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36-604: Yoshkar-Ola ( Mari and Russian : Йошкар-Ола ) is the capital city of Mari El , Russia . Yoshkar-Ola means “red city” in Mari and was formerly known as Tsarevokokshaysk ( Царевококшайск ) before 1919, as Krasnokokshaysk ( Краснококшайск ) between 1919 and 1927 both after the Malaya Kokshaga River and Charla ( Чарла ), by the Mari people. Yoshkar-Ola was established as a military fortress in 1584, following

72-455: A 'negative verb', much like Finnish does. The negative verb is more versatile than the negative verb in Finnish (see Finnish grammar ), existing in more grammatical tenses and moods. It has its own form in the present indicative, imperative and desiderative, and in the first preterite indicative. Other negations are periphrastic. The negation verb in its corresponding form is put in front of

108-485: A separate morpheme to signify plurality . There are three particles, which are attached to the end of words with a hyphen, used to signify plural. Every grammatical person in Mari has its own possessive suffix . Additional particles, falling into none of the categories above, can be added to the very end of a word, giving it some additional meaning. For example, the suffix -ат (-at ), means 'also' or 'too'. The arrangement of suffixes varies from case to case. Although

144-499: A series of train and bus routes. The local train station is currently served by a daily train to and from the capital Moscow with other short-service trains running to and from Kazan . Moscow and various other nearby towns and regions can also be reached by buses departing from the local bus station. The Yoshkar-Ola Airport is also located 9 km north of the city and handles small aircraft Moscow -bound flights ( Vnukovo International Airport ) since April 2012. Destinations within

180-404: A six-month combat tour in the war against Ukraine . The climate of Yoshkar-Ola is very similar to that of Nizhny Novgorod or Kirov . The city is situated in a warm-summer humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ). The winters are long and cold with much snow and average January temperatures between −10 and −15 °C (14 and 5 °F), and a record low of −47.3 °C (−53.1 °F). On

216-553: A special letter "ҥ". The use of two "variants", as opposed to two "languages", has been debated: Maris recognize the unity of the ethnic group, and the two forms are very close, but distinct enough to cause some problems with communication. The Mari language and people were known as "Cheremis" ( Russian : черемисы, черемисский язык , cheremisy , cheremisskiy yazyk ). In medieval texts the variant forms Sarmys and Tsarmys are also found, as well as Tatar : Чирмеш , romanized:  Çirmeş ; and Chuvash : Ҫармӑс , Śarmăs before

252-520: Is twinned with: Mari language Mari is the titular and official language of its republic, alongside Russian . The Mari language today has three standard forms: Hill Mari , Northwestern Mari , and Meadow Mari . The latter is predominant and spans the continuum Meadow Mari to Eastern Mari from the Republic into the Ural dialects of Bashkortostan , Sverdlovsk Oblast and Udmurtia ), whereas

288-640: Is an airport in Mari El Republic , Russia , located 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) north of Yoshkar-Ola and 800 kilometres (500 mi) from Moscow Domodedovo Airport (DME). As a category 2 airport (based on an MAK classification), it handles Tu-134 , Yak-42 and smaller aircraft. The airport is the base for Yoshkar-Ola Joint Aviation Group . All flights from the Airport are temporarily suspended since 29 September 2023 due to runway reconstruction. Previously following flights were operated from

324-467: Is divided into their own smaller local subdialects. Only Hill and Meadow Mari have their own literary written standard varieties, based on the dialects of Kozmodemyansk and Yoshkar-Ola respectively. Eastern and Meadow Mari are often united as a Meadow-Eastern supra-dialect . Northwestern Mari is transitional between the Hill and Meadow dialects, and its phonology and morphology are closer to Hill Mari. Mari

360-465: Is formed with the suffix -рак (-rak). The superlative is formed by adding the word эн (en) in front. Morphologically, conjugation follows three tenses and three moods in Meadow Mari. In Meadow Mari, verbs can conjugate according to two conjugation types. These differ from each other in all forms but the infinitive and the third-person plural of the imperative. Unfortunately, the infinitive

396-584: Is mostly written with the Cyrillic script . The schwa /ə/ and its fronted counterpart are usually transcribed in Finno-Ugric transcription as ə̑ (reduced mid unrounded vowel) and ə (reduced front unrounded vowel) respectively. The former has sometimes been transcribed in IPA as / ɤ / , but phonetically the vowel is most strongly distinguished by its short duration and reduced quality. Descriptions vary on

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432-493: Is the form denoted in dictionaries and word lists. It is, thus, necessary to either mark verb infinitives by their conjugation type in word lists, or to include a form in which the conjugation class is visible—usually, the first-person singular present, which ends in -ам (or -ям) for verbs in the first category, and in -ем (or -эм) for second-type verbs. The three tenses of Mari verbs are: Additional tenses can be formed through periphrasis . The moods are: Negation in Mari uses

