Young Slovenes ( Slovene : Mladoslovenci ) were a Slovene national liberal political movement in the 1860s and 1870s, inspired and named after the Young Czechs in Bohemia and Moravia . They were opposed to the national conservative Old Slovenes . They entered a crisis in the 1880s, and disappeared from Slovene politics by the 1890s. They are considered the precursors of Liberalism in Slovenia .
29-642: The movement was founded in the early 1860s, when a group of young Slovene radicals, led by the author and activist Fran Levstik , challenged the influence of the conservative leadership of the Slovene National Movement which was led by the so-called triumvirate of Janez Bleiweis , Lovro Toman and Etbin Henrik Costa . Levstik and his peers rejected the pragmatic tactics of the conservative mainstream of Slovene nationalists, and demanded more decisive political actions, which would include
58-720: A direct confrontation with the Austrian authorities in the form of mass mobilizations of the Slovene pesantry. Levstik's demands were backed mostly by the Slovenes from Styria and the Austrian Littoral , while the Slovenes from Carniola and Carinthia remained mostly on the side of their conservative leadership. By the mid-1860s, two distinct factions within the Slovene National Movement emerged:
87-714: A great Slovene and Yugoslav patriot. After the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941, Hribar committed suicide (at the age of eighty-nine) as a protest against the Italian annexation of Ljubljana . On 18 April, after returning home from a meeting with the Fascist Italian authorities, which had just offered him the mayorship of the city, he jumped into the Ljubljanica River, wrapped in the Yugoslav flag . He left
116-472: A note with verses from France Prešeren 's poem The Baptism on the Savica : Manj strašna noč je v črne zemlje krili , kot so pod svetlim soncem sužnji dnovi . Less fearful the long night of life’s denial Than living ‘neath the sun in subjugation! After World War II, the embankment of Ljubljanica from which Ivan Hribar jumped into the river was named after him. On 30 August 2010, a monument to Hribar
145-488: A period of serious mental illness, which included delusions of a religious nature. He was buried in the former St. Christopher's Cemetery in the Bežigrad district of Ljubljana. The Levstik Award for achievements in children's literature is named after him. Ivan Hribar Ivan Hribar (19 September 1851 – 18 April 1941) was a Slovene and Yugoslav banker , politician , diplomat and journalist . During
174-712: The Austro-Hungarian Army . He was succeeded by Ivan Tavčar . Between 1889 and 1908, he served as member of the Carniolan Provincial Diet, and between 1907 and 1911 as member of the Austrian Parliament . During his political activity in Austria-Hungary, Hribar was a great supporter of collaboration between Slovenes and other Slavic peoples , especially Czechs . He made many efforts to bring Czech investments to
203-586: The Slovene Lands and he helped to establish several institutions on the Czech model, most famously the Sokol athletic association . He is also said to have based the reconstruction of Ljubljana so that the town would resemble Prague . Due to his Panslavic ideas, he was imprisoned twice during World War I , between August and December 1914 and between January and March 1915. Between April 1915 and June 1917, he
232-676: The Yugoslav Social Democratic Party also appeared on the scene. In this changed configuration, the Young Slovenes vanished from the political scene by the 1890s. The radical Young Slovene faction formed the core of the new National Progressive Party , while some moderates chose the Slovene People's Party instead. Important Young Slovene leaders and activists included: Fran Levstik Fran Levstik (28 September 1831 – 16 November 1887)
261-412: The liberal and radical Young Slovenes and the national conservative Old Slovenes . The two groups collaborated closely until 1872, and broke up. In 1876, they forged a fragile tactical alliance against Austrian centralism and German nationalism , and united in support of the coalition government of Eduard Taaffe . The importance of the Young Slovenes rose after 1867, when they criticized sharply
290-566: The National Party of Carniola, later renamed to National Progressive Party . From 1882 he served as city councillor of Laibach . In 1896 he was elected mayor of Ljubljana and became famous for implementing a large scale reconstruction of the town after the Ljubljana earthquake of 1895. He invited the architect Max Fabiani to make a new urban development plan for the town. This included the complete renovation of Prešeren Square and
319-625: The Slovene Lands. Mahnič's circle called for a "division of minds" or "division of souls" ( Slovene : ločitev duhov ), that is a clear-cut political and ideological differentiation between the Catholics and the secularists . As a consequence, the Slovene political scene was largely re-configured along the divide between clericalism and anti-clericalism . The New Slovenes, with their mixture of agnosticism and liberal Catholicism , did not fit this new differentiation, and were replaced by
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#1732794192723348-449: The Slovene nationalists gained a landslide victory over the mostly German speaking Austrian centralists. Following that victory, ideological differences within the Slovene national movement rose again. It started as a differentiation between the moderate Young Slovene faction, represented by Fran Šuklje and Janko Kersnik , and their radical liberal nationalist opponents, led by Ivan Hribar and Ivan Tavčar . The moderates became known by
377-646: The Yugoslav Minister Plenipotentiary to Czechoslovakia . In 1921 he was appointed provisional representative of the Yugoslav central government in Slovenia, a post he held until the implementation of the new subdivisions in 1923. As a staunch advocate of Yugoslav nation building , he supported the centralist dictatorship of King Alexander . In 1932 he was appointed senator by the king and remained one until 1938 when he retired. In
406-729: The area around the Triple Bridge (the Kresija Palace and the Philip Mansion ), as well as the construction of the Dragon Bridge : all of these buildings are nowadays considered as central symbols of Ljubljana. Hribar's aim was to transform Ljubljana into a prestigious centre of all Slovene Lands and thus create a cultural and economic capital for the Slovenian people . He carried out a radical modernization of
