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63-698: A non-statutory NSW Aboriginal Land Council was created in 1977, to assist in the protests by Aboriginal people for their land rights . It was the result of a conference held in October 1977 at the Black Theatre in Redfern to discuss land rights. It called for abolition of the Aboriginal Lands Trust (a body of which Lyall Munro Snr was a member, among others), and for recognition of Aboriginal rights to land. The conference resolved to form

126-623: A day in support of Aboriginal people, and around 2,000 students joined the protest. There were also protests in Newcastle , Brisbane , and Darwin , all under the rallying cry of " Ningla-A-na " ( Arrernte for "hungry land"). The demands of the protesters were, specifically: The moratorium as a tactic was copied from the campaign against the Vietnam War : a weekday protest meant that union supporters would need to convince others in their workplace about why solidarity with Aboriginal people

189-692: A group of Aboriginal Australian people from central New South Wales , united by common descent through kinship and shared traditions. They survived as skilled hunter-fisher-gatherers, in family groups or clans, and many still use knowledge of hunting and gathering techniques as part of their customary life. In the 21st century, major Wiradjuri groups live in Condobolin , Peak Hill , Narrandera and Griffith . There are significant populations at Wagga Wagga and Leeton and smaller groups at West Wyalong , Parkes , Dubbo , Forbes , Cootamundra , Darlington Point , Cowra and Young . The Wiradjuri autonym

252-561: A lands right issue, with the people claiming rights to the land which was then a cattle station owned by a large British company, Vesteys . The strike lasted for eight years. In 1961, at the Native Welfare Conference, a meeting of federal and state ministers responsible for Aboriginal welfare, agreed on a policy of assimilation . The measures included the removal of discriminatory legislation and restrictive practices, welfare measures, education and training to assist

315-713: A procedure that transferred almost 50 per cent of land in the Northern Territory (around 600 000 km2) to collective Aboriginal ownership. Following this, some states introduced their own land rights legislation; however, there were significant limitations on the returned lands, or that available for claim. Paul Coe , in Coe v Commonwealth (1979), attempted (unsuccessfully) to bring a class action on behalf of all "Aborigines" claiming all of Australia. In 1981 South Australian Premier David Tonkin returned 102,650 square kilometres (39,630 sq mi) of land (10.2% of

378-501: A revised and expanded edition of Lancelot Threlkeld 's 1834 work on the Awabakal language, An Australian Grammar , in which he created his own names for groupings, such as Yunggai, Wachigari and Yakkajari. Tindale says that some of the later terms had entered the literature, although not based on fieldwork and lacking Aboriginal support, as artificial, collective names for his "Great Tribes" of New South Wales. He writes that there

441-561: A way that recognises the community’s traditional connection to that country". Indigenous land rights relate to the rights and interests in land of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia, and the term is also used to describe the struggle for those rights. As of 2020 , Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ rights and interests in land are formally recognised over around 40 per cent of Australia’s land mass. The recognition of Indigenous rights in land and waters

504-602: Is an administrative section, overseen by a chief executive officer . The head office is located in Parramatta , and there are five regional branch offices. Its mandate includes developing land rights among Aboriginal people in New South Wales, via its network of Local Aboriginal Land Councils, through land acquisition, by land claim or purchase, establishment of commercial businesses and community schemes to create an economic base for Aboriginal communities, as well as

567-457: Is centred in Wiradjuri region. Jessica's best friend (Mary Simpson) was from Wiradjuri. Noel Beddoe's novel The Yalda Crossing also explores Wiradjuri history from an early settler perspective, bringing to life a little-known massacre that occurred in the 1830s. Andy Kissane's poem, "The Station Owner's Daughter, Narrandera" tells a story about the aftermath of that same massacre, and was

630-488: Is derived from wiray , meaning "no" or "not", with the comitative suffix -dhuray or -dyuray meaning "having". That the Wiradjuri said wiray , as opposed to some other word for "no", was seen as a distinctive feature of their speech, and several other tribes in New South Wales, to the west of the Great Dividing Range , are similarly named after their own words for "no". A similar distinction

