127-577: Yakshagana is a traditional theatre, developed in Dakshina Kannada , Udupi , Uttara Kannada , Shimoga and western parts of Chikmagalur districts, in the state of Karnataka and in Kasaragod district in Kerala that combines dance, music, dialogue, costume, make-up, and stage techniques with a unique style and form. It is believed to have evolved from pre-classical music and theatre during
254-609: A memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the Cogentrix Light and Power Industry to set up a thermal power plant in the district at Nandikur . However, because of stiff opposition from citizens and environmentalist groups, the project has been temporarily suspended. An attempt by the Nagarjuna Power Corporation to set up a similar plant at nearby Padubidri also met strong opposition. Now, the power plant has been set up, generating 1,200 MW of power under
381-635: A Portuguese expedition and killed its commander, causing the Portuguese in Goa to send an armada to subdue her in 1567. On 15 January 1568, however, the Portuguese defeated the Rani and forced her to sign a new treaty. The Nayakas of Keladi were a Veerashaiva family which had ruled a large portion of Tulu Nadu starting in the 16th century, when they had control over Mangalore and the rest of Tulu Nadu. Eventually in 1613, Venkatappa Nayaka I became independent and
508-478: A Town Municipal Council now has a City Municipal Council which came into existence in 1995. Areas around Udupi, such as Manipal, Parkala, Malpe, Udyavara and Santhekatte were merged to form the City Municipal Council. The city of Udupi is governed by the City Municipal Council and has 35 wards spread across an area of 75.92 km (29.31 sq mi). It is headed by Anand C Kallolikar,
635-844: A commander of the Kadambas in a battle against the Kekayas and Pallavas . In a stone inscription near Gudnapur dated to c. 500 CE, the Alupas are mentioned as subordinates to the Kadambas. In 602, the Mahakuta Pillar inscription refers to the Aluvas as being conquered by Kirtivarman I of the Chalukyas. In the Aihole inscription , it appears the Chalukyas had crushed an Alupa rebellion in
762-501: A common ancestor are not decedents of one another. A typical Yakshagana performance consists of background music played by a group of musicians (known as a himmela ); and a dance and dialogue group (known as the mummela ), who together enact poetic epics on stage. The himmela is made up of a lead singer ( bhagawatha )—who also directs the production—and is referred to as the "first actor" ( modalane vesha ). Additional himmela members are players of traditional musical instruments, such as
889-721: A drop in the number of weavers of nearly 95% over three decades. A geographical indication tag for Udupi sarees is under examination with the Geographical Indications Registry of India. National Highways NH 66 and NH 169A pass through Udupi. Other significant roads include the State Highways to Karkala , Dharmastala and Sringeri . NH 66 provides a link to Mangalore and Karwar via Kundapur and NH 169A to Hebri , Agumbe , Thirthahalli and Shivamogga . Private as well as government buses connect Udupi to all parts of Karnataka . Udupi has
1016-667: A form of literature primarily in Kannada (starting from the 16th century). Of late Yakshaganas in Tulu and even now in Telugu are available. Performance of this Yakshagana literature or the play is called āṭa. It is now no longer believed that the word Ekkalagaana refers to Yakshagana. Yakshagana has a separate tradition of music, separate from Karnataka Sangeetha and the Hindustani music of India. Yakshagana and Karnatak Sangeetha may have
1143-534: A fort at Barkur, and instituted a revenue system where half of crops went to the cultivators while the rest were divided between landlords, Brahmins and the state. Ibn Batutta mentioned how the Muslim governor of 'Honore' paid tribute to a Vijayanagara revenue collector in Barkur with the title Wadiyar. While passing from Karwar to Kozhikode, he stayed in a port identified as 'Manjarur', identified as Mangalore, and noted
1270-400: A language in the census. Konkani is the 3rd largest language, spoken by 9.9% of the population. The dialect of Konkani here has strong influence from Tulu and Kannada. Kannada , even though the official language of the state, is only spoken by 9.3% of the population here. There are many dialects of Kannada spoken, some of which are Are Bhashe , spoken by Gowdas , and Havigannada , spoken by
1397-404: A large number of troupes arose across coastal Karnataka . The early 20th century saw the birth of 'tent' troupes, giving performances to audiences made up of common people who were admitted by ticket. These troupes were responsible for the commercialisation of Yakshagana. The genre saw major changes in form and organisation. Electrical lights replaced the gas lights; seating arrangements improved;
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#17327763697341524-540: A length of 378 kilometres (235 mi). Highway Udupi Udupi ( Kannada: [uɖupi] ) also known as 'Odipu' ( Tulu: [oɖipu] ) is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka . It is the administrative headquarters of Udupi district , and one of the fastest-growing cities in Karnataka. Udupi is one of the top tourist attractions in Karnataka and has various educational institutions. It
1651-626: A part of Kerala, the Aminidivi Islands were joined with the Laccadive and Minicoy islands in a union territory, while the Tulu and Kannada majority Dakshina Kannada subdivision became a district of Mysore State in 1956 which later was renamed Karnataka in 1973. The Udupi district was formed from the northern taluks of Dakshina Kannada in 1997. Later, the Karnataka Government, for the purpose of administration, split
1778-539: A play called the Chariton Mime , which contains dialogue in a language scholars have variously interpreted as an early form of Kannada or Tulu. The Alupas (ಆಳುಪರು) ruled the erstwhile Dakshina Kannada region between the 8th and 14th century CE. Their origins go back further, and if Greek identifications are to be believed the Alupas may have been prominent local chiefs since the 2nd century CE. The Halmidi inscription of 450 CE mentions an Alupa chief fighting as
1905-681: A population of 2,083,625. It is the only district in Karnataka state to have all modes of transport like road, rail, water and air due to the presence of a major hub, Mangalore . This financial district is also known as the Cradle of Indian banking. The district geography consists of seashore in the west and Western Ghats in the east. The soil is mostly lateritic type, characterised by high iron and aluminium content. The major rivers are Netravathi , Kumaradhara , Gurupura (Phalguni) , Shambhavi , Nandini or Pavanje and Payaswini; all join
2032-462: A prayer to Ganesha Yakshagana Rāga refers to melodic framework used in Yakshagana. It is based on pre-classical melodic forms that comprise a series of five or more musical notes upon which a melody is founded. Ragas in Yakshagana are closely associated with a set of melodic forms called mattu. In the Yakshagana tradition, rāgas are associated with different times of the night throughout which
2159-509: A prosperous trading country populated by both Moors (Muslims) and Genitles (Hindus). They were received well by Krishnadevaraya. But when they discovered Muslim merchants in Mangalore and Barakur, they blockaded the rivers leading there in 1526, they conquered Mangalore facing some resistance. Franciscan friars began preaching in Mangalore and the surrounding regions, while the Portuguese began collecting tribute in grain and other goods. In 1530,
