41-459: The Yaybahar is an acoustic musical instrument invented by the Turkish musician Gorkem Sen (Turkish: Görkem Şen ), who describes it as a "real-time acoustic string synthesizer ." The name yaybahar (pronounced /jajba'har/) has Turkish origin. It is a composite of two words: yay means a "string" or a "coiled string" and bahar means the season " spring ." According to Gorkem Sen, the name
82-411: A "glottal stop" even if the vocal fold vibrations do not entirely stop. Other aspects of the voice, such as variations in the regularity of vibration, are also used for communication, and are important for the trained voice user to master, but are more rarely used in the formal phonetic code of a spoken language. The sound of each individual's voice is thought to be entirely unique not only because of
123-505: A Yaybahar played by her husband, musician Billy Mag Fhloinn, on its final track, "Port na bPucaí". Journal of Music described the sound of the Yaybahar in the song as "droning" and "swooping", comparing it to whale song . The composition "Into Darkness" by Ian Honeyman uses the sound of a Yaybahar. Gary Numan's 2021 album, Intruder , features contributions from Görkhem Sen playing the Yaybahar. Acoustic music Acoustic music
164-564: A better definition." Some music interest groups in the United States use the term "acoustic music" alongside the genres of folk and Americana music, like the Ogden Friends of Acoustic Music. The International Acoustic Music Awards hosts an annual competition for original songs. Their rules state that a song can be considered acoustic as long as an acoustic instrument, including voices, can be clearly heard. Acoustic music
205-402: A certain vibratory pattern of the vocal folds, a certain series of pitches, and a certain type of sound. Speech pathologists identify four vocal registers based on the physiology of laryngeal function: the vocal fry register , the modal register , the falsetto register , and the whistle register . This view is also adopted by many vocal pedagogists. Vocal resonation is the process by which
246-417: A consistent manner. The most important communicative, or phonetic, parameters are the voice pitch (determined by the vibratory frequency of the vocal folds) and the degree of separation of the vocal folds, referred to as vocal fold adduction (coming together) or abduction (separating). The ability to vary the ab/adduction of the vocal folds quickly has a strong genetic component, since vocal fold adduction has
287-537: A large portion of all music (western popular music in particular) is based, may have its roots in the sound of the human voice during the course of evolution , according to a study published by the New Scientist . Analysis of recorded speech samples found peaks in acoustic energy that mirrored the distances between notes in the twelve-tone scale. There are many disorders that affect the human voice; these include speech impediments , and growths and lesions on
328-408: A life-preserving function in keeping food from passing into the lungs, in addition to the covering action of the epiglottis. Consequently, the muscles that control this action are among the fastest in the body. Children can learn to use this action consistently during speech at an early age, as they learn to speak the difference between utterances such as "apa" (having an abductory-adductory gesture for
369-413: A resonance added to the normal resonances of the vocal tract above the frequency range of most instruments and so enables the singer's voice to carry better over musical accompaniment. Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the human voice. A register in the human voice is a particular series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds , and possessing
410-403: A singer or speaker is that the result of resonation is, or should be, to make a better sound. There are seven areas that may be listed as possible vocal resonators. In sequence from the lowest within the body to the highest, these areas are the chest, the tracheal tree, the larynx itself, the pharynx, the oral cavity, the nasal cavity, and the sinuses. The twelve-tone musical scale , upon which
451-438: A single venue at one time. Human voice The human voice consists of sound made by a human being using the vocal tract , including talking , singing , laughing , crying , screaming , shouting , humming or yelling . The human voice frequency is specifically a part of human sound production in which the vocal folds (vocal cords) are the primary sound source. (Other sound production mechanisms produced from
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#1732782836730492-404: A tightly stretched string that, when set in motion, creates energy at (almost) harmonically related frequencies. Wind instruments are in the shape of a pipe and energy is supplied as an air stream into the pipe. Percussion instruments make sound when they are struck, as with a hand or a stick. The original acoustic instrument was the human voice , which produces sound by funneling air across
533-491: A variety of sounds that the Yaybahar can produce, such as by dragging a mallet across the springs, tapping the ends, and using a bow. The sound produced by the Yaybahar has been compared to sci-fi movie sound effects by multiple publications. The Yaybahar isn't manufactured commercially. In 2018 Max Richter composed music featuring the Yaybahar for the film Hostiles by Scott Cooper . The album "Thar Toinn/Seaborne" (2020) by Irish singer Muireann Nic Amhlaoibh features
574-410: Is derived from the idea of a new life or a new beginning. The Yaybahar was inspired by several different instruments, including the Turkish ney , African thunder drum and Australian didgeridoo . It represents both Western and Eastern influences in its design and sound. In developing it, Sen invented a new system of bridges between the strings and the resonance body. Composer Ian Honeyman described
615-466: Is known as vocal resonation . Another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx, which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of laryngeal function are described as different kinds of vocal registers . The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singer's Formant , which has been shown to be
