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56-675: The Yorkshire Coast runs from the Tees estuary to the Humber estuary, on the east coast of England . The cliffs at Boulby are the highest on the east coast of England, rising to 660 feet (200 m) above the sea level. The North York Moors National Park extends up to the coastline and traverses 26 miles (42 km) of it between Boulby and Cloughton, taking in the historic fishing villages of Staithes , Runswick Bay and Robin Hood's Bay . The section of coastline south of Bridlington to Spurn Head

112-485: A Megalosaurus ), was discovered in April 2021. The fossil dates the dinosaur to living around 175 to 164 million years ago. Spurn is a peninsula that extends southwards from the south eastern edge of Holderness . It is 3.5 miles (5.6 km) long and in places is only 160 feet (50 m) wide. It is continually being eroded by the sea and also becomes a dumping ground for sand, pebbles and rocks washed down from further up

168-548: A specific gravity of 1.30 to 1.34. The refractive index of jet is approximately 1.66. The touch of a red-hot needle should cause jet to emit an odour similar to coal. Jet may induce an electric charge like that of amber when rubbed. Jet is very easily cut using carving tools, but small pieces tend to break off, making it difficult to create fine details. It therefore takes an experienced lapidarist to execute more elaborate carvings. The jet found at Whitby , in England,

224-401: A black as possible, derives from this material. Jet is a product of decomposition of wood from millions of years ago, commonly the wood of trees of the family Araucariaceae . Jet is found in two forms, hard and soft. Hard jet is the result of carbon compression and salt water; soft jet may be the result of carbon compression and fresh water. Despite the name they both occupy the same area of

280-491: A few jewellers in work, but by the end of World War II only three remained, and the industry died out completely with their deaths. In Whitby the Victorian tradition continued up until the aftermath of World War II. Jet jewellery (both vintage and new) was then to remain out of fashion until the late '70s. In the '80s there was a fashion for jet beads and antique jet jewellery started to rise in value. New jewellers took up

336-481: A gemstone became fashionable during the reign of Queen Victoria . It originally became fashionable in the 1850s after the queen wore a necklace of it as part of mourning dress for Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha . Later the Queen wore Whitby jet as part of her mourning dress while mourning the death of Prince Albert . In some jewellery designs of the period jet was combined with cut steel . Jet use

392-471: A prominent theme. The source of the jet has not been confirmed although Whitby is the most likely possibility. Medieval jet use appears to have been largely limited to religious items such as crosses and Rosary beads. During the period there was a belief that water drunk from jet bowls could help with labour . A jet bowl held in the Museum of London may have been designed to allow for this. Jet became

448-477: A valued costume accessory in the 16th century. Mary, Queen of Scots , owned jet buttons and clothes embroidered with jet beads. Elizabeth I bought 1000 "black jet bugle drops" to embroider headdresses in 1587. Anne of Denmark ordered a gown of "double burret" silk in June 1597 loaded with jet passementerie and 360 jet buttons. The gown was too heavy to wear and she ordered it to be remade with less jet. Jet as

504-555: Is also famous for the collapse of the Holbeck Hall Hotel near to Scarborough in 1993. After a prolonged rainfall, water had seeped into the earth which destabilised the ground underneath the hotel causing a landslide. Television cameras managed to capture the building falling onto the shoreline below. Part of the coastal geological make-up in North Yorkshire is Whitby Jet . Jet is a hard Lignite mineraloid that

560-619: Is also known as the Holderness coast, from the area of East Yorkshire it adjoins. In 2016, Natural England announced the creation of a coastal path between Filey Brigg and Newport (Middlesbrough) Transporter Bridge. This will eventually link up with paths all around the coastline of England to become the England Coast Path. The section from Filey to Saltburn is in use as part of the Cleveland Way. The coastline between

616-471: Is home to three of thirty-two nationally designated Heritage Coasts in England and Wales. The Heritage Coasts are so designated for their exceptional or very good scenic quality . The three sections on the Yorkshire coastline are (from north to south); The Heritage Coasts are designated by Natural England with the purpose of protecting the coastline, its environment and heritage. Part of the designation