2286-529: A railway station on the Konkan Railway . The nearest International Airport to Udupi is Mangalore International Airport , which is approx. 58.5 km away. City and suburban transport is available for travel within Udupi and its suburbs. The buses originate from the suburban bus stand (City Bus Stand). There are private bus operators as well as KSRTC city service buses. The nearest harbor/ port to Udupi
2413-1115: A recorded background himmela for their shows. "Yakshaloka USA" was founded in New England by Raghuram Shetty in 1995 and used recorded audio for shows. Being the first build a local Yakshagana troupe ("Yakshaloka Boston") in North America and introduce tenku tittu (Southern style) Yakshagana to this continent, he trained thousands of local Americans and inspired 5 Yakshagana troupes (Massachusetts, Washington, Florida, Northern and Southern California). Including shows like Sindh World Conference 2000, AKKA 2002, Saint Peters-burg Folk Festival 2005, Irvine Global Village 2014 etc. Yakshaloka USA has showcased hundreds of multi-lingual shows in major theatres across USA in both styles of Yakshagana. Yakshaloka promotes vibrant ancient Indian art by creating unique shows of its own, presentations in schools and Universities including worlds leading acting schools in Hollywood, training kids and adults from all over
2540-624: A shorter more modern form of Yakshagana. Keremane Shivarama Hegde , the founder of the Yakshagana troupe, Idagunji Mahaganapati Yakshagana Mandali, is an exponent of the Badagutittu style of Yakshagana. He is also the first Yakshagana artist to receive the Rashtrapati Award from the president of India . He hails from the Honnavar taluk of Uttara Kannada (North Canara) District. There were more than 30 string-puppet troupes in
2667-467: A style of writing, as well as the written material itself. It was probably used for poems enacted in bayalaata (or open theatre drama ), such as the ballads of Koti and Chennayya . Yakshagana in its present form is believed to have been strongly influenced by the Vaishnava Bhakti movement . Yakshagana was first introduced in Udupi by Madhvacharya 's disciple Naraharitirtha . Naraharitirtha
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#17327763697342794-522: A traditional folk dance originated in Udupi is demonstrated on the streets. "Pili Yesa" translates to Tiger. The origin of this cuisine is linked to Krishna Matha (Mutt). Lord Krishna is offered food of different varieties every day, and there are certain restrictions on ingredients during Chaturmasa (a four-month period during the monsoon season). These restrictions coupled with the requirement of variety led to innovation, especially in dishes incorporating seasonal and locally available materials. This cuisine
2921-572: A treaty with the British allowing for rice to be supplied from Mangalore to Bombay. The next year, he gave Portuguese some privileges back such as the ability to evangelize. However, in 1776, Hyder Ali revoked all these privileges, ejected the Portuguese from Mangalore and built up a large navy in the region. During the Second Anglo-Mysore War starting in 1781 the British quickly took over most of Tulunadu, as well as Bidnur, due to
3048-629: Is Tulu . Kannada and Konkani are also spoken in Udupi town. Dakhini Urdu and Beary are spoken by Muslims in the region. Udupi city falls under the Udupi Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency and the Udupi Chikmagalur State assembly constituency and is represented by the Member of Parliament Kota Srinivas pujari and Member of Legislative Assembly, Yashpal Suvarna . Udupi, which previously had
3175-476: Is Subba, who was in fact its author. Venkata is the probable founder of the tenkuthittu (southern) style of the art. Troupe centers, such as Kudlu and Kumbla in the Kasaragod District , and Amritheshwari , Kota near Kundapura , claim to have had troupes three to four centuries ago, indicating that the art form almost certainly had begun to take shape by circa 1500. The Yakshagana form of today
3302-498: Is a percussion instrument and, along with the chande, is the primary rhythmic accompaniment in the Yakshagana ensemble. It is played in a similar fashion as Mridangam. Yakshagana bells or cymbals, are a pair of finger bells made of a special alloy (traditionally five metal). They are made to fit the tone of the bhagawatha's voice. Singers carry more than one set, as finger bells are available in different keys, thus enabling them to sing in different pitches. They help create and guide
3429-432: Is a collection of poems written to form a music drama. The poems are composed in well known Kannada metres, using a frame work of ragas and talas . Yakshagana also has its own metre (or prosody ). The collection of Yakshagana poems forming a musical drama is called a Prasanga . The oldest surviving parasanga books are believed to have been composed in the 15th century. But many compositions have been lost to time. There
3556-584: Is becoming a major town in Karnataka. Udupi is the birthplace of the Syndicate Bank , Corporation Bank and Harsha Retail, the leading retailer of coastal Karnataka. Udupi's economy also consists of agriculture and fishing. Small-scale industries like the cashew industry, and other food industries and milk cooperatives are the most prominent. Recently, Udupi is also making its mark in the real estate industry, greatly influenced by its neighboring spearhead Mangalore . The Karnataka government had signed
3683-526: Is called "Nada Kacheri". The district has 2 revenue subdivisions, namely Mangaluru and Puttur. Mangaluru subdivision has 5 taluks and Puttur subdivision has 4 taluks. Important cities and towns in Dakshina Kannada include Mangalore , Surathkal , Puttur , Sullia , Bantwal , Vittal , Moodabidri , Kinnigoli , Uppinangady , Nellyadi , Kadaba, Belthangady , Guruvayankere , Venur , Mulki , Dharmasthala , Ujire and Subramanya . The district
3810-749: Is evidence showing that oral compositions were in use before the 15th century. The narratives of the surviving historic Yakshagana Prasangas are now often printed in paperback. Yakshagna costumes are rich in colour. The costumes (or vesha ) in Kannada depend on characters depicted in the play (prasanga). It also depends on the Yakshagana style ( tittu ). Traditionally, Badagutittu Yakshagana ornaments are made out of light wood, pieces of mirror, and coloured stones. Lighter materials, such as thermocol, are sometimes used today, although ornaments are still predominantly made of woodwork. Yakshagana costumes consist of headgear (Kirita or Pagade), Kavacha that decorates
3937-639: Is finding new popularity outside India. Amateur troupes have emerged in California , USA and Ontario , Canada. Yakshamitra in Canada , Yakshagana Kalavrinda , Yaksharanga in the U.S. "Yakshaloka Boston" are a few examples of these international troupes. Yakshamitra founded in 2008 in Toronto , Canada, is the first full pledged Yakshagana mela outside India. It is the first to use local live music himmela for their performances. The other troupes usually use
