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61-427: Yongning County is an agricultural county, with abundant resources and high quality products. In recent years, the county's major crops have been melons and vegetables. Food processing factories have been established as well. The county government is located on Yanghe Street, and the county's postal code is 750100. Yongning County has 1 subdistrict, 5 towns, 1 township and 2 other. This Ningxia location article

122-904: A Sino-Tibetan people who founded and inhabited the Western Xia dynasty . The group initially lived under Tuyuhun authority, but later submitted to the Tang dynasty . After the collapse of Tang dynasty, the Tanguts established the Western Xia. They spoke the Tangut language , which was previously believed to be one of the Qiangic languages or Yi languages which belong to the Tibeto-Burman family." Phylogenetic and historical linguistic accounts, however, reveal that Tangut belonged instead to

183-809: A 50 km (19 sq mi) area. Other famous sites in Ningxia include the Helan Mountains , the mysterious 108 stupas , the twin pagodas of Baisikou and the desert research outpost at Shapotou . A less visited tourist spot in Ningxia is the Mount Sumeru Grottoes ( 须弥山 ), which is among the ten most famous grottoes in China. Tangut people The Tangut people ( Tangut : 𗼎𗾧 , mjɨ nja̱ or 𗼇𘓐 , mji dzjwo ; Chinese : 党項 ; pinyin : Dǎngxiàng ; Tibetan : མི་ཉག་ , Wylie : mi nyak ; Mongolian : Тангуд ) were

244-419: A cattle breeding plan was implemented in 2002, the province has become one of China's main dairy production areas. Ningxia is the principal region of China where wolfberries are grown. Other specialties of Ningxia are licorice , products made from Helan stone, fiddlehead and products made from sheepskin . Ningxia wines are a promising area of development. The Chinese authorities have given approval to

305-873: A grape plantation near the Helan Mountains. The household appliance company Midea has also begun participating in Ningxia's wine industry. Vineyards have been set up in the region. Ningxia was a major recipient of China's investment in industrial capacity during the Third Front campaign. Yinchuan Economic and Technological Development Zone was established in 1992. Spanning 32 km (12 sq mi), it has an annual economic output Rmb23.7 billion (25.1% up) (US$ 3.5 billion). Major investors are mainly local enterprises such as Kocel Steel Foundry, FAG Railway Bearing (Ningxia), Ningxia Little Giant Machine Tools, etc. Major industries include machinery and equipment manufacturing, new materials, fine chemicals and

366-619: A special clay stone. The politics of Ningxia is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China . The Chairman of the Autonomous Region is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Ningxia. In its dual-party government system, the chairman has less power than the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Ningxia Committee Secretary, colloquially termed

427-429: A total length of approximately 1397 kilometers) has been built from Qin dynasty . Extensive land reclamation and irrigation projects have made increased cultivation possible. The arid region of Xihaigu , which covers large parts of the province, suffers from severe water shortage , which the canals were intended to alleviate. Ningxia was the core area of the Western Xia in the 11th–13th centuries, established by

488-694: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ningxia Ningxia , officially the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region , is an autonomous region in Northwestern China . Formerly a province , Ningxia was incorporated into Gansu in 1954 but was later separated from Gansu in 1958 and reconstituted as an autonomous region for the Hui people , one of the 56 officially recognised nationalities of China . Twenty percent of China's Hui population lives in Ningxia. Ningxia

549-625: Is a tonal language with predominantly mono-syllabic roots, but it shares certain grammatical traits central to the Tibeto-Burman branch. It used to be debated as to whether Tangut belonged to the Yi or Qiangic subdivision of Tibeto-Burman. The Tanguts, called the Dangxiang ( 党項 ; Dǎngxiàng ) in Chinese, are typically regarded by Chinese scholars to be synonymous with or at least related to

610-635: Is bounded by Shaanxi to the east, Gansu to the south and west and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to the north and has an area of around 66,400 square kilometres (25,600 sq mi). This sparsely settled, mostly desert region lies partially on the Loess Plateau and in the vast plain of the Yellow River and features the Great Wall of China along its northeastern boundary. Over about 2000 years, an extensive system of canals (with