693-537: Is fundamental to the process of reconciliation . The colonisation of mainland Australia started in the 1700s, while the Torres Strait Islands were only taken over by the colony of Queensland in the 1870s. The Letters Patent establishing the Province of South Australia of 1836, which were issued during the period of British colonisation of South Australia , included recognition of the rights of

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756-836: Is ongoing, to use the land in a way which benefits the Aboriginal people. Since the 2010s, there has been a growing number of freemen on the land / sovereign citizen groups targeting Indigenous Australians, with groups with names like Tribal Sovereign Parliament of Gondwana Land, the Original Sovereign Tribal Federation (OSTF) and the Original Sovereign Confederation. OSTF Founder Mark McMurtrie, an Aboriginal Australian man, has produced YouTube videos speaking about “common law”, which incorporate Freemen beliefs. Appealing to other Aboriginal people by partly identifying with

819-761: Is the Deed of Grant in Trust (DOGIT). These were established primarily to administer former Aboriginal reserves and missions . They came about through legislation passed by the Queensland Government in 1984. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander local governments hold trusteeship of the DOGITs, and land tenure under this type of tenure is held in collective title, held in trust for future generations. From 1 January 2015, some trustees, namely those classified as "urban" or "future urban") are able to convert parts of

882-722: The Aboriginal Land Act 1991 and the Torres Strait Islander Land Act 1991 provide for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander freehold respectively. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander freehold land occupies 5%, or 59,489 square kilometres (22,969 sq mi) of northern Queensland . A Registered Native Title Body Corporate (RNTBC) can be trustee of this land, who can grant leases of up to 99 years for any purpose. A third type of land tenure , mainly held by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in remote and regional Queensland,

945-740: The Aboriginal Lands Trust of South Australia Act 2013 (SA) was passed. The Aboriginal Lands Trust (ALT) of Western Australia was established by the Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority Act 1972 . This body holds about 24,000,000 hectares (59,000,000 acres), or 10% of the State's land. There are different types of tenures held by different parts of this land, including reserves, leases and freehold property. There are many remote communities on this land, inhabited by about 12,000 people. Land reform

1008-693: The Maralinga Tjarutja Land Rights Act 1984 to return lands to the Pitjantjara people in the remote western area of the state. The legislation was proclaimed in January 1985 and was followed by a ceremony in the desert attended by Maralinga Tjarutja leader Archie Barton , John Bannon and Aboriginal Affairs Minister Greg Crafter . In 1995 the Indigenous Land Corporation (ILC) was established by

1071-556: The Native Title Act 1993 (Cth). Although this is federal legislation and therefore applicable to the whole of Australia , the way in which the processes for native title operate in each state and territory is dependent on the history of the land rights arrangements of the particular state or territory. In some jurisdictions, titles to large areas of traditional lands were granted before the Act commenced. The Native Title Act

1134-854: The Aboriginal peoples of South Australia – the first ever recognition of Aboriginal rights on the continent – but the promise was never kept. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the movement of Aboriginal peoples in Australia was controlled by colony- and later state-based laws, such as the Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897 in Queensland . This often meant that they were confined to living on Aboriginal reserves or mission stations , where they had no rights to land ownership. The passing of Aboriginal land rights legislation in Australia in

1197-654: The Australian , state or territory governments. Land rights usually consist of a grant of freehold or perpetual lease title to Indigenous Australians. By contrast, native title arises as a result of the recognition, under Australian common law, of pre-existing Indigenous rights and interests according to traditional laws and customs . Native title is not a grant or right created by governments. Native title in Australia includes rights and interests relating to land and waters held by Indigenous Australians under traditional laws and customs, and recognised in accordance with

1260-492: The Grave of Yuranigh . They are generally to be found near rivers where the softer earth allowed easier burial. Alfred William Howitt remarked that these trees incised with taphoglyphs served both as transit points to allow mythological cultural heroes to ascend to, and descend from, the firmament as well as a means for the deceased to return to the sky. The Wiradjuri diet included yabbies and fish such as Murray cod from

