated by the Yangtze River , was under the control of Chinese warlord Liu Wenhui . The situation in Amdo ( Qinghai )
4368-617: The 13th Dalai Lama tried to seize territory in Qinghai and Xikang. They warned the Tibetans not to dare cross the Jinsha river again. A truce was signed, ending the fighting. The Dalai Lama had cabled the British in India for help when his armies were defeated, and started demoting his Generals who had surrendered. In 1936, after Sheng Shicai expelled 30,000 Kazakhs from Xinjiang to Qinghai, Hui led by General Ma Bufang massacred their fellow Muslim Kazakhs, until there were 135 of them left. From Northern Xinjiang, over 7,000 Kazakhs fled to
4480-527: The 13th Dalai Lama's reign, and had about 10,000 soldiers by 1936. These were adequately armed and trained infantrymen for the time, though the army almost completely lacked machine guns, artillery, planes, and tanks. In addition to the regular army, Tibet also made use of great numbers of poorly armed village militias. Considering that it was usually outgunned by their opponents, the Tibetan Army performed relatively well against various Chinese warlords in
4592-657: The 14th Dalai Lama, and the Chinese government approved. After a ransom of 400,000 silver dragons had been paid by Lhasa to the Hui Muslim warlord Ma Bufang , who ruled Qinghai (Chinghai) from Xining, Ma Bufang released him to travel to Lhasa in 1939. He was then enthroned by the Ganden Phodrang government at the Potala Palace on the Tibetan New Year. The Kuomintang Government 'ratified'
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4704-777: The 1920s and 1930s. Overall, the Tibetan soldiers proved to be "fearless and tough fighters" during the Warlord Era . Despite this, the Tibetan Army was wholly inadequate to resist the People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the Chinese invasion of 1950. It consequently disintegrated and surrendered without much resistance. Tibet created its own postal service in 1912. It printed its first postage stamps in Lhasa and issued them in 1912. It issued telegraph stamps in 1950. The division of China into military cliques kept China divided, and
4816-643: The Abdication of the Qing Emperor signed by the Empress Dowager Longyu on behalf of the six-year-old Xuantong Emperor : "... the continued territorial integrity of the lands of the five races, Manchu , Han , Mongol , Hui , and Tibetan into one great Republic of China" (... 仍合滿、漢、蒙、回、藏五族完全領土，為一大中華民國 ). The Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China adopted in 1912 specifically established frontier regions of
4928-580: The Associated Press on Feb 22, 1940 writes: Lhasa, Tibet (Thursday) - (By Radio to Hong Kong) - [..] The Chinese government had worked for months to put the succession of Ling-ergh La-mu-tan-chu beyond the fortunes of the goldern urn from which the 14th Dalai Lama would normally be picked. Yet today, with true Oriental urbanity, the Regent of Tibet petitioned the Chungking government to authorized
5040-591: The British as mediator. Direct communications resumed after the 13th Dalai Lama's death in December 1933, when China sent a "condolence mission" to Lhasa headed by General Huang Musong . Soon after the 13th Dalai Lama died, according to some accounts, the Kashag reaffirmed its 1914 position that Tibet remained nominally part of China, provided Tibet could manage its own political affairs. In his essay Hidden Tibet: History of Independence and Occupation published by
5152-510: The British government stated in the House of Commons that His Majesty's Government "have always been prepared to recognise Chinese suzerainty over Tibet, but only on the understanding that Tibet is regarded as autonomous". In October 1950, the People's Liberation Army entered the Tibetan area of Chamdo , defeating sporadic resistance from the Tibetan Army . In 1951, representatives of the Tibetan authorities, headed by Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme , with
5264-698: The Buddhist private school [for the Vajradhatu community]. This straight, married male was pinned face-down across Rich's desk by the guards [the Dorje Kasung ] while Rich forcibly raped him." In 1989 it was revealed that Ösel Tendzin had contracted HIV and knowingly continued to have unprotected sex with his students, without informing them for nearly three years. Some of these students later died of AIDS . Others close to Tendzin, including Vajradhatu's board of directors, knew for two years that Tendzin
5376-416: The Dalai Lama had returned thanks, and prostrated himself in token of his gratitude. Every one of these Chinese claims was false. Mr Wu was merely a passive spectator. He did no more than present a ceremonial scarf, as was done by the others, including the British Representative. But the Chinese have the ear of the world, and can later refer to their press records and present an account of historical events that