671-543: The Chinese government merged Ningxia with Gansu, but in 1958 Ningxia formally became an autonomous region of China . In 1969, Ningxia received a part of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, but this area was returned in 1979. A number of Chinese artifacts dating from the Tang dynasty and Song dynasty , some of which had been owned by Emperor Zhenzong , were excavated and then came into

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732-678: The Gyalrongic branch of Tibeto-Burman. Western Xia was annihilated by the Mongol Empire in 1227, most of its written records and architecture were destroyed. Today the Tangut language and its unique script are extinct; only fragments of Tangut literature remain. The Tangut language , otherwise known as Fan , belongs to the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Like many other Sino-Tibetan languages, it

793-584: The Huang Chao rebellion. As a reward the Tang central government granted the Tangut general Li Sigong the three prefectures of Xia ( Chinese : 夏州 , Tangut: 𘒂𗉔 ), Sui ( Chinese : 綏州 , Tangut: 𗉢𗉔 ), and Yin ( Chinese : 銀州 , Tangut: 𘝰𗉔 ) as hereditary titles under the Dingnan Jiedushi . After the collapse of Tang China, multiple warlords started to form new states in

854-487: The Huayan - Chan tradition of Guifeng Zongmi (Chinese: 圭峰宗密, 780–841) and his master Huayan Chengguan was the most influential. A number of texts previously believed to be of native Tangut origin turned out to be translations of Khitan source texts. The degree of Tibetan impact on the formation of Tangut Buddhism still remains unexplored, especially in the light of new discoveries showing that Tangut Buddhism owed more to

915-487: The Hui ethnic group, relied largely on animal grazing , subsistence agriculture and the cultivation of wolfberries used in traditional Chinese medicine . Since then, winemaking has become the premier specialty of Ningxia, and the province devotes almost 40,000 hectares to vineyards and producing 120 million bottles of wine in 2017 – a quarter of the entire nation's production. The earliest human activity in Ningxia can be traced back to 30,000 years ago, with remains of

976-546: The Notes on Transmitting the Dharma Treasure through Generations implies that at the period of 760's some sort of Buddhism was spread in the region of Helanshan, where the Tangut were already residing.　Concerning the late 8th century Helanshan Buddhism, little can be said: the doctrines of the lu (律) school and the teaching of Sichuan Chan of Rev. Kim (金和尚) seem to be known there. Worship of Confucianism also existed in

1037-605: The Qiang people. Historically, "Qiang" was a collective term for the multiple ethnic groups who lived on the western borderlands of China, including the modern Qiang people (Rma). The name Tangut first appears in the Orkhon inscriptions of 735. In their own Tangut language, the Tanguts called themselves Mi-niah (Miñak). Until the 19th century, the term Minjak was still used to refer to the area inhabited by Qiang people in today's Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture. Speakers of

1098-693: The Shuidonggou Culture found in Lingwu . As a frontier zone between nomadic pastoralists and sedentary farmers, Ningxia was a frequent seat of war and incursions by non-Chinese tribes. Ningxia and its surrounding areas were incorporated into the Qin as the Beidi Commandery as early as the 3rd century BC. To pacify the region, the imperial government established military colonies to reclaim land. In addition, horse pasturages were founded under

1159-590: The Yellow River . The Ningxia ecosystem is one of the least studied regions in the world. Significant irrigation supports the growing of wolfberries , a commonly consumed fruit throughout the region. Ningxia's deserts include the Tengger desert in Shapotou . The northern section, through which the Yellow River flows, supports the best agricultural land. A railroad, linking Lanzhou with Baotou , crosses

1220-547: The "Black Headed". The Red Faced Tanguts were seen as commoners while the Black Headed Tanguts made up the elite priestly caste . Although Buddhism was extremely popular among the Tangut people, many Tangut herdsmen continued to practice a kind of shamanism known as Root West (Melie). The black caps worn by Root West shamans give the Black Headed caste its name. According to Tangut myth, the ancestor of