1323-673: The La Perouse area in southern Sydney. After the new targets were announced by the federal government for its new Closing the Gap strategy, NSWALC chief executive James Christian said that the targets were not ambitious enough, in particular the justice goals. Aboriginal land rights in Australia In Australia , Indigenous land rights or Aboriginal land rights are the rights and interests in land of Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islander people;

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1386-599: The McMahon Coalition Government's refusal to recognise Aboriginal land rights or native title in Australia , instead offering 50-year general-purpose leases for Aboriginal people which would be conditional upon their "intention and ability to make reasonable economic and social use of land", while reserving for the Crown rights to minerals and forestry . The Black Moratorium refers to protests which took place on 14 July 1972. The Sydney protest

1449-530: The National Native Title Tribunal : "A successful land rights claim usually results in a special grant of freehold title or perpetual lease. A title document for the land is issued. The title is normally held by a community or an organisation, not by individuals. There are usually some restrictions on selling, and dealing with, land that has been granted in a land rights claim. Normally, the land will be passed down to future generations in

1512-657: The Supreme Court of the Northern Territory ruled against the Yolngu in Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd (the "Gove land rights case"), when they sought native title rights over the Gove Peninsula . However, Justice Blackburn did acknowledge the claimants' ritual and economic use of the land and that they had an established system of law "a subtle and highly elaborate" system of laws ( Madayin ). In this way, this

1575-522: The Whitlam government introduced an Aboriginal Land Rights Bill to Parliament; however, this lapsed upon the dismissal of the government in 1975. The succeeding conservative government, led by Malcolm Fraser , reintroduced a Bill, though not of the same content, and it was signed by the Governor-General of Australia on 16 December 1976. The Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 established

1638-509: The colony of Queensland in the 1870s. As of 2020 , Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ rights and interests in land are formally recognised over around 40 per cent of Australia’s land mass, and sea rights have also been asserted in various native title cases . According to the Attorney-General's Department : There are fundamental differences between land rights and native title. Land rights are rights created by

1701-459: The "nations" concept. However, Tindale refers to Wiradjuri in his own work (p. 200): "Wiradjuri 'Wiradjuri (Wi'raduri)". Wiradjuri is a Pama–Nyungan family and classified as a member of the small Wiradhuric branch of Australian languages of Central New South Wales. The Wiradjuri language is effectively extinct, but attempts are underway to revive it, with a reconstructed grammar, based on earlier ethnographic materials and wordlists and

1764-524: The 1850s there were still corroborees around Mudgee , but there were fewer clashes. The short story Death in the Dawntime , originally published in The Mammoth Book of Historical Detectives (Mike Ashley, editor; 1995), is a murder mystery that takes place entirely among the Wiradjuri people before the arrival of Europeans in Australia. In Bryce Courtenay 's novel Jessica , the plot

1827-584: The Aboriginal Lands Trust of SA under the Act. The Trust was governed by a Board composed solely of Aboriginal people. In the 1970s, Indigenous Australians became more politically active, and a powerful movement for the recognition of Indigenous land rights emerged. Also during this decade, the federal government started buying privately-owned land in order to benefit Indigenous communities, and also to create Crown land which would be available for claim. In 1971, Justice Richard Blackburn of

1890-548: The Black population. It also had a heavy police presence. In the wake of Milirrpum , the Aboriginal Land Rights Commission (also known as the "Woodward Royal Commission") was established in the Northern Territory in 1973. This Royal Commission , chaired by Justice Woodward , made a number of recommendations in favour of recognising Aboriginal Land Rights. Taking up many of these recommendations,

1953-590: The Federal Government to assist Aboriginal Australians to acquire land and manage Aboriginal held land sustainably and in a manner that provides cultural, social, economic and environmental benefits for themselves and future generations. In February 2019, the ILC became the Indigenous Land and Sea Corporation (ILSC), in recognition of its operations on water. The ILSC is funded by an annual payment from

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2016-611: The Tent Embassy against attempts by police to shut it down, and union funding helped keep the embassy running. The Moratorium showed that non-Indigenous workers could be strong allies in the struggle for Indigenous rights. Bruce McGuinness published an article in the November issue of Aboriginal and Islander Identity magazine about the march in Melbourne , which was attended by about 2000 people, including an estimated 16% of