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4064-507: Is hosted is called "Taluk Kacheri". The Taluk (Taluka or Tehsil) are further divided into Hobli's. Mangalore, Surathkal , Gurupura and Mulki are Hobli's under Mangaluru taluk. Panemamangalore, Vitla and Bantval are under Bantwal taluk. Puttur and Uppinangady are under Puttur taluk. Belthangadi, Kokkada and Venoor are under Belthangady taluk. Sulya and Panja Hobli's are under Sullia taluk. The newly formed taluks of Moodabidri, Ullala and Kadaba have one Hobli each. The office in which Hoblis function
4191-605: Is influenced more by folk art blended with classical dance aspects. In tenkutittu, three iconic set of colours are used: the Raajabanna , the Kaatbanna , and the Sthreebanna . The himmela in the tenkutittu style is more cohesive to the entire production. Rhythms of the chande and maddale coupled with the chakrataala and jaagate of the bhaagavatha create an excellent symphonic sound. The dance form in tenkutittu strikes
4318-473: Is known as the Suthradhara. The content in the Yakshagana puppetry, is also mainly drawn from the ancient epics. Yakshagana puppetry has existed for centuries. The modern form of the art, however, was largely moulded by the brothers Laxman, Narasimha, and Manjappa Kamath; who hailed from Uppinakudru village, Kundapur taluk. Devanna Padmanabha Kamath, the grandson of Laxman Kamath infused new life into
4445-423: Is less sophisticated as a visual art. Scholars have classified Yakshagana broadly into several types: One of the traditional variations, the tenkutittu style, is prevalent in Dakshina Kannada, Kasaragod District, western parts of Coorg (Sampaje), and few areas of Udupi district. The influence of Karnatic Music is apparent in tenkutittu, as evidenced by the type of maddale used and in bhaagavathike. Yakshagana
4572-637: Is located at Yekkur near Kankanady . Mangalore University is a public university in Konaje near Mangalore . It has jurisdiction over the districts of Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kodagu . The district is home to research institutes such as the Directorate of Cashew Research at Puttur . The Central Plantation Crops Research Institute is in Vitla in the Bantwal taluk. The engineering colleges in
4699-519: Is located in Malpe harbour complex. It is involved in building multipurpose platform supply vessels (MPSVs), platform supply vessel, geotechnical research vessel, dredgers and tugs for Indian as well as export markets. Udupi has a local handloom sari industry. Made of pure cotton and lightweight, the sari has art silk design on its border and pallu besides butta of art silk dotting it. Hard work, low returns, and competition from power loom has led to
4826-503: Is markedly different from this group. Experts have placed the origin of Yakshagana somewhere in the period of the 11th to 16th centuries CE. Yakshagana was an established performance art form by the time of the noted Yakshagana poet, Parthi Subba (c. 1600). His father, Venkata, is attributed by some to be the author of the great Hindu epic, Ramayana , although historian Shivaram Karanth counters these claims (made most notably by historians Muliya Thimmappa and Govinda Pai) and argues that it
4953-564: Is notable for the Krishna Temple and is also known as the temple city. It also lends its name to the popular Udupi cuisine , is also known as Parashurama Kshetra, and is famous for Kanakana kindi . A centre of pilgrimage, Udupi is known as Rajata Peetha and Shivalli (Shivabelle). The name Udupi originated from the Sanskrit Word Udupa meaning Moon . In the 13th century, Vaishnavite saint Madhvacharya founded
5080-409: Is part of the eponymous district in Karnataka, India. As per the census in 2011, Udupi city has 33,987 households and a total population of 144,960, of which 71,614 are males and 73,346 are females. The population of scheduled castes is 8,385 while that of scheduled tribes is 6,774. The city population is growing at a rate of 14.03%. Languages of Udupi (2011) The most spoken language in Udupi town
5207-543: Is prevalent in North Canara (Uttara Kannada District) and the northern parts of Udupi district from Kundapura to Byndoor. The Badagutittu school of Yakshagana places more emphasis on facial expressions, matugarike (dialogues), and dances appropriate for the character depicted in the episode. It makes use of a typical Karnataka chande. The Badagutittu style was popularised by Shivram Karanth 's, "Yakshagana Mandira," presented at Saligrama Village in Dakshina Kannada as
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5334-434: Is the result of a slow evolution, drawing its elements from ritual theatre, temple arts, secular arts (such as Bahurupi ), royal courts of the past, and the artists' imaginations—all interwoven over a period of several hundred years. Early Yakshagana poets included Ajapura Vishnu, Purandaradasa , Parthi Subba, and Nagire Subba. King Kanteerava Narasaraja Wodeyar II (1704–1714) authored 14 Yakshaganas in various languages in
5461-674: Is usually between 32 and 20 °C (90 and 68 °F). As it is a coastal area, there are a few beaches which are tourist attractions. Kaup beach, Malpe beach are two of the beaches in Udupi. The monsoon period is from June to September, with rainfall averaging more than 4,000 mm (160 in) every year and heavy winds. Bhuta Kola , Aati kalenja , Karangolu, and Nagaradhane are some cultural traditions of Udupi. The residents celebrate festivals such as Makara Sankranti , Nagara Panchami , Krishna Janmashtami , Ganesh Chaturthi , Navaratri , Deepavali . Folk arts like Yakshagana are also popular. During Krishna Janmashtami, Pili Yesa ,
5588-425: Is well known for beaches, red clay roof tiles ( Mangalore tiles ), cashew nut and its products, banking, education, healthcare and cuisine. Mangalore being the second largest city of Karnataka and Puttur are the largest and the major cities of Dakshina Kannada. Dakshina Kannada District has 1 City Corporation (Mangalore), 2 City Municipal Councils, 3 Town Municipal Councils, and 8 Town Panchayaths. According to
5715-724: The Masjids at Kodungallur , Kollam , Madayi , Barkur , Mangalore , Kasaragod , Kannur , Dharmadam , Panthalayani ( Koyilandy ), and Chaliyam , were built during the era of Malik Dinar , and they are among the oldest Masjid s in the Indian subcontinent . It is believed that Malik Dinar died at Thalangara in Kasaragod town. Two of them, Mangalore and Barkur lie in Tulu Nadu . The 16th century work Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen written by Zainuddin Makhdoom II appears to be
5842-523: The maddale (hand drum), the pungi (pipe), the harmonium (organ), and the chande (loud drums). The music is based on ragas , which are characterised by rhythmic patterns called mattu and tala (or musical meter in Western music). A Yakshagana(ಯಕ್ಷಗಾನ) performance typically begins in the twilight hours, with an initial beating of the drums of several fixed compositions, called abbara or peetike . This may last for up to an hour before
5969-464: The 2011 census , Dakshina Kannada has a population of 2,089,649, of which male and female were 1,034,714 and 1,054,935 respectively. roughly equal to the nation of North Macedonia . This gives it a ranking of 220th in India (out of a total of 640 ). The district has a population density of 457 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,180/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011