1281-444: The "Ningxia CCP Party Chief ". Ningxia has a friendship agreement with Sogn og Fjordane county of Norway. Ningxia is divided into five prefecture-level divisions : all prefecture-level cities : The five prefecture-level cities of Ningxia are subdivided into 22 county-level divisions (9 districts , 2 county-level cities , and 11 counties ). Rural Ningxia was for long an officially designated poverty area, and remains on

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1342-810: The Autonomous Region's People's Government. The region is 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) from the sea and has an arid continental climate on the north to humid continental climate to the south, with average summer temperatures rising to 17 to 24 °C (63 to 75 °F) in July and average winter temperatures dropping to between −7 and −15 °C (19 and 5 °F) in January. Seasonal extreme temperatures can reach 39 °C (102 °F) in summer and −30 °C (−22 °F) in winter. The diurnal temperature variation can reach above 17 °C (31 °F), especially in spring. Annual rainfall averages from 190 to 700 millimetres (7.5 to 27.6 in), with more rain falling in

1403-517: The Black Headed Tanguts was a heavenly white crane , while the ancestor of the Red Faced Tanguts was a monkey. Tangut kings went by the title of Wuzu. According to sources in the Tangut language, the Tangut state known now as the Western Xia was named 𗴂𗹭𗂧𘜶 translated as "Great State of White and Lofty" ( phôn¹ mbın² lhi̯ə tha² ). Although the Chinese translation of this name ( Chinese : 白高大國 ; pinyin : Báigāo Dàguó )

1464-640: The Imperial Stud to safeguard the supply of army horses, as early as the Western Han dynasty (206 BC – AD 9). Throughout the Han dynasty and the Tang dynasty there were several large cities established in the region. The Liang Province rebellion at the end of the Han Dynasty affected Ningxia. By the 11th century the Tangut people had established the Western Xia dynasty on the outskirts of

1525-760: The Mongol Empire. Some of them led Mongol armies, e.g. Cha'an, into the conquest of China. After the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) was established, the Tangut troops were incorporated into the Mongol army in their subsequent military conquests in central and southern China. The Tangut were considered Semu under the Yuan class system, thus separating them from the North Chinese. As late as the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), there

1586-648: The Qiangic Muya language in western Kangding calls themselves Minyak. Geographic names such as Min river and Min county (Gansu) are pointed to this root. According to William of Rubruck , who travelled to various parts of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century, the Tanguts were valiant and had big swarthy men among them, in contrast to the Uyghurs , who were "of medium size, like us". The Tangut people I saw were tall but swarthy. The Iugurs are of medium build like our own people. The early Tanguts inhabited

1647-505: The Song dynasty Zhao royal family, he adopted a Tangut surname 𗼨𗆟 , rendered in Chinese as "Weiming" ( Chinese : 嵬名 ). He made Xingqing ( Chinese : 興慶 , modern Yinchuan ) his capital city. In the thirteenth century, Genghis Khan unified the northern grasslands of Mongolia and led his troops in six rounds of attacks against the Western Xia over a period of twenty-two years (1205, 1207, 1209–10, 1211–13, 1214–19, 1225–27). During

1708-414: The Tangut people adopted many Han/Tang Chinese culture, but also maintained their own customs, as is proven by the vast amount of literature which survived the Tangut state itself. The Western Xia founder Li Deming's son, Li Yuanhao, enthroned as Emperor Jingzong , sought to differentiate the Tangut state from that of its rival Han-led Song China and started to nurture a national Tangut identity by ordering

1769-496: The Tangut people; its name, "Peaceful Xia", derived from the Mongol conquest of the state . The Tanguts made significant achievements in literature, art, music, and architecture, particularly invented Tangut script . Long one of the country's poorest areas, a small winemaking industry has become economically important since the 1980s. Before the arrival of viticulture , Ningxia's 6.8 million people, 36 per cent of whom are Muslims from

1830-463: The Tangut state strictly forbade religious teachers from accepting compensation or reward for their teaching services. Although the state did not support an official school of Buddhism, it did protect all religious sites and objects within the country's boundaries. As in China, becoming a Buddhist monk required government approval and anyone found to have taken the vows of a monk without such government oversight faced severe punishment. Remarkably for