5488-544: The Dalai Lama's authorization, participated in negotiations in Beijing with the Chinese government. It resulted in the Seventeen Point Agreement which affirmed China's sovereignty over Tibet. The agreement was ratified in Lhasa a few months later. China described the entire process as the "peaceful liberation of Tibet". Tibet was divided into eight chikyap s [ zh ] ( Wylie : spyi khyab ), which were subdivided into dzong s ( Wylie : rdzong ) and shika s [ zh ] ( Wylie : gzhis ka ): After
5600-472: The Himalayas before reaching the safety of Pema Ko. After reaching India , on January 24, 1960, the party was flown to a refugee camp . Between 2006 and 2010, independent Canadian and French researchers using satellite imagery tracked and confirmed Trungpa's escape route. In 2012, five survivors of the escape in Nepal , Scotland , and the United States confirmed details of the journey and supplied their personal accounts. More recent analysis has shown
5712-413: The Kingdom as sakyong (Tib. "earth protector") with his wife as queen-consort or sakyong wangmo . Shambhala vision is described as a non-religious approach rooted in meditation and accessible to individuals of any, or no, religion. In Shambhala terms, it is possible, moment by moment, for individuals to establish enlightened society. His book, Shambhala: The Sacred Path of the Warrior , provides
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#17327802138845824-443: The Kokonor boy. Britain, who had an interest in Tibet at the time and wished to undermine Chinese sovereignty over it, had a representative, Sir Basil Gould , who claims to have been present at the ceremony, and opposes the above diverse international sources that China presided over it. He claims that: The report was issued in the Chinese Press that Mr Wu had escorted the Dalai Lama to his throne and announced his installation, that
5936-490: The McMahon Line in the 1940s. In late 1947, the Tibetan government wrote a note presented to the newly independent Indian Ministry of External Affairs laying claims to Tibetan districts south of the McMahon Line. According to Alastair Lamb , by refusing to sign the Simla documents, the Chinese Government had escaped giving any recognition to the McMahon Line. Since the expulsion of the Amban from Tibet in 1912, communication between Tibet and China had taken place only with
6048-512: The Mongolian and Tibetan affairs commission at Chungking and chief of the Chinese delegation at the enthronement, sat at the Dalai Lama's left -- thus being accorded an equal status with the new ruler. Lhasa enjoyed a complete holiday. The populace was treated to devil dances, horse shows, wrestling contests and a fireworks display. Likewise, according to United Press reports dated Feb 22, 1940: Lhasa, Tibet. Feb 22 - The fourteenth Dalai Lama, who will share spiritual and temporal leadership of Tibet,
6160-570: The Naropa Institute, which later became Naropa University , in Boulder, Colorado . Naropa was the first accredited Buddhist university in North America . Trungpa hired Allen Ginsberg to teach poetry and William Burroughs to teach literature . Trungpa had a number of notable students, among whom were Pema Chödrön , Allen Ginsberg , Peter Orlovsky , Anne Waldman , Diane di Prima , Peter Lieberson , John Steinbeck IV , José Argüelles , David Nichtern , Ken Wilber , David Deida , Francisco Varela , and Joni Mitchell , who portrayed Trungpa in
6272-475: The Qing sent a military expedition to establish direct Chinese rule over Tibet in 1910, returned to Lhasa and issued a proclamation that stated that the relationship between the Chinese emperor and Tibet "had been that of patron and priest and had not been based on the subordination of one to the other." "We are a small, religious, and independent nation," the proclamation stated. In January 1913, Agvan Dorzhiev and three other Tibetan representatives signed
6384-781: The Shambhala governing council resigned and appointed an interim Board of Directors and a Process Team. In response, Sakyong Mipham issued a letter to the community, saying that: ...some of these women have shared experiences of feeling harmed as a result of these relationships. I am now making a public apology. In addition, I would like you to know that over the years, I have apologized personally to people who have expressed feeling harmed by my conduct, including some of those who have recently shared their stories. I have also engaged in mediation and healing practices with those who have felt harmed. Thus I have been, and will continue to be, committed to healing these wounds." In July 2018, Naropa Institute removed Sakyong Mipham from their board following
6496-497: The Sixteenth Karmapa , Thrangu Rinpoche , Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche and Tai Situpa Rinpoche. The Dzogchen Ponlop Rinpoche said, "As taught in the Buddhist scriptures, there are nine qualities of a perfect master of buddhadharma. The Eleventh Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche possessed all nine of these." Suzuki Roshi , founder of the San Francisco Zen Center and Tassajara Zen Mountain Center , and another important exponent of Buddhism to western students, described Trungpa in
