Şemseddin Yaman Candar ( Old Anatolian Turkish : شمس الدين يمان جاندار) , was the eponymous founder and first bey of the Candar dynasty and principality in late 13th century Anatolia . He reigned as Bey of the Principality of Candar from 1291 until his death in 1309.
31-617: Descended from the Kayı branch of Oghuz Turks , Şemseddin Yaman Candar was the son of Alp Arslan Yaman Candar Mehmed Bey. During his tenure as a senior commander in the imperial army of Seljuk sultan Mesud II , he was awarded the province of Eflani by the sultan for his distinction in service. In 1291, the Ilkhanid emperor Arghun , who had been suzerain of the Seljuks died. As
62-515: A larger legacy and place in history. According to historians Konstantin Sheiko and Stephen Brown, these theories are influenced by "the Turkic rejection of Russian imperialism " driven by a post-Soviet need for nation-building. As the journalist Luka Ivan Jukić concludes in his examination of extreme pseudo-Turkology: "Turkic countries have suffered greatly over the last century and a half. After
93-552: A result, in a bid to wrest for the Seljuk throne, Şehzade Kılıç Arslan , son of the late Sultan Kaykaus II who had previously been living in the Crimea made his way to Anatolia , where his principal allies were the Çobanoğulları . Meanwhile, Sultan Mesud II , elder brother of Kılıç Arslan, attempted to capture him but was defeated by Kılıç Arslan and his Çobanoğulları ally Yavlak, leading to Mesud being taken prisoner. In
124-587: A sub-branch of the Bozok tribal federation. In his Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk , the 11th century Kara-Khanid scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari cited Kayı as of one of 22 Oghuz tribes, saying that Oghuz were also called Turkomans . The name Kayı means " the one who has might and power by relationship " and the Turkmen proverb says that " people shall be headed by Kayı and Bayat tribes" ( Turkmen : Il başy - gaýy-baýat ). In his history work Shajara-i Tarākima ,
155-475: Is of Turkic origin, and that major historical figures such as Jesus Christ and Genghis Khan were of Turkic origin. Ethnic Russian scholars have put forth similar theories with an added Turco-Slavic synthesis, in an attempt to put "the Russian world at its proper place at the center of world civilization". Many conflicting theories among Turkic peoples of Central and North Asia seek to connect their peoples to
186-521: Is the Codex Cumanicus , which contains information for Cuman , Persian , Latin , and German . There are also bilingual dictionaries for Kipchak and Armenian . as well as Kipchak and Russian . In the Middle Ages , Turkology was centered on Byzantine / Greek historians, ambassadors and travelers, and geographers . In the 15th to the 17th centuries the main subject of Turkology
217-539: Is the Kay tribe, whom Chinese knew as Xí 奚 (< MC * γiei ). After examining Chinese sources & consulting the works of other scholars ( Pelliot , Minorsky ), Zuev proposes that the Kay had belonged to the proto-Mongolic Xianbei tribal union Yuwen Xiongnu and that Kay had been ethnic and linguistic relatives of the Mongolic-speaking Khitans , prior to being known as an Oghuz-Turkmen tribe by
248-624: The Balkan velayat and consists of the following clans: adnakel, ak kel, alatelpek, bagly, barak, burkaz, ganjyk, gapan, garabalkan, garawul, garagol, garagul, garadaşly, garakel, garga, garyşmaz and others. The Kayı are also a subtribe of the Bayat Turkmens of the Lebap velayat . The name and logo of the İyi Party ( İyi means Good in Turkish ) of Meral Akşener is inspired by
279-576: The Ilkhanate Rashid-al-Din Hamadani also says that the Kayı tribe comes from the oldest of Oghuz Khan's 24 grandchildren who were the patriarchs of the ancient Oghuz tribes, and the name Kayı means "powerful". Soviet Sinologist and Turkologist Yury Zuev based on the analysis of tribal names and tamgas from Tang Huiyao , identifies a number of ancient Central Asian Turkic tribes as Oghuz-Turkmen tribes, one of them
310-685: The 19th century, Turkology was further developed by M. A. Kazembek's Grammar of the Turkish-Tatar language (1839), O. N. Betlingk Grammar of the Yakut language (1851). A major achievement was the deciphering at the end of the 19th century of the Early Middle Age Orkhon inscriptions by V. Thomsen and W. W. Radloff (1895). By the late 19th century, Turkology had developed into a complex discipline that included linguistics, history, ethnology, archeology, arts and literature. In
341-565: The 20th century, the Turkology complex included physical anthropology, numismatics, genetics, ancient Turkic alphabetic scripts, typology, genesis, and etymology, onomastics and toponymy. The appearance of Türkische Bibliothek (1905–1927) inaugurated specialised periodicals, followed by Mitteilungen zur Osmanischen Geschichte (1921–1926). Scientific developments allowed calibrated dating, dendrochronology, metallurgy, chemistry, textile, and other specialized disciplines, which contributed to