1891-528: The Western Xia, which has led to some claims that the Tangut religion was rooted in Confucianism, but this was incomparable with the degree of popularity of Buddhism. Tangut literature is dominated by Buddhist scriptures while secular teachings including the Chinese classics were rarely available in the Tangut language. The Tangut state enforced strict laws pertaining to the teaching of religious beliefs and rigorously screened potential teachers. Before he

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1952-539: The Yuan and Ming courts of China where they served as the spiritual guides to princes and emperors. Their influence also extended to the court of the Tangut Xia Kingdom where a disciple of Dusum Khyenpa was given the title "Supreme Teacher" by a Tangut Xixia King[.] After the fall of the Western Xia, the influx of refugees into Tibet led to the adoption of the Pehar deity into Tibetan Buddhism , eventually in

2013-569: The animation industry. Desheng Industrial Park (in Helan County ) is a base for about 400 enterprises. The industrial park has industrial chains from Muslim food and commodities to trade and logistics, new materials and bio-pharmaceuticals that has 80 billion yuan in fixed assets. Desheng is looking to be the most promising industrial park in the city. It achieved a total output value of 4.85 billion in 2008, up 40 percent year-on-year. The local government plans to cut taxes and other fees to reduce

2074-490: The burden on local enterprises. The industrial output value reached 2.68 billion yuan in 2008, an increase of 48 percent from a year earlier. Religion in Ningxia (around 2010) Islam is the single biggest religious tradition in Ningxia, adhered to by 34% of the population according to a 2010 survey. Many of the Han Chinese practise Chinese folk religions , Taoism , Confucianism and Chinese Buddhism . Christianity

2135-462: The creation of an official Tangut script and by instituting laws that reinforced traditional Tangut customs. One of the laws he mandated called for citizens to wear traditional ethnic apparel and another required men to wear their hair short or shaved as opposed to the Chinese custom of wearing hair long and knotted. Abandoning the royal Chinese surnames of "Li", previously bestowed by the Tang dynasty Li royal family, and "Zhao", subsequently bestowed by

2196-445: The development of the eastern base of the Helan Mountains as an area suitable for wine production. Several large Chinese wine companies including Changyu and Dynasty Wine have begun development in the western region of the province. Together they now own 20,000 acres of land for wine plantations and Dynasty has ploughed 100 million yuan into Ningxia. In addition, the major oil company China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation has founded

2257-569: The extent to which this degradation occurs over space and time. Historical research has also found limited evidence of expanding grassland degradation and desertification in Ningxia. A major component of land management in Ningxia is a ban on open grazing, which has been in place since 2003. The ecological and socio-economic effects of this Grazing Ban in relation to the grasslands and pastoralists' livelihood are contested. The ban stipulates that animal husbandry be limited to enclosed pens and no open grazing be permitted in certain time periods set by

2318-602: The former territories of Tang China. The Tanguts expanded their realm southwest towards their old homelands. In 1002 they conquered Ling Prefecture and set up their first capital there under the name of Xiping. By 1036 they had annexed the Guiyi Circuit and the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom , even pushing into Tibetan territory and conquering Xining . The state of Western Xia was proclaimed in 1038. Being subjects of Tang China previously for two centuries,

2379-487: The hands of Ma Hongkui, who refused to publicize the findings. Among the artifacts were a white marble tablet from the Tang dynasty, gold nails, and bands made out of metal. It was not until after Ma Hongkui died that his wife went to Taiwan in 1971 from America to bring the artifacts to Chiang Kai-shek , who turned them over to the Taipei National Palace Museum . Present-day Ningxia is one of

2440-545: The last spate of the Mongol attacks, Genghis died in Western Xia territory. The official Mongol history attributes his death to illness, whereas legends claim that he died from a wound inflicted in these battles. In 1227, the capital of Western Xia was overrun by the Mongols, who devastated its buildings and written records: all was burnt to the ground except its monastery. The last emperor was killed and tens of thousands of civilians massacred. However, many Tangut families joined