656-550: Is music that solely or primarily uses instruments that produce sound through acoustic means, as opposed to electric or electronic means. While all music was once acoustic, the retronym "acoustic music" appeared after the advent of electric instruments, such as the electric guitar , electric violin , electric organ and synthesizer . Acoustic string instrumentations had long been a subset of popular music , particularly in folk . It stood in contrast to various other types of music in various eras, including big band music in
697-415: Is not the only source of difference between male and female voice. Men, generally speaking, have a larger vocal tract , which essentially gives the resultant voice a lower-sounding timbre . This is mostly independent of the vocal folds themselves. Human spoken language makes use of the ability of almost all people in a given society to dynamically modulate certain parameters of the laryngeal voice source in
738-461: Is often easier for business owners to host because there is less need for amplification and the level of volume is less intrusive. In June 2021, the city of Cambridge, Massachusetts , allowed small businesses to host acoustic concerts without applying for a live entertainment permit. Cambridge defined an acoustic performance as having no amplification of sound except for one microphone , and having no more than five acoustic performers or musicians at
779-438: Is realized that it is the change in the spectral qualities of the voice as abduction proceeds that is the primary acoustic attribute that the listener attends to when identifying a voiceless speech sound, and not simply the presence or absence of voice (periodic energy). An adductory gesture is also identified by the change in voice spectral energy it produces. Thus, a speech sound having an adductory gesture may be referred to as
820-479: The human voice as an instrument for creating music . Adult men and women typically have different sizes of vocal fold; reflecting the male-female differences in larynx size. Adult male voices are usually lower-pitched and have larger folds. The male vocal folds (which would be measured vertically in the opposite diagram), are between 17 mm and 25 mm in length. The female vocal folds are between 12.5 mm and 17.5 mm in length. The folds are within
861-513: The larynx . They are attached at the back (side nearest the spinal cord) to the arytenoids cartilages , and at the front (side under the chin) to the thyroid cartilage. They have no outer edge as they blend into the side of the breathing tube (the illustration is out of date and does not show this well) while their inner edges or "margins" are free to vibrate (the hole). They have a three layer construction of an epithelium , vocal ligament, then muscle ( vocalis muscle ), which can shorten and bulge
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#1732782836730902-499: The pre-rock era, and electric music in the rock era. Music reviewer Craig Conley suggests, "When music is labeled acoustic, unplugged, or unwired, the assumption seems to be that other types of music are cluttered by technology and overproduction and therefore aren't as pure ." Acoustic instruments can be split into six groups: string instruments , wind instruments , percussion , other instruments, ensemble instruments, and unclassified instruments. String instruments have
943-521: The vocal cords . The first constructed acoustic instrument is believed to be the flute . The oldest surviving flute is as much as 43,000 years old. The flute is believed to have originated in Central Europe . By 1800, the most popular acoustic plucked-string instruments closely resembled the modern-day guitar, but with a smaller body. As the century continued, Spanish luthier Antonio de Torres Jurado took these smaller instruments and expanded
984-428: The vocal folds . Talking improperly for long periods of time causes vocal loading , which is stress inflicted on the speech organs . When vocal injury is done, often an ENT specialist may be able to help, but the best treatment is the prevention of injuries through good vocal production. Voice therapy is generally delivered by a speech-language pathologist . Vocal nodules are caused over time by repeated abuse of
1025-444: The 2000s, popular indie musicians began to identify their genre as "contemporary acoustic", in opposition to being classified as "folk music". Daniel Trilling wrote, "Folk is a word that strikes fear into the hearts of many aspiring pop musicians. Not only does it conjure up images of the terminally naff — woolly jumpers, beards, and so on — but it is also the journalist's catch-all term for legions of singer-songwriters too bland to merit
1066-439: The Yaybahar as "a cello like instrument that uses springs and drums for resonance rather than a wood body". The instrument is played similarly to orchestral string instruments by hitting or sliding a wooden bow along the two long springs suspended in the center of two drum heads, by hitting the drums, or by sliding the bow at the top of the instrument, similarly to a standup bass . In its online review, Classic FM described
1107-501: The actual shape and size of an individual's vocal cords but also due to the size and shape of the rest of that person's body, especially the vocal tract, and the manner in which the speech sounds are habitually formed and articulated. (It is this latter aspect of the sound of the voice that can be mimicked by skilled performers.) Humans have vocal folds that can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of chest and neck,
1148-430: The basic product of phonation is enhanced in timbre and/or intensity by the air-filled cavities through which it passes on its way to the outside air. Various terms related to the resonation process include amplification, enrichment, enlargement, improvement, intensification, and prolongation; although in strictly scientific usage acoustic authorities would question most of them. The main point to be drawn from these terms by