468-651: The Krupskaya Teachers' Training Institute (Yoshkar-Ola), more than half of the subjects are taught in Mari. However, by 2024, only 9% of ethnic Mari children where being taught Mari in just 81 schools. The principal division between Mari varieties is the West and the East. According to the Soviet linguist Kovedyaeva (1976:9-15, 1993:163-164) the Mari macrolanguage is divided into four main dialects: Each main dialect

504-551: The Russian Revolution . The term Mari comes from the Maris' autonym марий ( mari ). Most Maris live in rural areas with slightly more than a quarter living in cities. In the republic's capital, Yoshkar-Ola , the percentage of Maris is just over 23 percent. At the end of the 1980s (per the 1989 census) Maris numbered 670,868, of whom 80% (542,160) claimed Mari as their first language and 18.8% did not speak Mari. In

540-468: The framework of administrative divisions , it is, together with ten rural localities , incorporated as the city of republic significance of Yoshkar-Ola —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the city of republic significance of Yoshkar-Ola is incorporated as Yoshkar-Ola Urban Okrug. Yoshkar-Ola is linked to other cities and regions in Russia by

576-546: The 1990s opened opportunities for a revival of efforts expand the use of Mari in education and the public sphere. In the 1990s, the Mari language, alongside Russian, was proclaimed in the republican constitution to be an official language of Mari El. By the beginning of the 21st century, Mari language and literature was taught in 226 schools. At the History and Philology Department of the Mari State University and

612-599: The Communist period: the 1926 census indicated more than 99% of Maris considered Mari their first language, declining to less than 81% in 1989. Some qualitative evidence of a reversal in recent years has been noted. There was no state support for Mari language in Imperial Russia , and with the exception of some enthusiasts and numerous ecclesiastical texts by the Russian Orthodox Church , there

648-621: The Mari Republic, 11.6% claimed Mari was not their first language. In a survey by the Mari Research Institute more than three quarters of Maris surveyed considered Mari language to be the most crucial marker of ethnic identity, followed by traditional culture (61%) and common historical past (22%), religion (16%), character and mentality (15%) and appearance (11%) (see Glukhov and Glukhov for details). A gradual downward trend towards assimilation to Russian has been noted for

684-1004: The Russian conquest of the Mari-inhabited regions of the Volga and its tributaries. It is one of the centers of the Mari people (especially of the Meadow Mari subgroup) and the administrative center of the Yoshkar-Ola city district. Population: 248,782 ( 2010 Census ) ; 256,719 ( 2002 Census ) ; 241,601 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . [REDACTED] Tsardom of Russia 1584–1721 [REDACTED] Russian Empire 1721–1917 [REDACTED] Russian Republic 1917-1918 [REDACTED] Russian Democratic Federal Republic 1918 [REDACTED] Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1918-1922 [REDACTED] Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1922–1991 [REDACTED] Russian Federation 1991–present Yoshkar-Ola

720-406: The case suffixes are after the possessive suffixes in the genitive and the accusative, the opposite is the case for the locative cases. In the dative, both arrangements are possible. There are many other arrangements in the plural—the position of the plural particle is flexible. The arrangement here is one commonly used possibility. Comparison happens with adjectives and adverbs. The comparative

756-507: The city is 291,892 people. Following the 2010 Census , the ethnic makeup of Yoshkar-Ola is: Yoshkar-Ola is home to 88 educational institutions, among them several institutions of higher education, including: There are also 30 schools for primary students aged between 7 and 18 and 52 kindergartens. Additionally, Yoshkar-Ola has many private educational centers offering different qualifications and trainings in such disciplines as foreign languages, computer science and many others. Yoshkar-Ola

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792-593: The city limits can be reached through a network of buses, trolleys, and route taxis, or marshrutkas . The 4th Kiev-Zhitomir Rocket Division of the 27th Guards Missile Army of the Strategic Rocket Forces is located nearby. Yoshkar-Ola has a prison colony, which came to international attention in September 2022 as the location of a Wagner Group video in which Yevgeny Prigozhin promised convicts they would be released from prison if they served

828-524: The city was a regional industrial and transport center and grew to its current size. The collapse of the Soviet Union removed support for state enterprises , and led to the shutdown of most manufacturing activity in the area. Much of the city's economic activity was supported by shuttle traders who would transport (often counterfeit ) goods from the bustling markets of Moscow to Yoshkar-Ola's bazaars . The sharp decline in living standards led to

864-450: The degree of backness and labialization. The mid vowels /e/ , /ø/ , /o/ have more reduced allophones [e̽] , [ø̽] , [o̽] at the end of a word. Stress is not phonemic in Mari, but a dynamic stress system is exhibited phonetically, the stressed syllable being higher in pitch and amplitude and greater in length than an unstressed syllable. Generally, there is one prominent syllable per word and prominence may be found in any syllable of