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#1732801435081372-585: The 9th century. Likewise, Hungarian scholar Gyula Németh (1969) links Kayı(ğ) to the (para-)Mongolic Qay / Xí , whom Tibetans knew as Dad-pyi and Göktürks knew as Tatabï ; however, Németh's thesis is rejected by Mehmet Fuat Köprülü among others. Later on, Németh (1991) proposes that Mg. Qay is derived from Tk. root qað- "snowstorm, blizzard"; nevertheless, Golden points out that Qay has several Mongolic etymologies: ɣai "misfortune", χai "interjection of grief", χai "to seek", χai "to hew". Even so, Köprülü rejects scholarly attempts to link
403-641: The Balkans and the Gagauz , in Moldova . Ethnological information on Turkic tribes for the first time was systemized by the 11th-century Turkic philologist Mahmud al-Kashgari in the Dīwān ul-Lughat it-Turk (Dictionary of Turkic language). Multi-lingual dictionaries were compiled from the late 13th century for the practical application of participants in international trade and political life. One notable such dictionary
434-652: The Kayı tribe. In the 10th century, the Central Asian Oghuz Yabgu State was headed by supreme leaders (or Yabghu ) who belonged to the Kayı tribe. According to Soviet archaeologist and ethnographer Sergey Tolstov , part of the Kayi tribe moved in the Middle Ages from Central Asia to modern day Ukraine , they are known in the Rus' chronicle as kovuy and kaepichi as one of the tribes that formed
465-460: The Khan of Khiva and historian, Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur , mentions Kayı among the 24 ancient Turkmen ( Oghuz Turkic ) tribes, direct descendants of Oghuz Khagan . Oghuz Khagan is a semi-legendary figure thought to be the ancient progenitor of Oghuz Turks. Kayı translates as "strong". In his extensive history work “ Jami' al-tawarikh ” (Collection of Chronicles), the statesman and historian of
496-474: The Ottomans' Kayı descent came from genealogies written during the fifteenth century, several centuries after the life of Osman. More significantly, the earliest genealogies written by the Ottomans did not include any reference to Kayı descent at all, indicating that it may have been fabricated at a later date. The famous Oghuz- Turkic folk narrator, soothsayer and bard Gorkut-ata (Dede Korkut) belonged to
527-672: The Turkic tribal confederation called the Black Klobuks , who were allies of the Rurik dynasty of the Rus' Khaganate ; Golden however considers the Kaepichi to be descendants of the Mongolic or para-Mongolic Qay instead. Soviet and Russian linguist and turkologist A. V. Superanskaya associates the Kayı tribe with the origin of the name of the city of Kyiv ; however, Canadian Ukrainian linguist Jaroslav Rudnyckyj connects
558-414: The bonds relaxed, the publications exploded. Another was a flight of scientists from European Russia into remote areas, which brought first class scientists to many intellectually starved outlying areas of Central Asia . Another one was connected with the statewide efforts to re-invent the history, when a wealth of Turkological facts were found in the process of search for "correct" history. And another one
589-420: The brutality of World War I, Turkey was set to be wiped off the map by the diktat of Western powers, a fate already shared by every other Turkic people. During Soviet rule, the traditional nomadic lifestyle of Turkic Steppe peoples was derided by official Soviet historiography as backward, uncivilized and feudal — something to be ashamed of, not proud of. On the margins of the development of global capitalism, or in
620-660: The development of the Turkological studies. Deeper study of the ancient sources allowed better understanding of economical, social, mythological and cultural forces of the sedentary and nomadic societies. Linguistic studies uncovered preliterate symbioses and mutual influences between different peoples. On 9 August 1944, the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party , published an edict prohibiting "ancientization" of Turkic history. The edict
651-661: The ensuing battle, Şemseddin Yaman Candar was successful in defeating the Çobanoğulları army and liberating Mesud II . As a result of his victory and liberation of Sultan Mesud , Yaman Candar was awarded the former Çobanoğulları possession of Eflani in the Black Sea region of the Anatolian peninsula as his fiefdom , from which the Candaroğulları dynasty was established with subsequent generations gradually expanding into neighboring provinces and reigning until 1461,