2501-664: The local culture in North China than to pure Tibetan or Chinese influences. Texts belonging to the Tibetan Mahamudra tradition demonstrate that Tangut Buddhism initially evolved along the Karma Kagyu rather than Sakya lines of Buddhist transmission. A number of Tangut Buddhist institutions, such as "Imperial Preceptor" survived the Tangut State itself and could be found during the Yuan dynasty . One of

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2562-409: The lower rungs of the developmental ladder. Its nominal GDP in 2023 was 531.50 billion yuan (US$ 75.43 billion) and its per capita GDP 72,957 yuan (US$ 10,353). It comprises 0.42% of the national economy . Similar to other areas, Ningxia has seen a gradual decline of its peasant population due to rural–urban migration. Despite this, the great majority (62.8 percent) was still agricultural at the time of

2623-677: The more definite sources of Tangut Buddhism was Mount Wutai , where both Huayan and Chinese Esoteric Buddhism flourished from the late Tang dynasty up to the time of the Mongol conquest . Solonin (2005: unpaginated) links the Tanguts, the Helan Mountains and the Chan teachings of both Kim Hwasang and Baotang Wuzhu: The origins of the Tangut Chan can also be traced deeper than previously believed: information on Bao-tang Wu-zhu (保唐无住720～794) travels in North-Western China from

2684-514: The nation's smallest provincial-level units and borders the provinces of Shaanxi and Gansu and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region . At 3556 meters above sea level, Aobaogeda ( 敖包疙瘩 ) in the Helan Mountains is the highest point in Ningxia. Ningxia is a relatively dry, desert-like region and features a diverse geography of forested mountains and hills, table lands, deserts, flood plains and basins cut through by

2745-501: The province. The Muslim conflict in Gansu , which lasted from 1927 to 1930, spilt over into Ningxia. In 1934, warlord and National Revolutionary Army general Sun Dianying attempted to conquer the province, but was defeated by an alliance led by the Ma clique . From 1950 to 1958, a Kuomintang Islamic insurgency resulted in fighting throughout Northwest China, including Ningxia. In 1954,

2806-464: The rarely found, top-grade gypsum accounts for half of the total deposits. The Hejiakouzi deposit in Tongxin County features a reserve of 20 million tons of gypsum with a total thickness of 100 meters. There is a considerable deposit of quartz sandstone, of which 17 million tons have been ascertained. In addition, there are phosphorus, flint, copper, iron, barite, other minerals and Helan stone –

2867-500: The region's total surface consisted of grassland . This figure is down from approximately 40 percent in the 1990s. The grasslands are spread over the dry desert-steppe area in the northeast (which forms a part of the Inner Mongolian steppe region), and the hilly pastures located on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in the south. It is ascertained that the grasslands of Ningxia have been degraded to various degrees. Scientists debate

2928-522: The region. A highway has been built across the Yellow River at Yinchuan. On 16 December 1920, the Haiyuan earthquake , 8.6 magnitude, at 36°36′N 105°19′E  /  36.6°N 105.32°E  / 36.6; 105.32 , initiated a series of landslides that killed an estimated 200,000 people. Over 600 large loess landslides created more than 40 new lakes. It was reported that approximately 34 percent (33.85 million mu ; 22,600 km ) of

2989-474: The south of the region. Ningxia is rich in mineral resources with proven deposits of 34 kinds of minerals, much of which located in grassland areas. In 2011 it was estimated that the potential value per capita of these resources accounted for 163.5 percent of the nation's average. Ningxia boasts verified coal reserves of over 30 billion tons, with an estimated reserve of more than 202 billion tons, ranking sixth nationwide. Coal deposits are spread over one-third of

3050-572: The steppes and mountains of southeast Qinghai and northwest Sichuan . Their home originally was in the highlands of western Sichuan. These regions correspond to the Amdo and Kham regions of the Tibetan plateau. At some point their leader Tuoba Chici, who was likely of mixed Xianbei and Qiang heritage, submitted to Tang China rule and was bestowed the title of Captain General of Western-Rong and

3111-587: The surname "Li". In the early 8th century, increasing pressure from the Tibetan Empire had forced the Tanguts to migrate north from their homelands in northeastern Tibet to the eastern Ordos region . By the time of the An Lushan Rebellion (755–763), the Tanguts were the predominant local power in what is now eastern Gansu , Ningxia , and northern Shaanxi . In 881 the Tanguts, who were subjects of Tang China, assisted Tang in suppressing

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3172-429: The survey. Animal husbandry is important for the regional economy. In the main pastoral county, Yanchi, it is even the leading industry when specified for the primary sector. The dominant grazing animals are sheep and goat. In the (semi-)pastoral regions, herders engage in a mixed sedentary farming operation of dryland agriculture and extensive animal husbandry, while full nomadic pastoralism is no longer practiced. Since

3233-589: The then- Song dynasty . Jews also lived in Ningxia, as evidenced by the fact that in 1489, after a major flood destroyed Torah scrolls in Kaifeng , a replacement set was sent to the Kaifeng Jews by the Ningbo and Ningxia Jewish communities . It then came under Mongol domination after Genghis Khan conquered Yinchuan in the early 13th century. Muslims from Central Asia also began moving into Ningxia from

3294-434: The time, women played a role in Tangut religious practices by serving as nuns , a position that could only be held by a woman who had been widowed or who was an unmarried virgin. Suchan (1998) traces the influence of the first several Karmapas upon the Yuan and Ming courts as well as the Western Xia, and mentions Düsum Khyenpa, 1st Karmapa Lama : The first several Karmapas are distinguished by their important status at

3355-514: The total surface of Ningxia, and mined in four major fields in the Helan and Xiangshan mountains, Ningdong and Yuanzhou (or Guyuan). The region's reserves of oil and natural gas can be found in Yanchi and Lingwu County, and are ideal for large-scale development of oil, natural gas and chemical industries. Ningxia leads China in gypsum deposits, with a proven reserve of more than 4.5 billion tons, of which

3416-458: The west. By the late 17th century, Ningxia had become a weaving centre, producing many early Chinese carpets. The Muslim Dungan Revolt of the 19th century affected Ningxia. In 1914, Ningxia was merged with the province of Gansu . In 1928, it became a separate province. Between 1914 and 1928, the Ma clique ruled the provinces of Qinghai , Ningxia and Gansu; General Ma Hongkui was the military governor of Ningxia and had absolute authority in

3477-404: Was allowed to teach, a newcomer entering the state from Tibet or India first had to seek the approval of local authorities. Doctrines taught and methods used were carefully supervised to ensure there was no possibility that the Tangut people might misunderstand the teachings. Anyone found to be a fortune-teller or charlatan faced immediate persecution. Deeming it contrary to Buddhist ethical beliefs,

3538-527: Was derived from the Middle Chinese name for Hexi , the region the Tanguts controlled ( Chinese : 河西 ). The Tanguts were primarily Buddhists. Tangut Buddhism was influenced by external elements. The entire Chinese Buddhist canon was translated into the Tangut language over a span of 50 years and published around 1090 in about 3700 fascicles. Buddhism in the Tangut state is believed to be an amalgamation of Tibetan and Chinese traditions, among which

3599-521: Was evidence of small Tangut communities in Anhui and Henan provinces. The people including members of the royal clan emigrated to western Sichuan, northern Tibet, even possibly northeast India, in some instances becoming local rulers. The Tangut people living in Central China preserved their language until at least the 16th century. Tangut society was divided into two classes: the "Red Faced" and

3660-418: Was occasionally used in Tangut sources, the state was most commonly referred to as the "Great Xia" (大夏) in Chinese-language sources of the Tangut or as the "Xia State" ( Chinese : 夏國 ) to the Song. In later historiography and in modern Chinese the Tangut state is referred to as the "Western Xia" ( Xī Xià 西夏). The Mongols and other steppe tribes referred to the Tangut kingdom as "Qashi" or "Qashin", which

3721-430: Was the religion of 1.17% of the province's population according to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2004. In 2008, there were 3,760 mosques in Ningxia, which is about one per 1730 residents. One of Ningxia's main tourist spots is the internationally renowned Xixia Tombs site located 30 km (19 mi) west of Yinchuan . The remnants of nine Western Xia emperors' tombs and two hundred other tombs lie within

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