6608-410: The Tibetan approach to inner peace in the West." Trungpa also received support from one of his own main teachers, Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche , head of the Nyingma lineage. In addition to numerous sadhana and poems dedicated to Trungpa, Khyentse Rinpoche wrote a supplication after Trungpa's death specifically naming him a mahasiddha . Among the Tibetan Rinpoches to name Trungpa a mahasiddha are
6720-419: The Tibetan armies. During the 1920s and 1930s, China was divided by civil war and occupied with the anti-Japanese war , but never renounced its claim to sovereignty over Tibet, and made occasional attempts to assert it. In 1932, the Muslim Qinghai and Han-Chinese Sichuan armies of the National Revolutionary Army led by Ma Bufang and Liu Wenhui defeated the Tibetan Army in the Sino-Tibetan War when
6832-420: The Tibetan-Qinghai plateau region via Gansu and were wreaking massive havoc so Ma Bufang solved the problem by relegating the Kazakhs into designated pastureland in Qinghai, but Hui, Tibetans, and Kazakhs in the region continued to clash against each other. Tibetans attacked and fought against the Kazakhs as they entered Tibet via Gansu and Qinghai. In northern Tibet, Kazakhs clashed with Tibetan soldiers and then
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#17327802138846944-448: The Tibetans with bombing if they did not comply. In 1947, Tibet sent a delegation to the Asian Relations Conference in New Delhi, India, where it represented itself as an independent nation, and India recognised it as an independent nation from 1947 to 1954. This may have been the first appearance of the Tibetan national flag at a public gathering. André Migot , a French doctor who travelled for many months in Tibet in 1947, described
7056-401: The U.S., remarked: He was a great Tibetan yogi, a friend, and a master. The more I deal with Western Dharma students, the more I appreciate how he presented the dharma and the activities that he taught. Whenever I meet with difficulties, I begin to understand – sometimes before solving the problem, sometimes afterward – why Trungpa Rinpoche did some unconventional things. I do consider him to be
7168-412: The US, and the UK. The visited countries were careful not to express support for the claim that Tibet was independent of China and did not discuss political questions with the mission. These Trade Mission officials entered China via Hong Kong with their newly issued Tibetan passports that they applied at the Chinese Consulate in India and stayed in China for three months. Other countries did, however, allow
7280-421: The Victory Banner of the Practice Lineage of the Karma Kagyu. Let this be recognized by all people of both elevated and ordinary station. In 1981, Trungpa and his students hosted the 14th Dalai Lama in his visit to Boulder, Colorado. Of Trungpa, the Dalai Lama later wrote, "Exceptional as one of the first Tibetan lamas to become fully assimilated into Western culture, he made a powerful contribution to revealing
7392-411: The abandonment of the traditional lot-drawing. This given, he wirelessed warm thanks to Chiang Kai-shek and other Chinese governmental leaders. Regarding the ceremony, according to Associated Press reports dated Feb 23, 1940: Direct word from Lhasa arrived only today, telling of the lengthy rites in which Chinese officials took part. Chinese learned with satisfaction that Gen. Wu Chung Hsin, chairman of
7504-418: The administration." In Inner Tibet, consisting of eastern Kham and Amdo , China would have rights of administration and Lhasa would retain control of religious institutions. When negotiations broke down over the specific boundary between Inner and Outer Tibet, the boundary of Tibet defined in the convention also included what came to be known as the McMahon Line , which delineated the Tibet-India border, in
7616-505: The allegations of sexual misconduct . In September 2020, The Walrus published an investigative report detailing a culture of abuse dating back to early days of the Shambhala Buddhist organization, with all three leaders of the organization, including its founder, Chögyam Trungpa, having been credibly accused of sexual misconduct and abuse of power . Major lineage holders of Trungpa's Tibetan Buddhist traditions and many other Buddhist teachers supported his work. In 1974, Trungpa invited
7728-520: The assistance of Bedi and other sympathetic Westerners, Trungpa received a Spalding Trust fellowship to spend time at Oxford , and was granted "common room" access to St Antony's College , at Oxford University . Akong Rinpoche and another monk shared the common room with Trungpa. In 1966, after the departure of the western Theravadin monk Ananda Bodhi , the Johnstone House Trust in Scotland invited Trungpa and Akong to take over Ananda Bodhi's meditation center, which in 1967 became Samye Ling ,