2079-510: The Wiradjuri's southern boundary and the change from woodland to open grassland marks their eastern boundary. The Wiradjuri were organised into bands. Norman Tindale quotes Alfred William Howitt as mentioning several of these local groups of the tribe: The Wiradjuri, together with the Gamilaraay (who however used them in bora ceremonies ), were particularly known for their use of carved trees which functioned as taphoglyphs , marking

2142-519: The basis upon which Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory could claim rights to land based on traditional occupation. The statute, the first of the Aboriginal land rights acts , was significant in that it allowed a claim of title if claimants could provide evidence of their traditional association with land. Four Land Councils were established in the Northern Territory under this law. The Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 established

2205-411: The best interests of all Aboriginal persons within their area and other Council members (who may reside elsewhere) more generally. LALCs have functions in relation to: land acquisition, land use and management, Aboriginal culture and heritage, financial stewardship and community benefits schemes. In addition to being a statutory corporation, NSWALC itself has the functions of an Aboriginal Land Council (for

2268-400: The burial site of a notable medicine-man, ceremonial leader, warrior or orator of a tribe. On the death of a distinguished Wiradjuri, initiated men would strip the bark off a tree to allow them to incise symbols on the side of the trunk which faced the burial mound . The craftsmanship on remaining examples of this funeral artwork displays notable artistic power. Four still stand near Molong at

2331-534: The collective title to either Aboriginal freehold or Torres Strait Islander freehold title. Mer (Murray) Island (the subject of the Mabo No.1 (1988) and No.2 (1992) cases) is Torres Strait Islander freehold and Aurukun is Aboriginal freehold land. In the 2013 Review of the Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966 , the powers of the Trust were reviewed and changed to modernise the Trust and

2394-563: The concept of assimilation, with its paternalistic attitude. The Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966 (SA) established the South Australian Aboriginal Lands Trust (ALT). This was the first major recognition of Aboriginal land rights by any Australian government, and predated the 1967 Referendum . It allowed for parcels of Aboriginal land previously held by the SA Government, to be handed to

2457-595: The continued passing and enhancement of Aboriginal culture , identity and heritage through the management of traditional sites and other cultural materials within NSW. The NSWALC's function includes advocacy for policies which benefit of the Aboriginal peoples of New South Wales, including representing them at the United Nations . NSWALC oversees a network of 120 Local Aboriginal Land Councils (LALCs), split into nine regions. LALCs seek to improve, protect and foster

2520-661: The foothills of the Blue Mountains east of Lithgow and Oberon , and east of Cowra , Young and Tumut and south to the upper Murray at Albury and east to about Tumbarumba . The southern border ran to Howlong . Its western reaches went along Billabong Creek to beyond Mossgiel . They extended southwest to the vicinity of Hay and Narrandera . Condobolin southwards to Booligal , Carrathool , Wagga Wagga , Cootamundra , Parkes , Trundle ; Gundagai , Boorowa , and Rylstone , Wellington , and Carcoar all lay within Wiradjuri territory. The Murray River forms

2583-542: The government between 1977 and 1981, the first being the Terry Hie Hie claim in northwestern NSW. The claims also called for compensation for the damage to their livelihood and loss of land. A Select Committee of the Legislative Assembly upon Aborigines was formed in November 1978, chaired by Maurice Keane . The select committee proposed the formation of an Aboriginal Heritage Commission charged with

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2646-557: The harshness of his own people's behaviour, since the Wiradjuri were in his view, fond of white people, as they would call them. Clashes between the British settlers and the Wiradjuri however multiplied as the influx of colonist increased, and became known as the Bathurst Wars . The occupation of their lands and their cultivation began to cause famine among the Wiradjuri, who had a different notion of what constituted property. In

2709-488: The investment returns of the Australian Government's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Land Account. The Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 (see above) provides the basis upon which Aboriginal Australian people in the Northern Territory can claim rights to land based on traditional occupation. The freehold land cannot be sold or transferred, but it can be leased. In Queensland,