6096-751: The Arabian Sea . At Uppinangadi , the Netravathi and Kumaradhara rivers rise during the monsoon and meet. This event is called "Sangam", which in Sanskrit means confluence. Near Mangalore, an estuary is formed by the union of the rivers Netravathi and the Gurupura which merge into the Arabian Sea. The topography of the district is plain up to 30 km (18.64 mi) inside the coast and changes to undulating hilly terrain sharply towards
6223-610: The Battle of Talikota , hoping to get rid of Portuguese influence. In 1571, this failed when the Portuguese defeated Bijapur at Goa. Rani Abbakka , the Chowta wife of Banga Raja and the Queen of Ullal , fought the Portuguese. She stopped paying tribute to the Portuguese, causing them to send a fleet to Mangalore and force a settlement, but soon she aided the enemies of the Portuguese and again stopped tribute payment. In 1566, she defeated
6350-795: The Billava , Mogaveera , Bunt , Kulala , Tulu Gowda and Devadiga communities, are the largest ethnic group in the district. Of these the Billavas are the most numerous community. The Konkani people , Brahmins, Holeyas , the hill-tribes ( Koragas ), Muslims , Mangalorean Catholics and Arebhashe Gowdas comprise rest of the population. The Brahmins belong chiefly to the Shivalli , Saraswat , Havyaka , Chitpavan , Daivadnya and Kota sub-sections. Religion in Dakshina Kannada In Dakshina Kannada, Hindus form
6477-536: The Havyaka Brahmin community. Malayalam is 3.6% spoken by Maniyani (Yadava) and Vaniya community mainly in regions bordering Kerala. Deccani Urdu is spoken by 1.6% mainly seen in Mangalore city and Moodabidri. Hindi , Marathi and Tamil are also spoken by very small minorities. Koraga is an indigenous tribal language still spoken by some individuals in the district. In Dakshina Kannada, primary and secondary education have reached every section of
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#17327763697346604-515: The Kudremukh range of Belthangady taluk ), with a maximum elevation of 1,115 m (3,658 ft), is the highest point in Dakshina Kannada. Dakshina Kannada features a Tropical Monsoon climate (Am) according to the Köppen climate classification . The average annual rainfall in Dakshina Kannada is 4,030 millimetres (159 in). The rainfall varies from 3,774.1 millimetres (149 in) at
6731-714: The Mangalore coast, 4,530 millimetres (178 in) at Moodabidri and 4,329 millimetres (170 in) at Puttur near the Western Ghats . The average humidity is 75% and peaks in July at 89%. As per the Gramappadhathi , Dakshina Kannada (along with the rest of the west coast) was created by Parshurama standing on top of the Western Ghats, and caused the land to rise from the sea by throwing his axe. It
6858-641: The Masjid Zeenath Baksh at Mangalore is one of the oldest mosques in the Indian subcontinent . According to the Legend of Cheraman Perumals , the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at Kodungallur with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of Chera dynasty , who left from Dharmadom to Mecca and converted to Islam during the lifetime of Muhammad (c. 570–632). According to Qissat Shakarwati Farmad ,
6985-652: The Municipal Commissioner . The city council has departments for health, urban planning, technical division, revenue, finance, birth and death, and Day-NULM. The master plan of the city is prepared by the Udupi Urban Development Authority (UUDA) and the Directorate of Town and Country Planning. The city receives its primary source of drinking water from water stored at Baje vented dam. The municipality also seeks to augment its water storage by pumping water accumulated in
7112-462: The Persian Gulf . Bus services in this district are run by private players namely Dakshina Kannada Bus Operators' Association (DKBOA) and the state-run KSRTC . The district had public limited (public listed) companies running transport business even before the independence of India in 1947. The district has five national highways connecting parts of Karnataka and India. NH-66 connects
7239-420: The Sri Krishna Temple . He set up eight mathas - Ashta Mathas in Udupi to propagate the Dvaita Vedanta philosophy, and this caused a vibrant temple culture to take root in present-day Udupi district . Significant migration of Brahmins to the region took place subsequently, and they came to comprise 10 per cent of the region's population, three times higher than elsewhere in South India . Udupi city
7366-441: The Western Ghats to its east and the Arabian Sea to its west. Dakshina Kannada receives abundant rainfall during the Indian monsoon . It is bordered by Udupi district (formerly a part of this district) to the north, Chikmagalur district to the northeast, Hassan district to the east, Kodagu to the southeast and Kasaragod district of Kerala to the south. According to the 2011 census of India, Dakshina Kannada district had
7493-491: The 20th century saw experiments and adoptions of this art into other venues. One notable effort was that of Shivarama Karantha , who produced and exhibited Yakshagana ballet , using and training local artists. Some of the changes brought about by Karanth, however, attracted criticism. One legal decision even banned any public performance of his experimental ballets being billed as "Yakshagana." The artists pray to lord Ganesha before their performance. Yakshagana also ends with
7620-416: The 9th century, the Alupas began to lose territory and Rashtrakuta king Krishna II sent a military expedition which placed the Alupas firmly under Rashtrakuta control. When the Cholas occupied Alupa territory during the reign of Rajaraja I , Bankideva Alupendra drove the Cholas out. In the late 11th and early 12th century, the Alupas had to acknowledge the suzerainty of the Chalukyas of Kalyani , before it
7747-435: The Arabian Sea, so during the First Anglo Mysore War in 1766 Company soldiers from Bombay conquered Mangalore. However, as soon as he heard the news of the capture of Bangalore, Tipu Sultan made a lightning attack on Mangalore and forced the British to retreat only a week after they captured Mangalore. Hyder Ali then confiscated all Portuguese holdings in the region due to their support for the English. In 1770, Hyder Ali made
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#17327763697347874-406: The Kannada script. Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar (1794–1868) also wrote several Yakshagana prasanga, including Sougandhika Parinaya . Noted poet, Muddana , composed several Yakshagana prasanga's, including the very popular Rathnavathi Kalyana . In the 19th century, Yakshagana began to move away from the strict traditional forms. Practitioners of the day produced a number of new compositions. Also,
8001-459: The Portuguese invasions of the 1500s. Languages of Dakshina Kannada (2011) Tulu is the major language of the district and is spoken by 48.6% of the population. It is the oldest language of the district and has a long literary tradition. Tulu has several dialects and sociolects including a Northern dialect near Udupi and Southern dialect centred on Mangalore. It is the majority language in Bantwal, Beltangadi and Puttur taluks. Many have demanded
8128-417: The Portuguese stormed the Mangalore fort again facing resistance they easily annihilated. In 1547, Aliya Rama Raya entered into a treaty with the Portuguese by which all imports and exports passed through their hands. This treaty was highly unpopular among the local chiefs, who often resisted Portuguese tributary collection. Some chiefs even supported the alliance of sultanates which defeated Aliya Rama Raya at
8255-431: The Serpent God Subramanya . According to legend, the district was reclaimed by Parashurama from the sea. According to the 17th-century Malayalam work Keralolpathi , the lands of Kerala and Tulu Nadu were recovered from the sea by the axe-wielding warrior sage Parasurama , the sixth avatar of Vishnu (hence, Kerala is also called Parasurama Kshetram 'The Land of Parasurama' ). Parasurama threw his axe across
8382-409: The Swarna River at Sanebettu. The city is divided into three zones with different timings for efficient water supply. It also received a loan of $ 75 million from the Asian Development Bank to have all round the clock water supply in 2018. The city has both open and closed drains. The underground sewage network exists in only 20% of the city's area as of 2017, but has been proposed to increase from
8509-460: The Tehsildar of Kadaba, but was defeated by a British ally, Kumara Hegde. In July 1800, the British pursued the last remnants of Vittala Hedge's army into Shishila Ghat, where they were defeated and many of the chief rebels were arrested. At this time, the district was in severe distress due to the many bloody wars waged across it. The British deputed an administrator to study the economic condition of Kanara district, which noted severe deprivation in
8636-477: The Western Ghats, adding it to Kanara district. In 1837, the British faced the Amara Sullia rebellion. After the British had deposed Kalyanaswami, a pretender to the throne of Coorg, he went to Bellare , and gathered a large number of supporters who marched on Puttur. Kalyanaswami defeated two companies of sepoys near Puttur, and Kalyanaswami then marched on Mangalore, causing the British to flee. For two weeks Kalyanaswami held Mangalore, released prisoners and set
8763-463: The Western tradition of opera. Traditionally, Yakshagana will run through dusk to dawn. Yakshagana is popular in the districts of Dakshina Kannada , Kasaragod , Udupi , Uttara Kannada , Shimoga and western parts of Chikkamagaluru . Yakshagana has become popular in Bengaluru in recent years, particularly in the rainy season, when there are few other forms of entertainment possible in the coastal districts. Traditional Yakshagana can refer to
8890-485: The Yakshagana is performed. Yakshagana Tala ( Sanskrit tāla) are frameworks for rhythms in Yakshagana that are determined by a poetry style called Yakshagana Padya . Tala also decide how a composition is to be enacted by the dancers. It is similar to tala in other forms of Indian music, but differs from them structurally. Each composition is set to one or more talas, rendered by the himmela percussion artists play. Yakshagana poetry (Yakshagana Padya or Yakshagana Prasanga)
9017-411: The actors finally arrive on the stage. The actors wear resplendent costumes, head-dresses, and face paints. A performance usually depicts a story from the " Kavya " (epic poems) and the " Puranas " (ancient Hindu texts). It consists of a story teller (the bhagawatha ) who narrates the story by singing (which includes prepared character dialogues) as the actors dance to the music, portraying elements of
9144-526: The art and performed shows all over India. Later, Kogga Devanna Kamath improved this subgenre even further, being recognised with the Tulsi Samman and Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards . His son, Bhaskar Kogga Kamath, is currently performing shows while training others in the art of Yakshagana puppetry. K. V. Ramesh is a leading puppeteer from Kasaragod. He leads the Yakshagana puppet troupe Shri Gopalakrishna Yakshagana Gombeyata Sangha. The second half of
9271-494: The art has been confined to temple premises. The Govinda Pai Research Institute, located at MGM College, runs a Yakshagana Kalakendra in Udupi trains youngsters in this ancient dance form. It also does research work on language, rituals, and dance art forms. Srimaya Yakshagana Kalakendra, Gunavante which was founded by Shri Keremane Shambhu Hegde, is another notable Yakshagana Gurukula that trains Yakshagana students . Yakshagana
9398-633: The attention of the audience by 'Dheengina' or 'Guttu'. Performers often do dhiginas (jumping spins in the air) and will continuously spin (sometimes) hundreds of times. Tenkutittu is noted for its incredible dance steps; its high flying dance moves; and its extravagant rakshasas (demons). Tenkutittu has remained a popular form and has its own audience outside the coastal areas. The Dharmasthala and Kateelu durgaparameshwari melas (the two most popular melas) have helped to popularise this form. Several creative tenkutittu plays have been composed by noted scholars, such as Amritha Someshwara. The Badagutittu style
9525-496: The background music in Yakshagana. The Chande is a drum and, along with the maddale, is an important rhythmic accompaniment in the Yakshagana ensemble. Over the centuries, hundreds of artists performed Yakshagana and some of them have gained star value, like Kuriya Vithala Shastry, Soorikumeru Govinda Bhat, Chittani Ramachandra Hegde , Naranappa Uppoor , Balipa Narayana Bhagawat, Karki Krishna Hasyagara and Kalinga Navada . As most troupes are associated with temples, training in
9652-626: The border with Andhra Pradesh ); and Ghattadakore (of Kollegal —in the Chamarajnagar District ), may be included in this category. Among them, the Ghattadakore is a direct branch of the coastal form of Yakshagana, while Mudalapaya is the most closely connected form. There is a form called Yakshaganamu in Andhra Pradesh , which exhibits some resemblance to the Yakshagana forms of the Karnataka plateau region and
9779-445: The chest, Buja Keerthi (armlets) that decorate the shoulders, and belts (Dabu)—all made up of light wood and covered with golden foil. Mirror work on these ornaments helps to reflect light during shows and add more color to the costumes. Armaments are worn on a vest and cover the upper half of the body. The lower half is covered with kachche , which come in unique combinations of red, yellow, and orange checks. Bulky pads are used under
9906-461: The coast between the regions of Muziris and Nitiras, which many scholars have identified with the Netravati. Ptolemy mentions two ports: Barace and Maganur which modern-day scholars identified with Barsur and Mangalore respectively. Ptolemy mentioned an inland centre of pirates called Oloikhera, which has been identified with Alvakheda, or territories of the Alupas. The region also finds mention in
10033-569: The country to be prosperous but with few wheeled vehicles. Two hero stones dated to 1398 in Bhatkal record a rebellion in Tulu Nadu. At this time, the Alupa rule was basically ended and replaced with Barakur and Mangaluru rajyas , sometimes united into one Tulu Rajya. The governors were often transferred: during the reign of Devaraya II , there were eight governors of Mangaluru rajya . During
10160-560: The course of the 13th and 14th centuries, Alupa power declined steadily until Alupakheda was annexed by the Vijayangara Empire . The first Vijayanagara inscription in the district was from 1345 in Attavara . For the next three centuries, the empire administered Tulu Nadu with a firm hand especially as Tulu Nadu was the conduit through which much of their western trade, and how they secured horses from Arabia. Harihara Raya built
10287-595: The dance form by introducing Western musical instrumentation. He reduced the time of a Yakshagana performances from 12 hours to under three hours, incorporated movie plot lines, and added Shakespearean themes. Today, female artists perform in Yakshagana shows. Yakshagana is related to other performance art forms prevalent in other parts of Karnataka and the neighbouring states of Andhra Pradesh , Kerala , Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra . Yakshagana defies simple classification into categories such as folk, classical, or rural. It can be included in each or all of these, depending upon
10414-641: The dental colleges. The District is also home to Edward & Cynthia Institute of Public Health , which is the only specialized institute for public health academics, training and research in the district. The Degree colleges in the district include St Aloysius College (Autonomous) , St Agnes College (Autonomous) , SDM College, Canara College , Besant College, Govinda Dasa College etc Most people of this district follow traditional traditions, customs and rituals. The district has many temples of Hindu gods and goddesses, which are ancient and have deep spiritualism attached to them. The people of Dakshina Kannada worship
10541-624: The district are Catholics, now called the Mangalorean Catholics . They trace their ancestry to Goa. A minority are Protestants, its followers were converted by missionaries in the late 1800s who established numerous educational institutions. Historically Jainism and Buddhism had a significant presence in the district. Jainism was the traditional religion of the Alupas as well as the Chowtas . The Chowtas ruled Dakshina Kannada during
10668-542: The district include A J Institute of Medical Science , Father Muller Medical College , KS Hegde Medical Academy , Kasturba Medical College , Srinivas Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre , Yenepoya Medical College & Research Institute, G R Medical College and KVG Medical College. Manipal College of Dental Sciences Mangalore , A B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, A J Institute of Dental Sciences, Yenepoya Dental College & Research Institute and Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences are some of
10795-714: The district include St. Joseph Engineering College , KVG College of Engineering , Mangalore Institute of Technology & Engineering , Canara Engineering College , P A College of Engineering , Srinivas Institute of Technology , Srinivas School of Engineering, Vivekananda College of Engineering & Technology, Shree Devi Institute of Technology, Alvas Institute of Engineering & Technology, Karavali Institute of Technology, Sahyadri College of Engineering and Management, Yenepoya Institute of Technology, A J Institute of Engineering and Technology , SDM Institute of Technology , Bearys Institute of Technology and Prasanna College of Engineering & Technology. The medical colleges in
10922-865: The district with Udupi , Karwar , Mumbai , Goa , Kannur , Kozhikode , Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram . NH-169 connects Shimoga with Dakshina Kannada. NH-75 connects the district with Vellore , Kolar , Bangalore , Kunigal , Hassan and Sakleshpur . The NH-73 connects Mangalore to Tumkur via Charmadi , Mudigere , Belur and Tiptur . Major ghat sections in Dakshina Kannada include Shiradi Ghat ( Nelyadi to Sakleshpura ), Charmadi Ghat ( Charmadi to Kottigehara ), Sampaje Ghat ( Sampaje to Madikeri ) and Bisle Ghat (Subramanya to Sakleshpura , popularly known as Green Route by trekkers ). NH-275 also connects Mangalore with Bangalore via Mysore. It starts at Bantwal near Mangalore city and passes through Puttur , Madikeri , Hunsur , Mysore , Mandya and Channapatna . It ends at Bangalore spanning
11049-525: The district. The earliest recording of what would become Dakshina Kannada district is found in Sangam literature , specifically in a poem of Mamulanar . M Govinda Pai identified the kingdom of Harita mentioned in the Harivamsha as Dakshina Kannada, specifically correlating the word Mudugara with Moger, part of the title of the fishermen community in the district. Pai speculated as an alternative that
11176-457: The early 7th century. During the reign of Vinayadtiya , it is mentioned how the Alupa chiefs helped the king restore peace after the disastrous war with the Pallavas. This Alupa ruler, Aluvarassa I, travelled from Mangalapura (modern Mangalore). After a civil war, and the overthrow of the Chalukyas by Dantidurga in 753, the Alupas entered into tributary relations with the Pallavas. Starting in
11303-481: The east coast, Midwest, southern USA. Yaksharanga in the USA started after the visit of Yakshagana artist, Sri Chittani Ramachandra Hegde . His performance at the age of 74 was so inspiring that art lovers decided to continue his art thousands of miles away from its home. Sri Kidayuru Ganesh, who accompanied Sri Chittani, stayed back for a couple of months to train a new generation of Yakshagana artists. The initial result
11430-502: The east in the Western Ghats. Teak , bamboo and rosewood trees are found in the hilly areas towards the east. The Geological Survey of India has identified this district as a moderately earthquake-prone region and categorised it in the Seismic III Zone. In rural Dakshina Kannada, houses are in the midst of a farm field or plantations of coconut or arecanut , separated by a few hundred metres. Shirlalu village (in
11557-614: The entire strip from North Kanara to Kanyakumari was inhabited by Nagas who worshipped snakes, and that the character Shankachuda mentioned in several works including the work Nagananda , was from this region. Several scholars identified the Satiyaputras mentioned in Ashoka's edicts as belonging to this region. The region, owing to its position on the west coast, also finds mention in Greek sources. Pliny mentioned pirates that infested
11684-749: The first historical work written in detail about the contemporary history of Mangalore. It is written in Arabic and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy of Kunjali Marakkar alongside the Zamorin of Calicut from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonize Tulu Nadu and Malabar coast . The district is connected by air through the Mangalore International Airport at Bajpe . Airlines such as Air India , SpiceJet and IndiGo offer daily flights to national and international destinations near
11811-756: The former being retained in the Madras Presidency, while the latter was made a part of Bombay Presidency in 1862. Kundapur Taluk was earlier included in North Kanara but was later re-included in South Kanara. South Kanara included present Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Kasaragod districts and the Aminidivi Islands. During the 1920s, several newspapers in the district drew inspiration from the freedom struggle such as Tilaka Sandesh , Satyagrahi and others. South Kanara participated in
11938-643: The greater Dakshina Kannada district into Udupi and present day Dakshina Kannada districts on 15 August 1997. Three taluks of the former district – Udupi , Karkala and Kundapura – formed the new Udupi district . The district comprises nine talukas : Mangalore , Puttur , Sullia , Bantwal , Belthangady , Kadaba , Ullala , Mulki and Moodabidri . It used to include seven northern talukas ( Udupi , Kundapur , Karkala , Hebri , Brahmavar , Kaup and Byndoor ), but these were separated in August 1997 to form Udupi district . The office where taluk administration
12065-508: The homes of British soldiers alight. When British forces came from Thalassery to Mangalore, his poorly armed forces melted away. Kalyanaswami and other prominent leaders were hanged while others were deported to Singapore. Before 1860, Dakshina Kannada was part of a district called Kanara , which was under a single administration in the Madras Presidency . In 1860, the British split the area into South Canara and North Canara ,
12192-426: The inclusion of folk epics, Sanskrit dramas, and fictional stories formed the modern thematic base of the discipline. Popular entertainment became the criterion, replacing the historic classical presentations. Tulu, the language of the southern part of the Dakshina Kannada and Udupi district's was introduced; increasing popularity with the common people. At this time, writer Kota Shivaram Karanth, experimented with
12319-473: The kachche, making the actors' proportions different in size from normal. The character, Bannada Vesha, is used to depict monsters. This often involves detailed facial makeup taking three to four hours to complete. Males play the female roles in traditional Yakshagana. However, more recently, yakshagana has seen female artists, who perform in both male and female roles. The character of Stree Vesha makes use of sari and other decorative ornaments. The maddale
12446-553: The land. P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar theorised, that Senguttuvan may have been inspired by the Parasurama legend, which was brought by early Aryan settlers. Nagaradhane or snake worship is practiced according to the popular belief of the Naga Devatha to go underground and guard the species on the top. Rituals such as Bhuta Kola are performed to satisfy the spirits. Kambala , a form of buffalo race on muddy track in
12573-629: The lands to their feudal chiefs. After Tippu's defeat, the British gave the Raja of Coorg several maganes which had been taken from him by Hyder Ali and set up their administration, with Thomas Munro the first Collector of Kanara. However Vittala Hegde, who had fled when Tippu campaigned in Tulunadu and returned at the start of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, began to develop an armed following to retake his lands. His ally Subba Rao attacked
12700-528: The language's inclusion in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution. Beary is the next largest language, spoken by 22.4% of the population, and is spoken by the Muslim community who were traditionally traders. Although in origin related to Malayalam , it has undergone significant influence from Tulu as well as Arabic , Persian and the languages of other foreign traders. It is not recognized as
12827-479: The locals. His successor, Keladi Chennamma , is famous for sheltering Rajaram and fending off Aurangzeb 's forces. She also put down rebellions of Tuluva chieftains. During this time Arab traders, who were kicked out by the Portuguese, burnt Mangalore and other trade towns. In 1714, due to trade disputes, the Portuguese bombarded Mangalore and defeated the ruler Basavappa Nayaka I, who promised to ban Arab traders from entering. From 1757 to 1763, while Queen Veerammaji
12954-512: The majority, while Muslims and Christians form significant minorities. Muslims and Christians have greater presence in urban areas. The Beary community forms 90% of Dakshina Kannada's Muslim population. The Masjid Zeenath Baksh , the oldest mosque in the region, was built in 644 CE, only 12 years after the death of Muhammad. Almost all Muslims in Dakshina Kannada are Sunni, following the Shafi'i school of jurisprudence. The majority of Christians in
13081-492: The name of Udupi Power Corporation Limited (UPCL), a subsidiary of Lanco Infra, an Andhra Pradesh-based infrastructure major. Adani Power has taken over from Lanco Infra in 2014 for a sum of Rs 6,000 crores. The opposition, however, continues. Manipal , a suburb of Udupi, is home to the headquarters of Syndicate Bank. It is renowned as an education and medical hub. Kasturba Medical College and MIT (Manipal Institute of Technology) are situated here. TEBMA Shipyards Ltd
13208-588: The non-cooperation movement led in the district by Karnad Sadashiva Rao . All independence movement movements gained significant traction in the district, and Gandhi and Nehru both visited Mangalore during the Freedom struggle. In 1942 large numbers of leaders were jailed in the Quit India movement. In 1947 South Kanara joined India as part of Madras State. In 1956, the states were reorganised on linguistic lines. The Malayalam-majority Kasaragod subdivision became
13335-454: The paddy field is organised in 16 sites across the district. Cock fight (Kori Katta in Tulu) is another pastime of the rural agrarian people. Yakshagana is the popular folk art of this district. The Yakshagana is a night-long dance and drama performance practiced in Tulu Nadu with great fanfare. Pilivesha (literally, tiger dance) is a unique form of folk dance in the region fascinating
13462-508: The period of the Bhakti movement. It is sometimes simply called "Aata" or āṭa (meaning "the play"). This theatre style is mainly found in coastal regions of Karnataka in various forms. Towards the south from Dakshina Kannada to Kasaragod of Tulu Nadu region, the form of Yakshagana is called Thenku thittu and towards the north from Udupi up to Uttara Kannada it is called Badaga thittu . Both of these forms are equally played all over
13589-497: The present 82 kilometres to 143 kilometres. The municipality area generated 46 million litres (MLD) of sewage which is treated at a sewage treatment plant in Nittur . Udupi has an elevation of 27 m (89 ft) above mean sea level. The climate in Udupi is hot in summers and pleasant in winter. During summers (from March to May) the temperature reaches up to 38 °C (100 °F) and in winters (from December to February) it
13716-497: The region. Yakshagana is traditionally presented from dusk to dawn. Its stories are drawn from Ramayana , Mahabharata , Bhagavata and other epics from both Hindu and Jain and other ancient Indic traditions. Yakshagāna literally means the song ( gāna ) of the yaksha (nature spirits). Yakshagana is the scholastic name in Kannada (used for the last 200 years) for art forms formerly known as kēḷike, āṭa, bayalāṭa , and daśāvatāra . The word Yakshagana previously referred to
13843-432: The rules used for classification. It is more varied and dynamic than most dance forms. Yakshagana can, however, be classified as one of many traditional dance forms. While it prevails primarily in the coastal areas of Karnataka, other dance forms (such as Doddata) are today often called by the same name. Several forms of traditional theatre – Mudalpaya (of southern Karnataka); Doddata (of northern Karnataka); Kelike (on
13970-494: The sea, and the water receded as far as it reached. According to legend, this new area of land extended from Gokarna to Kanyakumari . The land which rose from sea was filled with salt and unsuitable for habitation; so Parasurama invoked the Snake King Vasuki , who spat holy poison and converted the soil into fertile lush green land. Out of respect, Vasuki and all snakes were appointed as protectors and guardians of
14097-580: The society. Some of them are St Agnes CBSE school, St Theresa ICSE School and St Aloysius School, Vivekananda collage, A host of educational institutes offering courses in Medicine , Engineering , Pharmacy , Nursing , Hotel and Catering, Law and Management are in this district. Dakshina Kannada is home to the National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK) Surathkal , one of India's top engineering colleges. The College of Fisheries
14224-410: The south but more commerce further north. The Company then imposed harsh revenue demands on the poor peasants, who were already reeling from depression. The peasants organised themselves and participated in a 'no-tax' campaign, forcing the British to rethink their tax policy on the poor. The British then invaded Coorg when its ruler objected to British interference and took all territory of the state below
14351-477: The story as it is being narrated. All components of Yakshagana—including the music, the dance, and the dialogue—are improvised. Depending on the ability and scholarship of the actors, there will be variations in dances as well as the amount of dialogue. It is not uncommon for actors to get into philosophical debates or arguments without falling out of character. The acting in Yakshagana can be best categorised as method acting . The performances have drawn comparison to
14478-815: The temple. Another important piece of evidence is available in the form of a poem authored by Ajapura Vishnu, the Virata Parva , inscribed on a palm-leaf found at Ajapura (present day Brahmavara). Another historic palm-leaf manuscript, dated 1621 CE, describes Sabhalakshana . Yakshagana bears some resemblance to other members of the 'traditional theatre family:' Ankhia Nata (found in Assam ); Jathra (in Bengal ); Chau ( Bihar , Bengal); Prahlada Nata ( Orissa ); Veedhinatakam & Chindu ( Andhra ); Terukoothu Bhagawathamela ( Tamil Nadu ), and Kathakali (Kerala). However, some researchers have argued that Yakshagana
14605-456: The treachery of the fort's guardian Iyaz Khan. In March 1783, however, they were forced to capitulate the fort. Tippu also sent a large force to besiege Mangalore, and after two months took the fort. Tippu's rule was harsh for the local chiefs, who he executed and dispossessed due to their perceived collaboration with the English. During the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799, the British returned
14732-458: The undivided Dakshina Kannada district during the period 1910–1915 in places such as Basrur, Barkur, Kokkarne, Mudabidri . The presentation of the puppetry in Yakshagana style is highly stylised and adheres strictly to the norms and standards of Yakshagana. The puppets (generally 18 inches high) wear costumes similar to those worn by live actors of Yakshagana, and have the same elaborate make-up, colourful headgear, and heavy jewellery. The puppeteer
14859-492: The usurpation of Saluva Narasimharaya , he did much to improve the horse trade, which had suffered under previous rulers with his governor Mallappa Nayaka. When Krishnadevaraya came to power, he largely relied on the local feudal chiefs to remain obedient. Sadashiva Nayaka of Keladi ruled over Barakuru, Mangaluru, Chandragutti and Araga rajyas . When the Portuguese first arrived in the region, they described Tulunadu as
14986-448: The world, joining hands with visiting artists (E.g.: Northern style legend Chittani Ramachandra Hegde troupe 2006), and sponsoring/facilitating leading artists (E.g.: Southern style legend Dr Puttur Shridhara Bhandary 2013). Yakshagana Kalavrinda performs on the east coast of the U.S. "Yakshaloka Boston" troupe has mainly the artists from Boston area and visiting artists from various parts of USA and India. The troupe has given many shows in
15113-432: The young and the old alike, which is performed during Dasara and Krishna Janmashtami . Karadi Vesha (literally, bear dance) is another popular dance performed during Dasara . The people of Dakshina Kannada also celebrate traditional Hindu festivals like Bisu , Yugadi ( Ugadi ), Krishna Janmashtami , Ganesha Chaturthi , Navaratri ( Dasara ), Deepavali , Aati Hunime, etc. According to Kerala Muslim tradition,
15240-571: Was 9.8%. Dakshina Kannada has a sex ratio of 1018 females for every 1000 males and a literacy rate of 88.62%. 47.67% of the population lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 7.09% and 3.94% of the population respectively. The literacy rate of Mangalore city is 94%. According to the 2011 Indian Census, the district ranks second in per capita income , second in HDI , first in literacy and third in sex ratio among all districts in Karnataka . Tuluvas , distributed among
15367-529: Was a performance of Yakshagana "Sudanvarjuna Kalaga". Hegde won the Padmashri Award in 2012 for his lifetime contribution to the art. Yaksharanga has since performed many shows around California. Dakshina Kannada Dakshina Kannada district is located in the state of Karnataka in India , with its headquarters in the coastal city of Mangalore . The district covers an area nestled in between
15494-569: Was attacked by the Hoysalas and forced to acknowledge their suzerainty. An Old Malayalam inscription ( Ramanthali inscriptions ), dated to 1075 CE, mentioning king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of Alupa dynasty of Mangalore , can be found at Ezhimala (the former headquarters of Mushika dynasty ) near Kannur , in the North Malabar region of Kerala . A 1204 inscription shows Mangalore had regained its position as capital from Barkur . Over
15621-523: Was developed by Shivalli Madhwa Brahmins who cooked food for Lord Krishna, and at Krishna Matha in Udupi, the food is provided free of cost. Restaurants specialised in Udupi cuisine can be seen widely in most metropolitan and large cities around the length and breadth of India. Although popular for its vegetarian cuisine, Udupi has its fair share of non-vegetarian dishes that are similar to Mangalorean cuisine. Some of these include Kori Roti, Kori Pulimunchi, Chicken Sukka, Fish Curry, Fish Fry and more. Udupi
15748-533: Was looking after the kingdom, the Ali Raja of Kannur along with Maratha followers led a devastating raid into the district. They plundered to Manjeshwar and took a large booty from the Kollur Mookambika temple. Due to this unrest, Hyder Ali was able to sack Bidnur in 1763 and annex Tulu Nadu the same year. He conquered Mangalore, and set a governor Latif Ali Baig. This threatened English shipping in
15875-688: Was the minister in the Kalinga Kingdom. He also was the founder of Kuchipudi . The first written evidence regarding Yakshagana is found on an inscription at the Lakshminarayana Temple in Kurugodu , Somasamudra, Bellary District , and is dated 1556 CE. A copy is available at the University of Madras. The inscription mentions land donated to the performers of the art, so as to enable people to enjoy tala maddale programs at
16002-496: Was the most powerful ruler in Tulu Nadu, taking territory which owed fealty to Bijapur and aiding Rani Abbakka. Under Shivappa Nayaka , the Nayakas of Keladi, now with capital at Bidnur , conquered the entirety of Tulu Nadu. Shivappa Nayaka utterly defeated the power of the Portuguese in Tulu Nadu. His successor made a treaty with the Portuguese where they could set up unarmed factories in Mangalore and Basrur, but were not to convert
16129-614: Was then given to 64 families of Brahmins to settle. He created a temple on Kunjaragiri Hill in memory of his mother. Kutashila spoken of in the Markandeya Purana is believed to be the town of Kollur , the abode of Mookambika Devi . Several rivers in the district, including the Netravati, are believed to be mentioned in the Markandeya Purana. Other traditions in the local Paddanas speak of Mayurasharma 's inviting of Brahmins from Ahichchhatraa and his organisation of
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