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#1732801435081682-658: The formerly Mongolic Qay/Xi to the Oghuz Turkic tribe Qayı(ğ); he points out that Kashgari 's Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk distinguished the Qay tribe from the Qayığ branch/sub-tribe of the Oghuz-Turkmen tribe. According to Ottoman tradition, Osman I , the founder of Ottoman Empire , was a descendant of the Kayı tribe. This claim has, however, been called into serious question by many modern historians. The only evidence for
713-790: The libraries and destroyed from private collections by an intimidated population, articles and publications were culled, published photographs were retouched, private photographs were destroyed, published scientific references were erased, and publications with undesired references were destroyed. Very few of the early 20th century expedition diaries, ethnographical notes, reports and drafts for publications were ever recovered. The linguistic field of Turkology has been noted as particularly influenced by 'pseudo-Turkologists', whose theories do not follow due diligence to properly prove Turkish origins in non-related languages. Some extreme pseudo-turkologists contend that Turkic history stretches back hundreds of thousands of years, that every major civilization in history
744-526: The name Kyiv to the Proto-Slavic root *kyjь , which should be interpreted as meaning 'stick, pole' as in its modern Ukrainian equivalent Кий ; therefore, the toponym should in that case be interpreted as 'palisaded settlement'. In Anatolia , twenty seven villages bear the name of Kayı . In Turkmenistan , the Kayı tribe is one of the main divisions of the Gökleň Turkmens living in
775-458: The political repression, in Stalin's movement to cleanse Communist Russia of ethnic minorities that posed opposition to Communism. Most Oriental and other cultural scholars that had been repressed in the 1930s and 1940s, as well as their respective scientific works, were, however, officially rehabilitated in or after 1956. On the other hand, the edict brought unintended benefits to Turkology. One
806-557: The seal of the Kayı tribe. Turkology Turkology (or Turcology or Turkic studies ) is a complex of humanities sciences studying languages, history, literature, folklore, culture, and ethnology of people speaking Turkic languages and the Turkic peoples in chronological and comparative context. That includes ethnic groups from the Sakha , in eastern Siberia , to the Turks in
837-524: The year which saw the principality's incorporation into the Ottoman Empire by Mehmed II . While there is no record of Yaman Candar's later life, it is believed that he died in the early 14th century . He was succeeded as bey by his son Süleyman I. Kay%C4%B1 (tribe) The Kayı or Kayi tribe ( Karakhanid : قَيِغْ romanized: qayïγ or qayig ; Turkish : Kayı boyu , Turkmen : Gaýy taýpasy ) were an Oghuz Turkic people and
868-416: Was a built-up of the public interest for the forbidden subjects, that resulted that no print size could satisfy the demand. L.N.Gumilev and O.Suleimenov inflamed a surge in the new generation of Turkology scholars. With the physical culling of the scholars from the society, an organized a total extermination of all their published and unpublished works took place concurrently. Their books were removed from
899-656: Was followed by a consecutive wave of mass arrests, imprisoning and killing of the Turkology intelligentsia , massive creation of replacement scientists, and rewriting of history pages on an industrial scale. Many Turkology scholars in the Soviet Union were persecuted or imprisoned by Joseph Stalin 's political oppression movement, the Great Purge , during the 1930s and the 1940s, on the basis of disputed Islamic writings and publications. Other cultural Scholars, such as Egyptologists and Japanologists were also subject to
930-419: Was the nearly immediate linguistic development of an alternate lexicon, which replaced the nouns and adjectives containing the word Türk by a wealth of euphemisms: "nomads, Siberians, Paleosiberians, Middle Asians, Scythians, Altaians, Tuvians", etc. that filled scientific publications. The other was "writing into a drawer", when results of the years of fruitful work were written down for future publication. When
961-589: Was the study of the Ottoman Empire , the Turkish language , and the Turkic languages of Eastern Europe and Western Asia . In 1533 a first hand-written primer appeared, and by 1612 a printed grammar by Jerome Megizer was published, followed by F. Mesgnien-Meninski 's four-volume Thesaurus Linguarum Orientalium published in 1680. Peter Simon Pallas initiated a more scientific approach to Turkology with his Comparative dictionaries of all languages and dialects (1787) which included lexical materials from Tatar, Mishar, Nogai, Bashkir, and other Turkic languages. In