900-467: The emigration of specialized professionals to larger cities in Russia. The Malaya Kokshaga River runs through the city. Yoshkar-Ola is located in the MSK time zone (Moscow time). The offset of the applicable time relative to UTC is +3:00 In accordance with the applicable time and longitude, the average solar noon in Yoshkar-Ola occurs at 11:48. Yoshkar-Ola is the capital of the Mari El Republic . Within

936-612: The former, Hill Mari, shares a stronger affiliation with the Northwestern dialect (spoken in the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and parts of the Kirov Oblast ). Both language forms use modified versions of Cyrillic script . For the non-native, Hill Mari, or Western Mari, can be recognized by its use of the special letters "ӓ" and "ӹ" in addition to the shared letters "ӱ" and "ӧ", while Eastern and Meadow Mari utilize

972-407: The negated verb in its second-person singular (the stem-only form), much as it is in Finnish and Estonian . The verb улаш (ulaš) – to be – has its own negated forms. In order to illustrate the conjugation in the respective moods and times, one verb of the first declination (лекташ – to go) and one verb of the second declination (мондаш – to forget) will be used. Verbs have two infinitive forms:

1008-417: The other hand, the city enjoys very warm summers, marred by only occasional, brief intervals of sultry or rainy conditions with July as the hottest month, when the average high is +25 °C (77 °F), and temperatures may stay around +35 °C (95 °F) for weeks. According to the 2021 Census , Yoshkar-Ola has a population of 281,248 people, making it the 71st largest city in Russia. The urban area of

1044-586: The position of the verb is not affected. The focus position is directly before the verb. Subjects, objects, adverbial, and secondary predicate can appear in this position. The examples below quoted in Saarinen (2022) show the different elements that can appear in the focus position. 1PST:first preterite 2PST:second preterite Чачи t͡ɕɑt͡ɕi Chachi корно korno road мучко mut͡ɕko Yoshkar-Ola Airport Yoshkar-Ola Airport ( Russian : Аэропорт Йошкар-Ола ) ( IATA : JOK , ICAO : UWKJ )

1080-577: The standard infinitive and the necessive infinitive, used when a person must do something. The person needing to do something is put in the dative in such a situation. There are four participles in Meadow Mari: There are five gerunds in Meadow Mari: Word order in Mari is subject–object–verb . This means that the object appears directly before the predicate. Word order in Mari is affected by information structure. However,

1116-462: The stressed vowel in the word is rounded , then the suffix will contain a rounded vowel: for example, кӱтӱ́ ([kyˈty] 'herd') becomes кӱтӱ́штӧ ([kyˈtyʃtø], 'in the herd'); if the stressed vowel is unrounded, then the suffix will contain an unrounded vowel: ки́д ([kid], 'hand') becomes ки́дыште ([ˈkidəʃte], 'in the hand'). If the stressed vowel is back, then the suffix will end in a back vowel: агу́р ([aˈgur], 'whirlpool') becomes агу́рышто ([aˈgurəʃto], 'in

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1152-418: The whirlpool'). Like other Uralic languages , Mari is an agglutinating language . It lacks grammatical gender, and does not use articles. Meadow Mari has 9 productive cases , of which 3 are locative cases . The usage of the latter ones is restricted to inanimate objects. Many cases, aside from their basic function, are used in other situations, such as in expressions of time. If a locative statement

1188-541: The word. Post- and prefixes behave as clitics , i.e., they do not have their own stress. For example, пӧ́рт ( pört , "house") гыч ( gəč , "out of") ( [ˈpørt ɣɤt͡ʃ] ); or му́ро ( muro , "song") дене ( dene , "with") ( [ˈmuro ðene] ). Consonants are shown in Cyrillic, Latin, and the IPA : Like several other Uralic languages, Mari has vowel harmony . In addition to front/back harmony, Mari also features round/unround harmony. If

1224-578: Was almost no education in Mari language. After the October Revolution , there was a period of support of all lesser national cultures in the Soviet Union , but eventually Russification returned. While the development of Mari literary language continued, still, only elementary-school education was available in Mari in the Soviet period, with this policy ending in village schools in the 1970–1980s. The period of glasnost and perestroika in

1260-484: Was established as a military fortress in 1584, following the Russian conquest of the Mari region . Yoshkar-Ola means “red city” in Mari and before 1919 was known as Tsaryovokokshaysk ( Царевококшайск ), between 1919 and 1927 also as Krasnokokshaysk ( Краснококшайск ) both after the Malaya Kokshaga River and is known as Charla ( Чарла ) amongst the Mari people. During the Soviet era, especially after World War II ,

1296-475: Was to be made about an animate object, postpositions would be used. Additionally, terms denoting family members have vocative forms. These are, however, not created with a specific paradigm, and only exist in a few pre-defined cases. Hill Mari has these cases, plus the abessive case (of the form -де), which is used to form adverbials stating without the involvement or influence of which an action happens. Mari, though an agglutinative language, does not have

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