2772-421: The involvement of Aboriginal people in the economy, and the education of non-Indigenous Australians about Aboriginal culture and history . It brought about a more widespread awareness by non-Indigenous people to social justice for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. South Australian Premier Sir Thomas Playford argued for integration rather than assimilation of Aboriginal people, and others questioned

2835-555: The land rights movement, McMurtrie played on their feelings of alienation and lack of trust in the systems which had not served Indigenous people well. Proponents of the original ideas are often related to far-right movements , whose core beliefs may be broadly defined as "see[ing] the state as a corporation with no authority over free citizens". Wiradjuri The Wiradjuri people ( Wiradjuri northern dialect pronunciation [wiraːjd̪uːraj] ; Wiradjuri southern dialect pronunciation [wiraːjɟuːraj] ) are

2898-440: The late 20th century was preceded by a number of important Aboriginal protests. The modern land rights movement started with the 1963 Yolngu Bark Petition , when Yolngu people from the remote settlement of Yirrkala , in north-east Arnhem Land , petitioned the federal government to have their land and rights given back. The 1966 Wave Hill Walk-Off , or Gurundji Strike, started with a protest about working conditions, but grew into

2961-484: The memories of Wiradjuri families, which is now used to teach the language in schools. This reclamation work was originally propelled by elder Stan Grant and John Rudder who had previously studied Australian Aboriginal languages in Arnhem Land . The Wiradjuri are the largest Aboriginal group in New South Wales. They once occupied a vast area in central New South Wales, on the plains running north and south to

3024-665: The new body, and 31 community representatives were elected, who then selected a working committee. This committee comprised: Kevin Cook (chair), Joyce Clague , Kevin Gilbert , Alan Woods, Alice Briggs, Camela Potter, Linda (Trudy) Longbottom, Betty Tighe, Ray Kelly, Jack Campbell, and Ted Thomas . This council was run by volunteers, with no funding, and they lobbied for the passage of the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 . This early body submitted ten land claims to

3087-489: The protection of Aboriginal sacred sites . It also proposed the formation of a land rights system centred on local community councils, backed by Aboriginal regional land councils , and finally an Aboriginal Land Development Commission. The NSWALC is an independent statutory corporation constituted under the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 (ALRA). Nine councillors, representing nine regional areas, are elected every four years. Its statutory functions include compliance with

3150-736: The regulations as well as financial management of New South Wales' network of land councils. As of 2021 the chairperson of NSWALC Council is Anne Dennis, who represents the North Western Region. Charles Lynch, representing the Northern Region, is the deputy chairperson. Both hold office for a term of two years and are eligible for re-election. The seven other regional councillors are: Abie Wright (Sydney/Newcastle), Leeanne Hampton (Wiradjuri), Grace Toomey (Central), Danny Chapman (South Coast), Peter Smith (Mid North Coast), Ross Hampton (Western), Dallas Donnelly (North Coast). There

3213-502: The renewed ownership of land to Indigenous Australians under various conditions. Land rights schemes are in place in the Northern Territory , Queensland (including the Torres Strait Islands), New South Wales , South Australia , Victoria and Tasmania . The land titles may recognise traditional interest in the land and protect those interests by giving Aboriginal people legal ownership of that land. Also, according to

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3276-405: The rivers. In dry seasons, they ate kangaroos, emus and food gathered from the land, including fruit, nuts, yam daisies ( Microseris lanceolata ), wattle seeds, and orchid tubers. The Wiradjuri travelled into Alpine areas in the summer to feast on Bogong moths . The Wiradjuri were also known for their handsome possum-skin cloaks stitched together from several possum furs. Governor Macquarie

3339-698: The state's land area) to the Pitjantjara / Yankunytjatjara people, as the APY lands . The land rights legislation was introduced by Premier Don Dunstan in November 1978, several months prior to his resignation from Parliament. An amended bill, following extensive consultation, was passed by the Tonkin Liberal Government, as the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 . In 1984 Premier John Bannon 's Labor Government passed