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672-694: Is known as oltu stone and is used to make prayer beads . The earliest known worked jet object is a 10,000 BC model of a botfly larva, from Baden-Württemberg, Germany, found among the Venuses of Petersfels . Jet has been used in Britain since the Neolithic period It continued in use in Britain through the Bronze Age where it was used for necklace beads. Jet necklaces following the plate and spacer design may have been based on Gold lunula . During

728-457: Is superficially similar to fine jet, and has been used to imitate it. This imitation is not always easy to distinguish from real jet. Some museums have produced reproductions of jet artefacts in epoxy resin . Unlike black glass , which is cool to the touch, jet is not cool, due to its lower thermal conductivity . When rubbed against unglazed porcelain, true jet will leave a brown streak , although bog oak , vulcanite , and lignite will do

784-857: Is the "Jet Rock" unit of the Mulgrave Shale Member, which is part of the Whitby Mudstone Formation . This jet deposit was formed approximately 181 million years ago, during the Toarcian age of the Early Jurassic epoch. Whitby Jet is the fossilized wood from species similar to the extant Chilean pine ( Araucaria araucana ). The deposit extends throughout North York Moors National Park . Jet has also been found in Kimmeridge shale seams in Dorset. Jet

840-525: Is the provision of a coastal footpath along the length of the Heritage Coast. The northernmost Heritage Coast has a footpath alongside its entire length (the seaward side of the Cleveland Way ). The North Yorkshire and Cleveland Heritage Coast designation does not include the coastal section around Whitby (Upgang Chine to Abbey Field) as it has been built on and developed. As can be seen from

896-515: Is to be found in the waters of the Yorkshire coast. Fishing fleets large and small are located at many of the ports on the coastline with Whitby, Scarborough, Filey and Bridlington being prime examples of ports which historically hosted larger fleets. Bridlington is the largest shell fishing port in the British Isles and exports its catches to the continent, most oftentimes being France, Italy and Spain. Smaller scale operations also exist such as

952-562: The Iron Age jet went out of fashion until the early 3rd century AD in Roman Britain . The end of Roman Britain marked the end of jet's ancient popularity. Early archaeologists (particularly Victorian) often failed to distinguish between jet and other jet-like materials In particular in southern Britain the material described as jet was often Kimmeridge Shale . and some artifacts use more than one jet-like material. For example

1008-565: The Pen y Bonc necklace combines two or three jet pieces with other dark material. Whitby jet was a popular material for jewellery in Roman Britain from the 3rd century onward. There is no evidence for Roman jet working in Whitby itself, rather it was transferred to Eboracum (modern York ) where considerable evidence for jet production has been found. The collection of jet at this time

1064-656: The Sea Life Centre at Scalby Mills , Scarborough Castle and Whitby Abbey which on its own attracts more than 150,000 visitors annually. Pleasure cruises are available from Bridlington and Scarborough to allow visitors to see the coast from the sea and for sea fishing tours. The coastline plays host to many beaches, be they sandy or rocky. As of 2016, just four of the beaches along the coast have been awarded Blue Flag status; Whitby West Cliff, Scarborough North Bay, Bridlington North Beach and Hornsea. Redcar & Cleveland Borough Council have responsibility for one of

1120-627: The Camino de Santiago. However, the deposits were in Asturias, where simple objects such as beads and rosary beads were also made. Santiago de Compostela was the main sales point and the location of the workshops that produced artistic objects. Jet has also been extracted in the area of Utrillas, Gargallo, and Montalbán in the province of Teruel, although it is of lower quality than that from Asturias. Native American Navajo and Pueblo tribes of New Mexico were using regionally mined jet for jewelry and

1176-465: The Derwent in 1799, a river was carved out from Mowthorpe to Scalby which allows floodwaters to drain to the sea, thereby sparing the riverside further downstream. The Sea Cut , as it is known, was completed in 1804 and roughly follows the route that waters used to drain eastwards towards the sea before the last Ice Age and the Derwent river headed inland. An average of 1.4 million people visit

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1232-627: The Humber was a dangerous place in the First World War due to the presence of the German U-Boats . The U-Boats were responsible for sinking 220 vessels with torpedoes and mines. Many other ships were suspected of being sunk here but they cannot be accounted for. Between 1917 and 1918 eight U-Boats were sunk off the Yorkshire coast with 6 sites being known and the last two wrecks sites being located in 2003. The spit of land at Spurn Head

1288-477: The Mohs scale with the difference being that soft jet is more likely to crack when exposed to changes in temperature. Jet is around 75% carbon and 12% oxygen with sulfur and hydrogen making up most of the balance. Other elements are found at trace level and the exact ratios varying with the source; for example, Spanish jet contains more sulfur than Whitby jet. Jet has a Mohs hardness ranging between 2.5 and 4 and

1344-639: The North Sea without flowing into the Tees or the Humber estuaries. The Swale , Ure , Nidd , Wharfe , Aire , Calder and Don all end up flowing through the Humber. Even the River Derwent , which rises on the eastern edge of the North York Moors and reaches within 4 miles (6.4 km) of Scarborough turns westwards and then south to flow out through the Humber. In response to flooding on

1400-515: The North Sea. Alum used to be quarried at Ravenscar and the region adjacent to Easington in the East Riding has on shore natural gas processing plants. During the First World War, Skinningrove Iron Works manufactured High Explosives and Mustard Gas . To help protect it form aerial bombardment, a Sound Mirror was installed at Boulby (see Military history section). In more recent times, windfarms have been granted permission to be sited off of

1456-651: The North Yorkshire Coast every year and more people visit the Yorkshire Coast than any other part of England outside of London. The Lonely Planet Guides rate Yorkshire as a whole as third in its top ten global places, the only part of the United Kingdom to feature in the list. Besides noted attractions such as the beaches and seaside towns, other notable visiting spots on the coast include Bempton Cliffs , Flamborough Head , Hunt Cliff ,

1512-708: The RNLI, the RBRB is a charity funded organisation that relies on voluntary staffing. The Humber Operations Centre of HM Coastguard is located in Bridlington. The shipping routes in the North Sea are some of the busiest in the world. Sea going vessels pass by the Yorkshire coast to access and leave the major ports in Hull, Grimsby, Immingham and at Teesport . The North Sea also sees plentiful sailings to and from oil and gas installations for supply. There are several lighthouses on

1568-527: The Rhineland, and lack of any evidence for local manufacture, suggest that Eboracum -produced items were exported to that area. One item that has been found around the Rhine but not in Britain are jet bracelets that feature grooves with gold inserts. The Roman period saw its use as a magical material, frequently used in amulets and pendants because of its supposed protective qualities and ability to deflect

1624-519: The Tees and the Humber. These are located at; The station at Humber is located on Spurn Point and is the only RNLI station in Britain that is manned full-time. Runswick Bay has its own rescue boat which was started in 1982. It was initiated after the RNLI lifeboat was moved up the coast to Staithes. The Runswick Bay Rescue Boat (RBRB) works closely with the RNLI and HM Coastguard to attend local incidents and also to get to places on this stretch of coastline that are inaccessible to larger rescue boats. Like

1680-458: The Tyne to Flamborough Head admits that whilst towns such as Filey, Scarborough and Whitby should be protected, other settlements such as Robin Hood's Bay will see properties lost to coastal erosion. Robin Hood's Bay had concrete sea walls installed alongside its shoreline in 1973, but a report issued in 2014 stated that the structure was coming to the end of its design life. This stretch of coastline

1736-564: The Yorkshire coast with many still active for shipping. Trinity House still operate Flamborough Head and Whitby remotely from their operating centre in Harwich , Essex . The list below includes only those with buildings still in situ, if not operating. Many beacons were located on the coast, especially during times of national crisis such as the threat of the Spanish Armada . The beacons were manned day and night with two people during

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1792-694: The abbey ruins are and at Goldsborough near Lythe. The breakwater at South Gare in Redcar, was installed with gun defences in 1891. These were utilised in the First and Second World Wars. The radio and coastguard stations in Scarborough and Whitby were part of a targeted attack on 16 December 1914 by the German Navy during the First World War . Elsewhere, the stretch of coast between the Tees and

1848-496: The adjacent steel industry) and formerly had a steel works near to the beach for which a railway line was diverted in 1978. Skinningrove still has a specialist steel plate mill and Boulby Mine stretches 3.1 miles (5 km) under the north sea to win Potash, Polyhalite and as a secondary aggregate, Rock Salt. Another Potash and Polyhalite mine ( Woodsmith Mine ) is in preparation near to Whitby, which like Boulby will stretch out under

1904-547: The biggest deposit in northern Spain, is of Late Jurassic ( Kimmeridgian ) age, about 155 million years old. Asturian jet is a perhydrous coal that suffered an anomalous coalification process and presents great material stability over long periods of time. At the end of the Middle Ages, the trade of religious objects and amulets made of jet reached great development in Santiago de Compostela, with sales to pilgrims traveling

1960-557: The coast. It was reported in early 2016, that the Associated British Ports control tower on the point is being re-located across the Humber Estuary to Grimsby due to progressive deterioration of the point. The coastline of Yorkshire has played (and still continues to play) host to some diverse industries. From north to south; Redcar has a major port, the deepest on the east coast of England (built to service

2016-420: The coastline with some being obvious from the shoreline (Teesside, Humber Gateway and Westermost Rough), whilst others (Heron Wind and Njord, Hornsea) are farther out to sea. There is also an onshore wind farm at Out Newton near to Easington comprising seven turbines. Fisheries have been an important part of the coastline's history which still continues today. Some of the world's best crab, lobster and shellfish

2072-500: The day and three overnight. Each beacon consisted of three individual fires with the combination of one, two, or all three being lit signalling the perceived intention of invaders. For example, one fire might mean enemy ships sighted, two fire that the enemy intended to invade, and all three fires that an invasion was imminent. The coast of Yorkshire has been involved in military endeavours since Roman times. Roman signal stations were believed to have been installed at Whitby near to where

2128-602: The details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 196719244 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 05:38:29 GMT Jet (lignite) The English noun jet derives from the French word for the same material, jaiet (modern French jais ), ultimately referring to the ancient town of Gagae . Jet is either black or dark brown, but may contain pyrite inclusions which are of brassy colour and metallic lustre . The adjective " jet-black ", meaning as dark

2184-485: The former battery site now lies ruined or on the beach. The Royal Air Force installed RADAR and listening sites, bombing ranges and Air Force stations along the coast at Goldsborough , Ravenscar , Bempton , Carnaby , Cowden , and Holmpton The coastline in Yorkshire has been the setting for many feature films and TV programmes. These include; Of all the major rivers in Yorkshire, only the Esk drains eastwards directly to

2240-459: The gaze of the evil eye . Pliny the Elder suggests that "the kindling of jet drives off snakes and relieves suffocation of the uterus. Its fumes detect attempts to simulate a disabling illness or a state of virginity." It has been referenced by other ancient writers including Solinus and Galen . Vikings made some use of jet including rings and miniature sculptures of animals with snakes being

2296-405: The geological map, the Yorkshire Coast is composed of shales, alluviums (sand, clay and gravel), oolites, limestones, mudstone, sandstones, ironstones and chalk. Typically, boulder clay is the section alongside the North Sea in the East Riding of Yorkshire and has been the most prone to coastal erosion . The Lost Towns of the Yorkshire Coast by Thomas Sheppard lists 30 settlements that were lost by

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2352-474: The lobster and crab fishermen working on the shoreline at Hornsea. In the 20th and 21st century, the Hornsea shell fishermen have been in confrontation with the big oil and gas business along the East Riding section of the coast. They maintain that pipes, outfalls and underground gas storage works have all colluded to put their fishery at risk. The Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) has stations between

2408-498: The longest unbroken stretches of beach in the United Kingdom. This section runs from South Gare to Staithes in North Yorkshire. Surfing and Kite Surfing are popular on Redcar beach. 54°09′05″N 0°10′26″W  /  54.1515°N 0.1740°W  / 54.1515; -0.1740 River Tees Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include

2464-478: The nickname of the Dinosaur Coast. Fossils can easily be found on the beaches at Whitby, Staithes and Runswick Bay with Britain's oldest dinosaur bone being found on Whitby beach in 2015. The bone fell out of a cliff face and after detailed analysis was found to be 176 million years old. A fossilized footprint of what was described as a 'Jurassic giant', and belonging to a meat eating dinosaur (possibly

2520-815: The ornamentation of weapons when early Spanish explorers reached the area in the 1500s. Today these jet deposits are known as Acoma jet, for the Acoma Pueblo . Enormous coal deposits characterize the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and this geology is closely related to jet deposits mined in the Henry Mountains of Utah and the Front Range of El Paso County , Colorado . Jet is also commercialized in Poland and near Erzurum in Turkey, where it

2576-400: The production of jet jewellery. Glass was used as a jet substitute during the peak of jet's popularity. When it was used in this way it was known as French jet or Vauxhall glass. Ebonite was also used as a jet substitute and initially looks very similar to jet, but it fades over time. In some cases jet offcuts were mixed with glue and molded into jewelry. Anthracite (hard coal )

2632-507: The sea. They were early form of RADAR being able to detect ships and aircraft up to 25 miles away. During the Second World War, the Yorkshire coast was fortified with pillboxes and tank traps on the shoreline and anti-aircraft and anti-shipping batteries installed at Ringborough. The Ringborough Battery was constructed in 1943 on what was then near to the coast line at East Garton. It has been subject to coastal erosion and most of

2688-411: The sections between Hornsea and Mappleton and from Withernsea to the south. Many towns along the coast have installed defences to stop the sea claiming the land, but in some areas, the sea is taking the land and oftentimes is depositing it further down on Spurn Head. Both Withernsea and Whitby have used Norwegian rocks as sea defences. The Shoreline Management Plan 2, which covers the coastline from

2744-399: The time his book was published in 1912. Kilnsea Parish Church was destroyed by coastal erosion in 1830. It had been noted that the sea was eating away at the coastline before the last burial in 1823. In 1824, services in the church were stopped and 6 years later, the church and many of the dwellings around it had been lost. Erosion rates are now averaging 11 feet (3.5 m) per year on

2800-548: The two estuaries was historically made up of the East and North Ridings of Yorkshire . From 1974 to 1996, the coast consisted administratively of Cleveland's Langbaurgh district, North Yorkshire and Humberside . Since 1996, the area has been governed by Redcar and Cleveland , North Yorkshire and East Riding of Yorkshire councils. The following is a list of settlements on the Yorkshire coast from north to south. The italicised places are notable coastal points. The Yorkshire coast

2856-506: Was at its highest in the early 1870s and from there it declined. From above 1000 workers in the trade Whitby was down to 300 by 1884. While jet substitutes may have had an impact this appears to have been in a large part due to changes in fashion with Art Nouveau making little use of black jewellery. As the numbers fell the remaining manufactures tended to stick with existing styles rather than attempting to adapt to new fashions resulting in demand falling further. Making tourist trinkets kept

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2912-483: Was based on beachcombing rather than quarrying . It was used in rings, hair pins, beads, bracelets, bangles, necklaces, and pendants, many of which can be seen in the Yorkshire Museum . Jet rings tended to follow the styles of existing metal rings although there were exceptions. Jet pendants were carved cameo style with Medusa head being a popular theme. Stylistic similarities with jet items found in

2968-477: Was first discovered in 1871 when wild boar tusks and deer antlers were found in the sand. Storms in March 2018 revealed the extent of the ancient forest with petrified tree stumps being exposed to the open air on Redcar Beach when a combination of the storm and low tides removed all the sand from the beach. The coastline in Yorkshire is home to some of the world's best Jurassic and Cretaceous geology which has given it

3024-438: Was militarised in 1805 during Napoleonic times. In 1914 when Britain went to war against Germany , Spurn was upgraded with a railway being built to bring in supplies and ammunition. The headland was used for military purposes during the Second World War and was finally de-militarised in 1959. Sound Mirrors were built at Kilnsea, Boulby and Redcar in 1916. The concrete blocks had a hollowed out dish shape that pointed out towards

3080-471: Was mined from a number of areas of France including Montjardin and Roquevaire . Raw jet was also imported from Spain. In the 18th century there was a jet working industry based around Sainte-Colombe-sur-l'Hers and La Bastide-sur-l'Hers but this declined with the start of the 19th. An 1871 plan to import raw French jet into Whitby was unsuccessful due to its poor quality. The jet found in Asturias ,

3136-466: Was wood from Monkey Puzzle and Chilean Pine trees laid down 185 million years ago in the Jurassic era. Jet is found on the beaches in the area and its popularity during the 19th century was down to Queen Victoria who wore Jet jewelry as part of her mourning dress for Prince Albert . A 7,000-year old petrified forest stretches along the coastline south from Hartlepool and along Redcar Beach. It

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