435-540: The city's infrastructure, including electrification and the introduction of trams . He also cleaned up the city's public finances. During his time in office Hribar often clashed with the ethnic German minority of Ljubljana on a number of issues. He remained in office until 1910, when the Emperor Franz Joseph I refused to confirm his reelection, because of his alleged role in anti-German riots two years earlier, in which two Slovenian students were shot by
464-538: The derogative name "elastics". The strife between the two faction reached its height between 1886 and 1887, when the Young Slovene newspaper Slovenski narod , controlled by the radicals, started publishing a series of articles with a pronounced Pan-Slavic and Anti-Catholic content, written by the controversial pro-Russian nationalist publicist Davorin Hostnik . The radical turn in the editorial policies of
493-586: The editorial policy of the cultural magazine Ljubljanski zvon . After the 1880s, with the death of Fran Levstik and Josip Jurčič , the Young Slovene movement slowly declined. Its legacy was however taken over by younger generations of Slovene liberals who founded, after the final break in the Slovene National Movement in the late 1880s, the Slovene National Progressive Party . In the Carniolan regional elections of 1883,
522-589: The inconsistent policy of the Slovene conservative leadership, especially of their support for the Austro-Hungarian compromise in the Austrian Parliament . As a response to what they considered inefficient "cabinet politics", the Young Slovenes organized mass popular rallies in support of the United Slovenia program, modelled after of Daniel O'Connell 's monster meetings . These rallies, held between 1868 and 1871, proved to be very successful for
551-605: The late 1930s he voiced his support for a common political platform of all patriotic anti-fascist forces. In 1940, after Hitler 's Invasion of France , he became one of the founders of the "Association of Friends of the Soviet Union ," which served as one of the rallying grounds for the later development of the Liberation Front of the Slovenian People . Hribar was known as a passionate politician and
580-585: The liberal press provoked a fierce reaction in some Catholic circles, and was one of the elements that contributed to the rise of the Kulturkampf in the Slovene Lands in the mid-1880s. In the mid-1880s, several influential Roman Catholic groups, rallied around the Bishop of Ljubljana Jakob Missia (later Archbishop of Gorizia ) and the theologian Anton Mahnič , launched an attack on modernism in
609-552: The mass mobilization of the peasantry for the Slovene national cause, although they did not have any consequence in the Austrian policy toward the Slovene national question. The Young Slovenes sought to get rid of the Roman Catholic Church 's influence. Although they supported a laicist and secularist view, they tried to avoid direct confrontation with Roman Catholisim; several liberal Catholic priests, such as
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#1732794192723638-546: The more radical Progressive nationalists (also known as Liberals ). Besides, the old model of politics, based on small elites, was gradually being replaced by an emerging mass politics , characterized by the Christian Socialism of Janez Evangelist Krek on one side, and on the radicalised liberal nationalism of Ivan Hribar and Ivan Tavčar on the other side. By the mid-1890s, the Marxists , gathered in
667-536: The poet Simon Gregorčič , were also sympathetic to the Young Slovene movement. After a period of sharp political struggle between the Young and Old Slovenes in the early 1870s, a compromise between them was reached in 1876. However, both factions maintained their own political infrastructure, including their own media. The Young Slovenes issued the newspaper Slovenski narod , founded in Maribor in 1868, and controlled
696-535: The short tale Martin Krpan From Vrh ( Slovene : Martin Krpan z Vrha ), which became a classic work of Slovene literature , and the itinerary A Journey from Litija to Čatež ( Popotovanje iz Litije do Čateža ), the main objective of which is a literary manifesto . In the critical essay Napake slovenskega pisanja , he exposed his views on the development of the Slovene literary language. Levstik
725-493: The start of the 20th century, he was one of the leaders of the National Progressive Party , and one of the most important figures of Slovene liberal nationalism . Between 1896 and 1910, he was the mayor of Ljubljana (nowadays the capital of Slovenia ), and greatly contributed to its rebuilding and modernisation after the 1895 earthquake . Ivan Hribar was born in the Carniolan town of Trzin in what
754-754: Was a Slovene writer, political activist, playwright and critic. He was one of the most prominent exponents of the Young Slovene political movement. Levstik was born in 1831 in Dolnje Retje (now part of the municipality of Velike Lašče ) in Lower Carniola (then part of the Austrian Empire , today in Slovenia ) in a peasant Slovene family. Levstik was the first notable writer of Slovene epic prose. Among his most known works are
783-937: Was one of the main exponents of the Young Slovenes , a progressive and radical political group akin to the Young Czechs in the Czech Lands that challenged the then prevailing influence of conservatives , led by Janez Bleiweis , within the Slovenian National Movement . In his late years, he grew closer to Pan-Slavist ideals. Levstik and his literary program had a great influence on future generations of Slovene authors of national liberal views, especially Josip Jurčič , Josip Stritar , Janko Kersnik , Anton Aškerc , Janez Trdina and Ivan Tavčar . Slovene composer Breda Šček set Levstik’s texts to music. He died in Ljubljana after
812-646: Was placed in house arrest in an estate in Land Salzburg , far from his homeland, in order to isolate him from his potential political allies. Together with Mihajlo Rostohar , Hribar also played an important role in the establishment of the University of Ljubljana . After the end of World War I and the establishment of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , he withdrew from party politics, although he remained active in public life. Between 1919 and 1921, he served as
841-515: Was then the Austrian Empire (now in Slovenia ) and baptized Johann Hribar . He studied law at the University of Vienna and made a professional career as the representative of a Czech bank in Ljubljana between 1876 and 1919. In the 1880s he became involved in politics, soon emerging as one of the leading figures of the Slovene national liberalism in Austria-Hungary . Together with his close political ally Ivan Tavčar he founded
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