7840-440: The classic health problems that develop from heavy drinking, it was in fact more likely the diabetes and high blood pressure that led to abnormal blood sugar levels and then the cardiac arrest ". Trungpa's doctor Michael Levy concurred in his initial statement, and added that a bacterial infection likely caused his death. In a 2008 interview for the Chronicles of Chogyam Trungpa , Levy changed his statement when asked again "What
7952-466: The community "did not find [this behavior] particularly troublesome." Not all his partners were unwilling; one scholar noted "it became a mark of prestige for a man, gay or straight, to have sex with the Regent, just as it had been for a woman to have sex with [Trungpa] Rinpoche", but at least one student reported that Tendzin had raped him . As a former Vajradhatu member attested, "a chilling story had recently been reported by one of ... [the] teachers at
8064-521: The complex border arrangements between Tibet and China, and how they had developed: To offset the damage done to their interests by the [1906] treaty between England and Tibet, the Chinese set about extending westwards the sphere of their direct control and began to colonize the country round Batang . The Tibetans reacted vigorously. The Chinese governor was killed on his way to Chamdo and his army put to flight after an action near Batang; several missionaries were also murdered, and Chinese fortunes were at
8176-486: The context of a talk about emptiness: The way you can struggle with this is to be supported by something, something you don't know. As we are human beings, there must be that kind of feeling. You must feel it in this city or building or community. So whatever community it may be, it is necessary for it to have this kind of spiritual support. That is why I respect Trungpa Rinpoche. He is supporting us. You may criticize him because he drinks alcohol like I drink water, but that
8288-422: The current 14th Dalai Lama, and that Kuomintang representative General Wu Zhongxin presided over the ceremony; both the ratification order of February 1940 and the documentary film of the ceremony still exist intact. Wu Zhongxin (along with other foreign representatives) was present at the ceremony. Reports from contemporary newspapers, sourced directly from Lhasa, also give witness to these ceremonies. For example,
8400-474: The dangers of the path. Butterfield said, "to be part of Trungpa's inner circle, you had to take a vow never to reveal or even discuss some of the things he did." But Butterfield also said, "This personal secrecy is common with gurus, especially in Vajrayana Buddhism", and though he noted "disquieting resemblances" to cults, acknowledged that Trungpa's organization is not a cult: "a mere cult leaves you disgusted and disillusioned, wondering how you could have been
8512-487: The escape. In his view not only was individual enlightenment not mythical, but the Shambhala Kingdom, an enlightened society, could in fact be actualized. The practice of Shambhala vision is to use mindfulness/awareness meditation as a way to connect with one's basic goodness and confidence. It is presented as a path that "brings dignity, confidence, and wisdom to every facet of life." Trungpa proposed to lead
8624-562: The establishment of a Chinese office in Lhasa, the British obtained similar permission and set up their own office there. The 1934 Khamba Rebellion led by Pandastang Togbye and Pandatsang Rapga broke out against the Tibetan Government during this time, with the Pandatsang family leading Khamba tribesmen against the Tibetan Army . In 1935, Lhamo Dhondup was born in Amdo in eastern Tibet and recognized by all concerned as
8736-415: The fall of the Qing dynasty and proclaimed independence, although this was not formally recognized by other countries. Tibet and Outer Mongolia signed a disputed treaty proclaiming mutual recognition of their independence from China. After the 13th Dalai Lama's death in 1933, a condolence mission sent to Lhasa by the Kuomintang -ruled Nationalist government to start negotiations about Tibet's status
8848-429: The father of Tibetan Buddhism in the United States. In my opinion, he left very early – too early. His death was a great loss. Everything he did is significant. Diana Mukpo, his wife, stated: First, Rinpoche always wanted feedback. He very, very much encouraged his students’ critical intelligence. One of the reasons that people were in his circle was that they were willing to be honest and direct with him. He definitely
8960-520: The first Tibetan Buddhist monastery in the West. Actor and musician David Bowie had been one of Ananda Bodhi's meditation students there. Shortly after his move to Scotland in 1966–67, a variety of experiences including his interactions with his Western students, a solitary retreat in Bhutan , and a car accident that left him partially paralyzed on the left side of his body, led Trungpa to disrobe and return his monastic vows in 1969, in order to work as