1189-736: The birth of rock in the 1960s, some rock bands began to experiment with acoustic songs. This would be known as acoustic rock , and many well-known artists such as Eric Clapton and Nirvana performed acoustic versions of their well-known songs in the early 1990s, which were collected on the MTV Unplugged series. Pop music artists have also experimented with acoustic music as well, with this variant sometimes being called acoustic pop . Like acoustic rock, some acoustic pop songs have also made their way to MTV Unplugged as well. Some notable acoustic pop songs include " True " by Ryan Cabrera and " Exile " by Taylor Swift featuring Bon Iver . By
1230-565: The bodies to create guitars. Guitar use and popularity grew in Europe throughout the late 18th century and more acoustic instruments were crafted, such as the double bass . Its popularity later spread to cities and towns in the new United States. In the 19th century, the guitar became a recognized instrument played in grand galas and concerts. As electric instruments took hold during the 20th century, many stringed instruments were redefined as acoustic. Instruments that involve striking or vibrating
1271-781: The folds. They are flat triangular bands and are pearly white in color. Above both sides of the vocal cord is the vestibular fold or false vocal cord , which has a small sac between its two folds. The difference in vocal folds size between men and women means that they have differently pitched voices. Additionally, genetics also causes variances amongst the same sex, with men's and women's singing voices being categorized into types. For example, among men, there are bass , bass-baritone , baritone , baritenor , tenor and countertenor (ranging from E2 to C♯7 and higher ), and among women, contralto , alto , mezzo-soprano and soprano (ranging from F3 to C6 and higher). There are additional categories for operatic voices , see voice type . This
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1312-424: The laryngeal airflow to strengthen or weaken it as a sound source. The vocal folds, in combination with the articulators , are capable of producing highly intricate arrays of sound. The tone of voice may be modulated to suggest emotions such as anger , surprise , fear , happiness or sadness . The human voice is used to express emotion , and can also reveal the age and sex of the speaker. Singers use
1353-403: The lungs to create audible pulses that form the laryngeal sound source. The muscles of the larynx adjust the length and tension of the vocal folds to 'fine-tune' pitch and tone . The articulators (the parts of the vocal tract above the larynx consisting of tongue , palate , cheek , lips , etc.) articulate and filter the sound emanating from the larynx and to some degree can interact with
1394-406: The p) as "aba" (having no abductory-adductory gesture). They can learn to do this well before the age of two by listening only to the voices of adults around them who have voices much different from their own, and even though the laryngeal movements causing these phonetic differentiations are deep in the throat and not visible to them. If an abductory movement or adductory movement is strong enough,
1435-469: The position of the tongue, and the tightness of otherwise unrelated muscles can be altered. Any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body, and an individual's size and bone structure can affect somewhat the sound produced by an individual. Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This
1476-468: The same general area of the body involve the production of unvoiced consonants , clicks , whistling and whispering .) Generally speaking, the mechanism for generating the human voice can be subdivided into three parts; the lungs, the vocal folds within the larynx (voice box), and the articulators. The lungs , the "pump" must produce adequate airflow and air pressure to vibrate vocal folds. The vocal folds (vocal cords) then vibrate to use airflow from
1517-399: The same quality. Registers originate in laryngeal functioning. They occur because the vocal folds are capable of producing several different vibratory patterns. Each of these vibratory patterns appears within a particular Vocal range of pitches and produces certain characteristic sounds. The occurrence of registers has also been attributed to effects of the acoustic interaction between
1558-421: The strings, such as the violin , viola and cello , fall under the acoustic category. The violin became popular during the 16th and 17th centuries, due to technological advancements in building them, brought on by luthiers such as Antonio Stradivari and Andrea Amati . The modern version of the instrument developed gradually from older European acoustic stringed instruments such as the lira . Following
1599-416: The vibrations of the vocal folds will stop (or not start). If the gesture is abductory and is part of a speech sound, the sound will be called voiceless . However, voiceless speech sounds are sometimes better identified as containing an abductory gesture, even if the gesture was not strong enough to stop the vocal folds from vibrating. This anomalous feature of voiceless speech sounds is better understood if it
1640-430: The vocal cords which results in soft, swollen spots on each vocal cord. These spots develop into harder, callous-like growths called nodules. The longer the abuse occurs the larger and stiffer the nodules will become. Most polyps are larger than nodules and may be called by other names, such as polypoid degeneration or Reinke's edema. Polyps are caused by a single occurrence and may require surgical removal. Irritation after
1681-432: The vocal fold oscillation and the vocal tract. The term register can be somewhat confusing as it encompasses several aspects of the human voice. The term register can be used to refer to any of the following: In linguistics , a register language is a language that combines tone and vowel phonation into a single phonological system. Within speech pathology , the term vocal register has three constituent elements: