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82-584: The gallery was founded in 1832 when patriot artist John Trumbull donated over 100 paintings of the American Revolution to Yale College and designed the original picture gallery. This building on the university's Old Campus was razed in 1901. Street Hall, designed by Peter Bonnett Wight , was opened as the Yale School of the Fine Arts in 1866, and included exhibition galleries on

164-417: A Paris salon , where the leading figures of modernism in literature and art, such as Pablo Picasso , Ernest Hemingway , F. Scott Fitzgerald , Sinclair Lewis , Ezra Pound , Sherwood Anderson and Henri Matisse , would meet. In 1933, Stein published a quasi-memoir of her Paris years, The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas , written in the voice of Alice B. Toklas , her life partner . The book became

246-474: A close relationship. Stein found formal schooling in Oakland unstimulating, but she often read Shakespeare , Wordsworth , Scott , Burns , Smollett , Fielding , and more. When Stein was 14 years old, her mother died. Three years later, her father died as well. Stein's eldest brother, Michael Stein, age 26, then took over the family business holdings, moved his four siblings to San Francisco, where he now

328-559: A committed mentor to Stein at Radcliffe, recognizing her intellectual potential, and declaring her his "most brilliant woman student", encouraged Stein to enroll in medical school. Although Stein professed no interest in either the theory or practice of medicine, she enrolled at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in 1897. In her fourth year, Stein failed an important course, lost interest, and left. Ultimately, medical school had bored her, and she had spent many of her evenings not applying herself to her studies, but taking long walks and attending

410-399: A continuous presence in her work, which Grahn argues is a consequence of the previous principles, especially commonality and centeredness. Grahn describes "play" as the granting of autonomy and agency to the readers or audience: "rather than the emotional manipulation that is a characteristic of linear writing, Stein uses play ." In addition, Stein's work is funny, and multilayered, allowing

492-442: A domestic division of labor that Stein would replicate in her relationship with Alice B. Toklas . Stein attended Radcliffe College , then an annex of Harvard University , from 1893 to 1897 and was a student of psychologist William James . With James's supervision, Stein and another student, Leon Mendez Solomons, performed experiments on normal motor automatism , a phenomenon hypothesized to occur in people when their attention

574-470: A fictional story about a love triangle ; Three Lives (1905–06); The Making of Americans (1902–1911); and Tender Buttons (1914). Her activities during World War II have been the subject of analysis and commentary. As a Jew living in Nazi-occupied France , Stein may have been able to sustain her lifestyle as an art collector, and indeed to ensure her physical safety, only through

656-460: A lecture to a group of Baltimore women in 1899, Stein gave a controversial speech titled "The Value of College Education for Women", undoubtedly designed to provoke the largely middle-class audience. In the lecture Stein maintained: average middle class woman [supported by] some male relative, a husband or father or brother,...[is] not worth her keep economically considered. [This economic dependence caused her to become] oversexed...adapting herself to

738-405: A letter Stein wrote during the 1930s, she explained that she never accepted the theory of automatic writing : "[T]here can be automatic movements, but not automatic writing. Writing for the normal person is too complicated an activity to be indulged in automatically." She did publish an article in a psychological journal on "spontaneous automatic writing" while at Radcliffe, but "the unconscious and

820-466: A literary bestseller and vaulted Stein from the relative obscurity of the cult-literature scene into the limelight of mainstream attention. Two quotes from her works have become widely known: " Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose ", and "there is no there there", with the latter often taken to be a reference to her childhood home of Oakland. Her books include Q.E.D. (1903), about a lesbian romantic affair involving several of Stein's friends; Fernhurst ,

902-503: A long way off." By early 1906, Leo and Gertrude Stein's studio had many paintings by Henri Manguin , Pierre Bonnard , Pablo Picasso , Paul Cézanne , Pierre-Auguste Renoir , Honoré Daumier , Henri Matisse , and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec . Their collection was representative of two famous art exhibitions that took place during their residence together in Paris, and to which they contributed, either by lending their art or by patronizing

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984-540: A major role in Yale's own artistic development. And Yale in turn would give Kahn the commission that transformed his career as an architect.") Although the Art Gallery with steel structure and reinforced concrete may seem simple to the eye, it was designed in a rigorous process. Kahn and Anne Tyng , the first woman licensed as an architect in the state of Pennsylvania and an employee of Kahn's independent practice, "devised

1066-530: A medical student, Mabel Haynes. Witnessing the relationship between the two women served for Stein as her "erotic awakening". The unhappy love triangle demoralized Stein, arguably contributing to her decision to abandon her medical studies. In 1902, Stein's brother Leo Stein left for London, and Stein followed. The following year the two relocated to Paris, where Leo hoped to pursue an art career. From 1903 until 1914, when they dissolved their common household, Gertrude and her brother Leo shared living quarters near

1148-489: A mentor, but they later grew apart, especially after Stein called Hemingway "yellow" in The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas. Upon the birth of his son, Hemingway asked Stein to be the godmother of his child. While Stein has been credited with inventing the term " Lost Generation " for those whose defining moment in time and coming of age had been World War I and its aftermath, there are at least three versions of

1230-426: A pitched slate roof, and large windows set within stone arches, and was connected to Street Hall by an enclosed bridge over High Street. It was ultimately known as the "Old Yale Art Gallery" to contrast it with the modernist expansion added a couple of decades later. The gallery's modernist main building, built from 1947 to 1953, was among the first designed by Louis Kahn , who taught architecture at Yale.("Kahn played

1312-414: A portrait of her), Stein wrote: I explained that for me, all modern painting is based on what Cézanne nearly made, instead of basing itself on what he almost managed to make. When he could not make a thing, he hijacked it and left it. He insisted on showing his incapacity: he spread his lack of success: showing what he could not do, became an obsession for him. People influenced by him were also obsessed with

1394-481: A rooftop sculpture garden. On the second floor (of the gallery) was a very valuable collection of paintings by John Trumbull , mainly of historical events. Among them were his well-known paintings of the Battle of Bunker Hill , Death of Montgomery before Quebec , Surrender of Lord Cornwallis , Declaration of Independence , etc. Trumbull gave the paintings to Yale in consideration of an annuity of $ 1,000 and subject to

1476-408: A slab that was to be poured into metal forms in the shape of three-sided pyramids. When the forms were removed, they left a thick mass of concrete imprinted with tetrahedral openings." The triangular ceiling of the gallery was designed by Tyng, who was fascinated by geometry and octet-truss construction. Kahn's addition "was...a box...of glass, steel, concrete, and tiny beige bricks", and had none of

1558-526: A unique importance to me that nothing can replace. The Picasso landscape is not important in any such sense. We are, as it seems to me on the whole, both so well off now that we needn't repine. The Cézannes had to be divided. I am willing to leave you the Picasso oeuvre, as you left me the Renoir, and you can have everything except that. I want to keep the few drawings that I have. This leaves no string for me, it

1640-436: A variety of interpretations and engagements. Lastly, Grahn argues that one must " inster stand... engage with the work, to mix with it in an active engagement, rather than 'figuring it out.' Figure it in." In 1932, using an accessible style to appeal to a wider audience, she wrote The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas ; the book would become her first best-seller. Despite the title, it was actually Stein's autobiography. The style

1722-606: A year-long sojourn abroad, they returned to America in 1878, settling in Oakland, California , where her father became director of San Francisco's streetcar lines, the Market Street Railway . Stein attended First Hebrew Congregation of Oakland 's Sabbath school. During their residence in Oakland, they lived for four years on a ten-acre lot, and Stein built many memories of California there. She would often go on excursions with her brother, Leo, with whom she developed

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1804-413: Is a good example. Her works include novels, plays, stories, libretti , and poems written in a highly idiosyncratic, playful, repetitive, and humorous style. Typical quotes are: " Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose "; "Out of kindness comes redness and out of rudeness comes rapid same question, out of an eye comes research, out of selection comes painful cattle"; about her childhood home in Oakland , "There

1886-662: Is a member of the North American Reciprocal Museums program, but charges no admission. From 1946 to 1948, George Heard Hamilton was associate director at Yale University Art Gallery. In July 2018, Stephanie Wiles became the Henry J. Heinz II Director of the Yale University Art Gallery. Patriot (American Revolution) Patriots , also known as Revolutionaries , Continentals , Rebels , or Whigs , were colonists in

1968-413: Is a rose is a rose is a rose as a canon dedicated to Philip Corner , beginning with "a" on an upbeat and continuing so that each repetition shuffles the words, e.g. "a/rose is a rose/is a rose is/a rose is a/rose." While living in Paris, Stein began submitting her writing for publication. Her earliest writings were mainly retellings of her college experiences. Her first critically acclaimed publication

2050-421: Is absent in her writing, so the reader is given the power to decide how to think and feel about the writing. Anxiety, fear, and anger are also absent, and her work is harmonic and integrative. Stein's work was included in the second issue of 0 to 9 magazine , a journal which explored language and meaning-making during the 1960s avant garde movement. Stein predominantly used the present progressive tense, creating

2132-461: Is divided between two simultaneous intelligent activities such as writing and speaking. These experiments yielded examples of writing that appeared to represent " stream of consciousness ", a psychological theory often attributed to James and the style of modernist authors Virginia Woolf and James Joyce . In 1934, behavioral psychologist B. F. Skinner interpreted Stein's difficult poem Tender Buttons as an example of normal motor automatism . In

2214-534: Is financially equable either way for estimates are only rough & ready methods, & I'm afraid you'll have to look upon the loss of the apples as an act of God. I have been anxious above all things that each should have in reason all that he wanted, and just as I was glad that Renoir was sufficiently indifferent to you so that you were ready to give them up, so I am glad that Pablo is sufficiently indifferent to me that I am willing to let you have all you want of it. Leo departed with sixteen Renoirs and, relinquishing

2296-884: Is no there there"; and "The change of color is likely and a difference a very little difference is prepared. Sugar is not a vegetable." A reader wrote to Stein in 1933 asking her to explain the rose quotation received a reply from Toklas as her secretary: "The device rose is a rose is a rose is a rose means just that. Miss Stein is unfortunately too busy herself to be able to tell you herself, but trusts that you will eventually come to understand that each and every word that she writes means exactly what she says, for she says very exactly what she means, and really nothing more, but, of course, nothing less." These stream-of-consciousness experiments, rhythmical essays or "portraits", were designed to evoke "the excitingness of pure being" and can be seen as literature's answer to visual art styles and forms such as Cubism , plasticity, and collage . Many of

2378-450: Is so exquisitely rhythmical and cadenced that if we read it aloud and receive it as pure sound, it is like a kind of sensuous music. Just as one may stop, for once, in a way, before a canvas of Picasso, and, letting one's reason sleep for an instant, may exclaim: "It is a fine pattern!" so, listening to Gertrude Stein's words and forgetting to try to understand what they mean, one submits to their gradual charm. Stein and Carl Van Vechten ,

2460-527: Is that you must have deep down as the deepest thing in you a sense of equality." Her use of repetition is ascribed to her search for descriptions of the "bottom nature" of her characters, such as in The Making of Americans where the narrator is described through the repetition of narrative phrases such as "As I was saying" and "There will be now a history of her." Stein used many Anglo-Saxon words and avoided words with "too much association". Social judgment

2542-562: The New York Sun ) did much for Stein's reputation in the United States, publicizing her art acquisitions and her importance as a cultural figure. Of the art collection at 27 Rue de Fleurus, McBride commented: "[I]n proportion to its size and quality... [it is] just about the most potent of any that I have ever heard of in history." McBride also observed that Gertrude "collected geniuses rather than masterpieces. She recognized them

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2624-559: The Luxembourg Gardens on the Left Bank of Paris in a two-story apartment (with the adjacent studio) located on the interior courtyard at 27 rue de Fleurus , 6th arrondissement . Here they accumulated the works of art that formed a collection that became renowned for its prescience and historical importance. The gallery space was furnished with imposing Renaissance -era furniture from Florence , Italy. The paintings lined

2706-649: The Thirteen Colonies who opposed the Kingdom of Great Britain 's control and governance during the colonial era , and supported and helped launch the American Revolution that ultimately established American independence. Patriot politicians led colonial opposition to British policies regarding the American colonies, eventually building support for the adoption of the Declaration of Independence , which

2788-654: The 56 men who, as delegates to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia signed the Declaration of Independence . Patriots included a cross-section of the population of the Thirteen Colonies and came from varying backgrounds. Roughly 40 to 45 percent of the White population in the Thirteen Colonies supported the patriots' cause, between 15 and 20 percent supported the Loyalists , and

2870-520: The British side being referred to as Black Loyalists . The critics of British policy towards the Thirteen Colonies called themselves "Whigs" after 1768, identifying with members of the British Whig party who favored similar colonial policies. Samuel Johnson writes that at the time, the word "patriot" had a negative connotation and was used as a negative epithet for "a factious disturber of

2952-723: The Canadas . There they called themselves the United Empire Loyalists . 85% of the Loyalists decided to stay in the new United States and were granted American citizenship. Prior to the formal beginning of the American Revolution , many patriots were active in groups, including the Sons of Liberty . The most prominent patriot leaders are referred to today as the Founding Fathers , who are generally defined as

3034-464: The Picassos and most of Matisse to his sister, took only a portrait sketch Picasso had done of him. He remained dedicated to Cézanne, nonetheless, leaving all the artist's works with his sister, taking with him only a Cézanne painting of "5 apples". The split between brother and sister was acrimonious. Stein did not see Leo Stein again until after World War I , and then through only a brief greeting on

3116-537: The Saturday evenings were: Fernande Olivier (an artists’ model in a relationship with Picasso), Georges Braque (artist), André Derain (artist), Max Jacob (poet), Guillaume Apollinaire (poet and art critic), Marie Laurencin (artist, in a relationship with Apollinaire), Henri Rousseau (painter), and Joseph Stella (painter). Hemingway frequented Stein's salon, but the two had an uneven relationship. They began as close friends, with Hemingway admiring Stein as

3198-414: The abnormal sex desire of the male...and becoming a creature that should have been first a human being and then a woman into one that is a woman first and always. While a student at Johns Hopkins and purportedly still naïve about sexual matters, Stein experienced an awakening of her latent sexuality. Sometime in 1899 or 1900, she became infatuated with Mary Bookstaver who was involved in a relationship with

3280-506: The artwork of Picasso and Juan Gris , most of her other pictures having been sold. Gertrude Stein's personality has dominated the provenance of the Stein art legacy. It was, however, her brother Leo who was the astute art appraiser. Alfred Barr Jr., the founding director of New York's Museum of Modern Art , said that between the years of 1905 and 1907, "[Leo] was possibly the most discerning connoisseur and collector of 20th-century painting in

3362-598: The citizens of the British Empire. Some patriots declared that they were loyal to the king, but they insisted that they should be free to run their own affairs. In fact, they had been running their own affairs since the period of " salutary neglect " before the French and Indian War . Some radical patriots tarred and feathered tax collectors and customs officers, making those positions dangerous; according to Benjamin Irvin,

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3444-408: The condition that he and his wife should be forever buried beneath the pictures. The encyclopedic collections of the gallery number more than 300,000 objects ranging in date from ancient times to the present day. The permanent collection includes: In 2005, the museum announced that it had acquired 1,465 gelatin silver prints by the influential American landscape photographer Robert Adams . In 2009,

3526-399: The conventional female role. Her uncorseted physical appearance and eccentric mode of dress aroused comment and she was described as "Big and floppy and sandaled and not caring a damn." According to Linda Wagner-Martin, Stein's "controversial stance on women's medicine caused problems with the male faculty" and contributed to her decision to leave without finishing her degree. Asked to give

3608-571: The dealer Ambroise Vollard . Vollard was heavily involved in the Cézanne art market, and he was the first important contact in the Paris art world for both Leo and Gertrude. The joint collection of Gertrude and Leo Stein began in late 1904 when Michael Stein announced that their trust account had accumulated a balance of 8,000 francs. They spent this at Vollard 's Gallery, buying Gauguin 's Sunflowers and Three Tahitians , Cézanne's Bathers , and two Renoirs . The art collection increased and

3690-618: The establishment of the United States in 1783. The patriots were inspired by English and American republican ideology that was part of the Age of Enlightenment , and rejected monarchy and aristocracy and supported individual liberty and natural rights and legal rights . Prominent patriot political theorists such as Thomas Jefferson , John Adams , and Thomas Paine spearheaded the American Enlightenment , which

3772-458: The experimental works such as Tender Buttons have since been interpreted by critics as a feminist reworking of patriarchal language. These works were well received by avant-garde critics but did not initially achieve mainstream success. Despite Stein's work on " automatic writing " with William James , she did not see her work as automatic, but as an 'excess of consciousness'. Though Stein collected cubist paintings, especially those of Picasso,

3854-486: The featured artists. The Steins' elder brother, Michael, and sister-in-law Sarah (Sally) acquired a large number of Henri Matisse paintings; Gertrude's friends from Baltimore, Claribel and Etta Cone , collected similarly, eventually donating their art collection, virtually intact, to the Baltimore Museum of Art . While numerous artists visited the Stein salon, many of these artists were not represented among

3936-528: The features of the earlier galleries. One critic said that Kahn's building "could have scarcely have been distinguished from a Woolco discount store in a shopping center", and that the interior looked like an "underground parking garage". In 1998, the gallery began a major renovation and expansion. A renovation of the 1953 building was completed in December 2006 by Polshek Partnership Architects , who returned many spaces to Kahn's original vision. The project

4018-509: The fixed day and time for formal congregation so Stein could work at her writing uninterrupted by impromptu visitors. It was Stein's partner Alice who became the de facto hostess for the wives and girlfriends of the artists in attendance, who met in a separate room. From "Alice Entertained the Wives" (New York Times, 1977): " 'I am a person acted upon, not a person who acts,' Alice told one of Gertrude's biographers (...) When guests showed up, Alice

4100-568: The gallery offers education programs for university students, New Haven schools, and the general public. Two such programs are: the Gallery Guide program, founded in 1998, which trains undergraduate students to lead tours at the museum; and the Wurtele Gallery Teachers, established in 2006, which include Yale graduate students from all school and backgrounds, who give curricula-informed tours to K-12 audiences. The museum

4182-535: The government". Prior to the Revolution, colonists who supported British authority called themselves Tories or royalists , identifying with the political philosophy of traditionalist conservatism as it existed in Great Britain. During the American Revolution , these persons became known primarily as Loyalists . Afterward, some 15% of Loyalists emigrated north to the remaining British territories in

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4264-512: The hamlet of Bilignin in the commune of Belley ( Ain ), which was initially outside the area of direct German occupation in the Zone libre . Stein's writing can be placed in three categories: "hermetic" works best illustrated by The Making of Americans : The Hersland Family ; popularized writing such as The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas ; and speech writing and more accessible autobiographical writing of later years, of which Brewsie and Willie

4346-600: The intuition (even when James himself wrote about them) never concerned her". At Radcliffe, she began a lifelong friendship with Mabel Foote Weeks, whose correspondence traces much of the progression of Stein's life. In 1897, Stein spent the summer in Woods Hole, Massachusetts , studying embryology at the Marine Biological Laboratory . She received her A.B. (Bachelor of Arts) magna cum laude from Radcliffe in 1898. William James, who had become

4428-475: The largest visual arts influence on her literary work is that of Cézanne . Particularly, he influenced her idea of equality, distinguished from universality: "the whole field of the canvas is important". Rather than a figure/ground relationship, "Stein in her work with words used the entire text as a field in which every element mattered as much as any other." It is a subjective relationship that includes multiple viewpoints. Stein explained: "[T]he important thing...

4510-632: The museum mounted an exhibition of its extensive collection of Picasso paintings and drawings, in collaboration with the Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University . For the first time, portions of the Yale University Library's Gertrude Stein writing archives were displayed next to relevant drawings from Picasso. In April 2022, the museum surrendered 13 South Asian artifacts, valued at more than $ 1 million, as part of art looting investigation. As an affiliate of Yale University,

4592-513: The opera. Stein's tenure at Johns Hopkins was marked by challenges and stress. Men dominated the medical field, and the inclusion of women in the profession was not unreservedly or unanimously welcomed. Writing of this period in her life (in Things As They Are , 1903) Stein often revealed herself as a depressed young woman dealing with a paternalistic culture, struggling to find her own identity, which she realized could not conform to

4674-465: The paintings on the walls at 27 Rue de Fleurus. Where Renoir, Cézanne, Matisse, and Picasso's works dominated Leo and Gertrude's collection, the collection of Michael and Sarah Stein emphasized Matisse. In April 1914 Leo relocated to Settignano, Italy, near Florence , and the art collection was divided. The division of the Steins' art collection was described in a letter by Leo: The Cézanne apples have

4756-575: The patriot cause was strongest in the New England Colonies and weakest in the Southern Colonies . The American Revolution divided the colonial population into three groups: patriots, who supported the end of British rule, loyalists , who supported Britain's continued control over the colonies, and those who remained neutral. African Americans who supported the patriots were known as Black Patriots , with their counterparts on

4838-613: The patriots felt that morality was on their side because the British government had violated the constitutional rights of Englishmen. Men who were alienated by physical attacks on Royal officials took the Loyalist position, while those who were offended by British responses to actions such as the Boston Tea Party became patriots. Merchants in the port cities with long-standing financial attachments to Britain were likely to remain loyal, while few patriots were so deeply enmeshed in

4920-484: The patriots' confidence that independence lay ahead. The patriots rejected taxes imposed by legislatures in which the taxpayer was not represented. " No taxation without representation " was their slogan, referring to the lack of representation in the British Parliament. The British countered that there was "virtual representation" in the sense that all members of Parliament represented the interests of all

5002-588: The practice was especially prevalent in Boston where many patriots lived. Gertrude Stein Gertrude Stein (February 3, 1874 – July 27, 1946) was an American novelist, poet, playwright, and art collector. Born in Allegheny, Pennsylvania (now part of Pittsburgh ), and raised in Oakland, California , Stein moved to Paris in 1903, and made France her home for the remainder of her life. She hosted

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5084-456: The protection of the powerful Vichy government official and Nazi collaborator Bernard Faÿ . After the war ended, Stein expressed admiration for another Nazi collaborator, Vichy leader Marshal Pétain . Stein, the youngest of a family of five children, was born on February 3, 1874, in Allegheny, Pennsylvania (which merged with Pittsburgh in 1907), to upper-middle-class Jewish parents, Daniel Stein and Amelia Stein, née Keyser. Her father

5166-454: The published and unpublished writings and letters of leading men on each side, searching for how personality shaped their choice. He finds eight characteristics that differentiated the two groups. Loyalists were older, better established, and more likely to resist innovation than the patriots. Loyalists felt that the Crown was the legitimate government and resistance to it was morally wrong, while

5248-605: The remainder were neutral or kept a low profile regarding their loyalties. The great majority of Loyalists remained in the Thirteen Colonies during the American Revolution; a minority, however, fled the nation for Canada , Great Britain , Florida , or the West Indies . Historians have explored the motivations that pulled men to one side or the other. Yale historian Leonard Woods Labaree used

5330-425: The second floor. The exterior was in a neo-Gothic style, with an appearance influenced by 13th-century Venetian palaces. These spaces are the oldest ones still in use as part of the Yale University Art Gallery. A new building, designed by Yale University architect Egerton Swartwout , was completed in 1928. This building features a deliberately eclectic mix of Romanesque, Gothic and Classical features, with cornices,

5412-401: The story that led to the phrase, two by Hemingway and one by Stein. During the summer of 1931, Stein advised the young composer and writer Paul Bowles to go to Tangier , where she and Alice had vacationed. In 1938, Stein and Toklas moved from the rue de Fleurus to 5 rue Christine in the 6th arrondissement . For much of the war they sheltered in a house they had rented for several years in

5494-416: The street in Paris. After this accidental encounter, they never saw or spoke to each other again. The Steins' holdings were dispersed eventually by various methods and for various reasons. After her and Leo's households separated in 1914, Stein continued to collect examples of Picasso's art, which had turned to Cubism , a style Leo did not appreciate. At her death, Gertrude's remaining collection emphasized

5576-453: The system. Some Loyalists, according to Labaree, were "procrastinators" who believed that independence was bound to come some day, but wanted to "postpone the moment", while the patriots wanted to "seize the moment". Loyalists were cautious and afraid of anarchy or tyranny that might come from mob rule; patriots made a systematic effort to take a stand against the British government. Finally, Labaree argues that Loyalists were pessimists who lacked

5658-980: The things which Cézanne wanted to do, but it was too hard a task for him: it killed him. And now here we are, I find a young painter who does not follow the tendency to play with what Cézanne could not do, but who attacks any right the things which he tried to make, to create the objects which have to exist, for, and in themselves, and not in relation. The gatherings in the Stein home "brought together confluences of talent and thinking that would help define modernism in literature and art". Dedicated attendees included Pablo Picasso , Ernest Hemingway , F. Scott Fitzgerald , Sinclair Lewis , Ezra Pound , Gavin Williamson , Thornton Wilder , Sherwood Anderson , Francis Cyril Rose , Bob Brown , René Crevel , Élisabeth de Gramont , Francis Picabia , Claribel Cone , Mildred Aldrich , Jane Peterson , Carl Van Vechten , Henri Matisse and Georges Braque . Saturday evenings had been set as

5740-401: The things which they could not reach and they began the system of camouflage. It was natural to do so, even inevitable: that soon became an art, in peace and war, and Matisse concealed and insisted at the same time that Cézanne could not realize, and Picasso concealed, played, and tormented all these things. The only one who wanted to insist on this problem was Juan Gris. He persisted by deepening

5822-600: The walls at Rue de Fleurus were rearranged continually to make way for new acquisitions. In "the first half of 1905" the Steins acquired Cézanne 's Portrait of Mme Cézanne and Delacroix 's Perseus and Andromeda . Shortly after the opening of the Salon d'Automne of 1905 (on October 18, 1905), the Steins acquired Matisse's Woman with a Hat and Picasso's Young Girl with a Flower Basket . In 1906, Picasso completed Portrait of Gertrude Stein , which remained in her collection until her death. Henry McBride (art critic for

5904-437: The walls in tiers trailing many feet to the ceiling. Initially illuminated by gaslight, the artwork was later lit by electric light shortly prior to World War I . Leo Stein cultivated important art world connections, enabling the Stein holdings to grow over time. The art historian and collector Bernard Berenson hosted Gertrude and Leo in his English country house in 1902, facilitating their introduction to Paul Cézanne and

5986-465: The world." After the artworks were divided between the two Stein siblings, it was Gertrude who moved on to champion the works of what proved to be lesser talents in the 1930s. She concentrated on the work of Juan Gris , André Masson , and Sir Francis Rose . In 1932, Stein asserted: "Painting now after its great period has come back to be a minor art." In 1945, in a preface for the first exhibition of Spanish painter Francisco Riba Rovira (who painted

6068-480: Was Three Lives . In 1911, Mildred Aldrich introduced Stein to Mabel Dodge Luhan and they began a short-lived but fruitful friendship during which the wealthy Mabel Dodge promoted Gertrude's legend in the United States. Mabel was enthusiastic about Stein's sprawling publication The Makings of Americans and, at a time when Stein had much difficulty selling her writing to publishers, privately published 300 copies of Portrait of Mabel Dodge at Villa Curonia . Dodge

6150-641: Was a director of the Market Street Cable Railway Company , and in 1892 arranged for Gertrude and another sister, Bertha, to live with their mother's family in Baltimore . Here she lived with her uncle David Bachrach , who in 1877 had married Gertrude's maternal aunt, Fanny Keyser. In Baltimore, Stein met Claribel and Etta Cone , who held Saturday evening salons that she would later emulate in Paris. The Cones shared an appreciation for art and conversation about it and modeled

6232-429: Was a wealthy businessman with real estate holdings. German and English were spoken in their home. Gertrude's siblings were: Michael (1865), Simon (1868), Bertha (1870), and Leo (1872). When Stein was three years old, she and her family moved to Vienna , and then Paris. Accompanied by governesses and tutors, the Steins endeavored to imbue their children with the cultured sensibilities of European history and life. After

6314-741: Was adopted unanimously by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. After the American Revolutionary War began the year before, in 1775, many patriots assimilated into the Continental Army , which was commanded by George Washington and which secured victory against the British Army , leading the British to acknowledge the sovereign independence of the colonies, reflected in the Treaty of Paris , which led to

6396-625: Was also involved in the publicity and planning of the 69th Regiment Armory Show in 1913, "the first avant-garde art exhibition in America". In addition, she wrote the first critical analysis of Stein's writing to appear in America, in "Speculations, or Post-Impressionists in Prose", published in a special March 1913 publication of Arts and Decoration . Foreshadowing Stein's later critical reception, Dodge wrote in "Speculations": In Gertrude Stein's writing every word lives and, apart from concept, it

6478-456: Was called upon to entertain their wives. The ladies were, of course, 'second‐class citizens' " Gertrude attributed the beginnings of the Saturday evening salons to Matisse, as people began visiting to see his paintings and those of Cézanne: "Matisse brought people, everybody brought somebody, and they came at any time and it began to be a nuisance, and it was in this way that Saturday evenings began." Among Picasso's acquaintances who frequented

6560-508: Was completed on December 12, 2012, at a cost of $ 135 million, under then-director Jock Reynolds . The expanded space totals 69,975 sq ft (6,500.9 m). In December 2011, the museum announced an $ 11 million gift from alumnus Stephen Susman , to create additional art exhibition galleries in a newly created fourth floor atop the Old Yale Art Gallery building. The expansion was completed in 2012, and included space for

6642-410: Was in turn inspired by European thinkers such as Francis Bacon , John Locke , and Jean-Jacques Rousseau . Though slavery existed in all of the Thirteen Colonies prior to the American Revolution, the issue divided patriots, with some supporting its abolition while others espoused proslavery thought . The patriots included members of every social and ethnic group in the colonies, though support for

6724-491: Was quite similar to that of The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook , which was written by Toklas. Many critics speculated that Toklas actually had written The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas , despite Toklas repeatedly denying authorship. Several of Stein's writings have been set to music by composers, including Virgil Thomson 's operas Four Saints in Three Acts and The Mother of Us All , and James Tenney 's setting of Rose

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