9072-618: The incarnation of the 13th Dalai Lama. Similar to his predecessor Thubten Gyatso who was approved by the Central Government of China in 1877 to be exempted from the lot-drawing process using Golden Urn to become the 13th Dalai Lama On 26 January 1940, the Regent Reting Rinpoche requested the Central Government of China to exempt Lhamo Dhondup from the lot-drawing process using the Golden Urn to become
9184-454: The journey to be directly comparable to such sagas as Shackleton 's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914–1917. In 2016 accumulated research and survivors' stories were published in a full retelling of the story, and later in the year preliminary talks began on the funding and production of a movie. The 16th Karmapa, Rangjung Rigpe Dorje , was known for seeing the future and made plans accordingly. In 1954, shortly after giving Trungpa
9296-656: The mission to travel using passports issued by the Tibetan government. The U.S. unofficially received the Trade Mission. The mission met with British Prime Minister Clement Attlee in London in 1948. In the year 1949, seeing that the Communists were gaining control of China, the Kashag government expelled all Chinese officials from Tibet despite protests from both the Kuomintang and the Communists. On 1 October 1949,
9408-535: The monastery. Billings Gazette Sun reports dated Feb 18, 1940: Tibetan circles here revealed that the portrait of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, "father of the Chinese republic", will have the place of honor in the main ceremonial hall, surrounded by Buddhist pictures. [..] All these, Tibetan sources pointed out, mark "the cordial friendship and political ties between Tibet and the central government." [..] There are two other children who theoretically have an equal chance of being chosen. [..] However Tibetan and Chinese officials favor
9520-473: The new republic, including Tibet, as integral parts of the state. Following the establishment of the new Republic, China's provisional President, Yuan Shikai , sent a telegram to the 13th Dalai Lama , restoring his earlier titles. The Dalai Lama spurned these titles, replying that he "intended to exercise both temporal and ecclesiastical rule in Tibet." In 1913, the Dalai Lama, who had fled to India when
9632-484: The province of Sikang was brought into being, but it consisted of only twenty-seven subprefectures instead of the thirty-six visualized by the man who conceived the idea. China had lost, in the course of a decade, all the territory which the Butcher had overrun. Since then, Sikang has been relatively peaceful, but this short synopsis of the province's history makes it easy to understand how precarious this state of affairs
9744-499: The result was negative. The leadership of Shambhala then passed on to Trungpa's eldest son and Shambhala heir, Sakyong Mipham Rinpoche . In 2018, Buddhist Project Sunshine, an organization founded as a survivors' network for former Shambhala Buddhist members, reported multiple allegations of sexual assault within the Shambhala community. In response, and in order to allow time for the community to investigate these accusations, Sakyong Mipham temporarily stepped aside as leader, and
9856-558: The school in Delhi which later moved to Dalhousie . Tenzin Palmo and Robert Thurman were teachers there. This Tibet -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a philanthropic or charitable organization is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Chogyam Trungpa Chögyam Trungpa ( Wylie : Chos rgyam Drung pa ; March 5, 1939 – April 4, 1987), formally named
9968-457: The sixth series, The Battle of China , Tibet is incorrectly called a province of China. (The official name is Tibet Area , and it's not a province.) In 1944, during World War II , two Austrian mountaineers, Heinrich Harrer and Peter Aufschnaiter , came to Lhasa, where Harrer became a tutor and friend to the young Dalai Lama, giving him sound knowledge of Western culture and modern society, until Harrer chose to leave in 1949. Tibet established
10080-557: The smoking was not of benefit to their spiritual progress and that it exaggerated neurosis . Students were often angered, unnerved and intimidated by him, but many remained fiercely loyal, committed, and devoted. In January 1970, he married his student Diana Pybus, with whom he moved to North America . Akong stayed in Scotland at Samye Ling. Trungpa landed in Ontario , and made deeper connections into Nova Scotia . They soon moved to
10192-1014: The song "Refuge of the Roads" on her 1976 album Hejira . Ginsberg, Waldman, and di Prima also taught at Naropa University, and in the 1980s Marianne Faithfull taught songwriting workshops. Lesser-known students Trungpa taught in England and the US include Alf Vial, Rigdzin Shikpo (né Michael Hookham), Jigme Rinzen (né P. Howard Useche), Karma Tendzin Dorje (né Mike Crowley), Ezequiel Hernandez Urdaneta (known as Keun-Tshen Goba after setting up his first meditation center in Venezuela), Miguel Otaola (aka Dorje Khandro ), Francisco Salas Roche, German financier Burkhard Brauch (aka Chugai Keisho ), and Francesca Fremantle . Rigdzin Shikpo promulgated Trungpa's teachings from
10304-467: The special transmission, materials and knowledge unique to the Trungpa lineage. Students were told that if they wanted to practice within the community, they would have to take spiritual instruction from the Regent." Other behavior was troubling as well. As one scholar who has studied the community noted, Tendzin was " bisexual and known to be very promiscuous " and "enjoyed seducing straight men " but
10416-511: The term " crazy wisdom ", referring to some spiritual masters' unconventional and flamboyant teaching methods. Some of his own methods and actions, particularly his heavy drinking, sexual promiscuity, and his ordering of a physical assault on a student and his girlfriend, caused controversy during his lifetime and afterward. Born in the Nangchen region of Tibet in March 1939, Chögyam Trungpa
10528-464: The true status of Sikang's Chinese rulers: nobody in the province would accept Chinese currency, and the officials, unable to buy anything with their money, were forced to subsist by a process of barter. Once you are outside the North Gate [of Dardo or Kangting ], you say good-bye to Chinese civilization and its amenities and you begin to lead a different kind of life altogether. Although on paper
10640-571: The valuable teachings of the different schools, free of sectarian rivalry. At the time of his escape from Tibet, Trungpa was head of the Surmang group of monasteries. On April 23, 1959, the 20-year-old Trungpa set out on a nine-month escape from his homeland . Masked in his account in Born in Tibet to protect those left behind, the first, preparatory stage of his escape had begun a year earlier, when he fled his home monastery after its occupation by
10752-412: The vision of these predecessors in the lineage, this my present lineage holder, Chökyi Gyamtso Trungpa Rinpoche, supreme incarnate being, has magnificently carried out the vajra holders' discipline in the land of America, bringing about the liberation of students and ripening them in the dharma . This wonderful truth is clearly manifest. Accordingly, I empower Chögyam Trungpa Vajra Holder and Possessor of
10864-464: The wide territories to the north of the city form part of the Chinese provinces of Sikang and Tsinghai , the real frontier between China and Tibet runs through Kangting, or perhaps just outside it. The empirical line which Chinese cartographers, more concerned with prestige than with accuracy, draw on their maps bears no relation to accuracy. In 1947–49, Lhasa sent a trade mission led by Finance Minister Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa to India, China, Hong Kong,
10976-420: Was HIV-positive and sexually active but kept silent. As one student reported at the time: I was very distressed that he and his entourage had lied to us for so long, always saying he did not have AIDS. I was even more distressed over the stories of how the Regent used his position as a dharma teacher to induce "straight" students to have unprotected sex with him, while he claimed he had been tested for AIDS but
11088-545: Was allowed to open an office and remain there, although no agreement was reached. In 1945–1949, the Nationalist government of the Republic of China lost the renewed Chinese Civil War against the Chinese Communist Party . In Tibet, the era of de facto independence ended after Tibet was annexed by the newly formed People's Republic of China in 1950–1951. Tibet came under the rule of
11200-582: Was deeply trained in the Kagyu tradition and received his khenpo degree at the same time as Thrangu Rinpoche ; they continued to be very close in later years. Chögyam Trungpa was also trained in the Nyingma tradition, the oldest of the four schools, and was an adherent of the ri-mé ("nonsectarian") ecumenical movement within Tibetan Buddhism, which aspired to bring together and make available all
11312-478: Was different than what we understand today. He added that Wu Zhongxin spent a lot of time and energy on the event, his effect of presiding over or organizing the event was very obvious. In 1942, the U.S. government told the government of Chiang Kai-shek that it had never disputed Chinese claims to Tibet. In 1944, the USA War Department produced a series of seven documentary films on Why We Fight ; in
11424-542: Was eleventh in the line of Trungpa tülkus , important figures in the Kagyu lineage, one of the four main schools of Tibetan Buddhism . Among his three main teachers were Jamgon Kongtrul of Sechen , HH Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche , and Khenpo Gangshar . The name Chögyam is a contraction of Chökyi Gyamtso ( Tibetan : ཆོས་ཀྱི་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ , Wylie : Chos-kyi Rgya-mtsho ), which means "Ocean of Dharma ". Trungpa ( Tibetan : དྲུང་པ་ , Wylie : Drung-pa ) means "attendant". He
11536-411: Was enthroned in a pompous elaborate ceremony today. The enthronement took place in Lhasa's leading monastery, "Potala". The six-year-old boy chosen after long search for the exalted position, received felicitations from a Chinese delegation numbering 1,000 persons. A departure from ordinary procedure was marked by display of a huge portrait of Dr. Sun Yat-sen and a Kuomintang flag in the golden main hall of
11648-414: Was he ill with? What did he die of?" He added that Trungpa also "had chronic liver disease related to his alcohol intake over many years." One of Trungpa's nursing attendants reported that he suffered in his last months from classic symptoms of terminal alcoholism and cirrhosis , yet continued drinking heavily. She added, "At the same time there was a power about him and an equanimity to his presence that
11760-691: Was his rejection of the recommendation of senior Kagyu lineage holder the Tai Situpa to take over leadership of Vajradhatu in conjunction with Chögyam Trungpa's half-brother, Damchu Tenphel, who resided in Tibet . This was "regarded by members as a serious slight to lineage authorities and was construed as the Regent's attempt to secure his position of control." Also controversial was the fact that Tendzin "took further action to buttress his centrality by denying students permission to seek teachings from other Kagyu Tibetan teachers, claiming that only he possessed
11872-440: Was in failing health due to paralysis from the 1969 auto accident, diabetes , high blood pressure , and years of heavy alcohol use . On September 28, 1986, he suffered cardiac arrest, after which his condition deteriorated, requiring intensive care at the hospital, then at his home and finally, in mid-March 1987, back at the hospital, where he died on April 4, 1987. In 2006 his wife, Diana Mukpo, wrote, "Although he had many of
11984-603: Was interred in a stupa at Shambhala Mountain Center. Attendants at the ceremony at Karmê Chöling witnessed that the ceremony was accompanied by rainbows, circling eagles, and a cloud in the shape of an Ashe as symbolic of enlightenment . "Everyone who stayed long enough at Trungpa's cremation saw the rainbows", Butterfield said. Upon Trungpa's death, the leadership of Vajradhatu was first carried on by his American disciple, appointed Vajra Regent and Dharma heir, Ösel Tendzin (Thomas Rich). Among Tendzin's controversial actions
12096-600: Was more complicated, with the Xining area controlled after 1928 by the Hui warlord Ma Bufang of the family of Muslim warlords known as the Ma clique , who constantly strove to exert control over the rest of Amdo (Qinghai). Southern Kham, along with other parts of Yunnan, belonged to the Yunnan clique from 1915 till 1927, then to Governor and warlord Long (Lung) Yun until near the end of
12208-404: Was not one of those teachers who asked for obedience and wanted their students not to think for themselves. He thrived, he lived, on the intelligence of his students. That is how he built his entire teaching situation. From my perspective, I could always be pretty direct with him. Maybe I was not hesitant to do that because I really trusted the unconditional nature of our relationship. I felt there
12320-440: Was phenomenal, that I don't know how to explain." His body was packed in salt, laid in a wooden box, and conveyed to Karmê Chöling. On 26 May 1987, more than 2,000 students and friends and Tibetan Buddhist masters including Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche , the 12th Tai Situ Rinpoche , the 3rd Jamgon Kongtrul Rinpoche , and the 12th Tsurpu Gyeltsab, Drakpa Tenpa Yarpel Rinpoche, attended Trungpa's cremation ceremony before his kudung
12432-502: Was really nothing to lose by being absolutely direct with him, and he appreciated that. Tibet (1912%E2%80%931951) Tibet ( Tibetan : བོད་ , Wylie : Bod ) was a de facto independent state in East Asia that lasted from the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1912 until its annexation by the People's Republic of China in 1951. The Tibetan Ganden Phodrang regime was a protectorate under Qing rule until 1910 when
12544-550: Was then permitted to establish an office in Lhasa , staffed by the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission and headed by Wu Zhongxin , the commission's director of Tibetan Affairs, which Chinese sources claim was an administrative body —but the Tibetans claim that they rejected China's proposal that Tibet should be a part of China, and in turn demanded the return of territories east of the Drichu ( Yangtze River ). In response to
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