3402-567: The term may also include the struggle for those rights. Connection to the land and waters is vital in Australian Aboriginal culture and to that of Torres Strait Islander people, and there has been a long battle to gain legal and moral recognition of ownership of the lands and waters occupied by the many peoples prior to colonisation of Australia starting in 1788, and the annexation of the Torres Strait Islands by

3465-688: The west of the Blue Mountains . The area was known as "the land of the three rivers", the Wambuul (Macquarie) , the Kalare later known as the Lachlan and the Murrumbidgee , or Murrumbidjeri . Norman Tindale estimated the territorial range of the Wiradjuri tribal lands at 127,000 km (49,000 sq mi). Their eastern borders ran from north to south from above Mudgee , down to

3528-661: The whole of NSW) under Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 (NSW). Cummeragunja , in the Wiradjuri region, is owned and managed by the Cummeragunja Local Aboriginal Land Council , having taken over from the Yorta Yorta Local Aboriginal Land Council since ownership was passed to it in 1984. The La Perouse LALC is one of the founding LALCs, established to represent the local Aboriginal people of

3591-461: Was an important issue for their movement. Striking would both disrupt the economy and show strong conviction and understanding of the struggle, and the discussion put Black rights into workplaces, staff rooms and classrooms. It was later assessed as one of the most successful and historically significant protests for Aboriginal rights in Australia until this time. Its legacy included the establishments of networks which led to thousands of people defending

3654-415: Was in the form of marches from Redfern , Sydney University and other points, to Sydney Town Hall , attended by around 6,000 protesters, who included Aboriginal people, students and trade unionists. Gary Foley printed a pamphlet at Sydney University ahead of the protest. Unionists from several trades, including builders' labourers, ship painters, dockers and teachers, had voted to go on strike for half

3717-428: Was made between Romance languages in medieval France , with the langues d'oc and the langues d'oïl distinguished by their word for "yes". In his book Aboriginal Tribes of Australia (1974), Norman Tindale wrote that Wiradjuri was one of several terms coined later, after the 1890s had seen a "rash of such terms", following the publication of a work by ethnologist John Fraser . In 1892, Fraser had published

3780-535: Was passed following the High Court of Australia decision of Mabo v Queensland (No. 2) , which recognised for the first time that Indigenous people had rights to land sourced from their continuing connection to it and that these rights are recognised under Australian common law. Where these rights had not been extinguished through contradictory Crown grants, native titles continued to exist and could exist alongside certain title, such as crown leases. Different types of land rights laws exist in Australia, allowing for

3843-436: Was presented with one of these cloaks by a Wiradjuri man when he visited Bathurst in 1815. Wiradjuri territory was first penetrated by British colonists in 1813. In 1822 George Suttor took up an extensive lot of land, later known as Brucedale Station, after Wiradjuri guides showed him an area with ample water sources. Suttor learnt their language, and befriended Windradyne, nicknamed "Saturday" , and attributed conflict to

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3906-817: Was such a "literary need for major groupings that [Fraser] set out to provide them for New South Wales, coining entirely artificial terms for his 'Great tribes'. These were not based on field research and lacked aboriginal support. His names such as Yunggai, Wachigari and Yakkajari can be ignored as artifacts...During the 1890s the idea spread and soon there was a rash of such terms...Some of these have entered, unfortunately, into popular literature, despite their dubious origins." He lists Wiradjuri (NSW) as one of these artificial names, along with Bangarang ( Pangerang ) (Vic.); Booandik (Vic. & SA); Barkunjee ( Barkindji ) (NSW), Kurnai (Vic.), Thurrawal ( Dharawal ) (NSW), and Malegoondeet (?) (Vic.). He also mentions R. H. Mathews , A. W. Howitt and John Mathew as promulgators of

3969-422: Was the first significant legal case for Aboriginal land rights in Australia. The Aboriginal Tent Embassy was set up on the front lawns of Old Parliament House, Canberra on 26 January ( Australia Day ) 1972, by four Aboriginal activists, Michael Anderson , Billy Craigie, Tony Coorey and Bertie Williams (later Kevin "Bert" Johnson, as protest for Indigenous land rights. The embassy was established in response to

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