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49-567: The Yamaha EX5 (EX stands for Extended Synthesis) uses four different tone generators for generating sounds. These are AWM2 (Advanced Wave Memory), AN (Analog Physical Modeling), FDSP (Formulated Digital Sound Processing) and VL (Virtual Acoustic) synthesis. The fifth sound source is Sample-based synthesis . Sounds can be assembled up to a maximum of 4 tones, each from a different tone generator. The EX5 has extensive sampling capabilities. Samples can be used in AWM sounds, or assigned to individual keys on

98-420: A circuit that is capable of creating a repetitive waveform . (Modern devices may use digital signal processing to synthesize waveforms, followed by a digital-to-analog converter , or DAC, to produce an analog output.) The most common waveform is a sine wave , but sawtooth , step ( pulse ), square , and triangular waveform oscillators are commonly available as are arbitrary waveform generators (AWGs). If

147-441: A specific range of frequencies . The audible frequency range for humans is typically given as being between about 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz (20 kHz), though the high frequency limit usually reduces with age. Other species have different hearing ranges. For example, some dog breeds can perceive vibrations up to 60,000 Hz. In many media, such as air, the speed of sound is approximately independent of frequency, so

196-402: A wave analyser , or simply total harmonic distortion . A distortion of 0.0001% can be achieved by an audio signal generator with a relatively simple circuit. With the advent of digital communications systems, it is no longer possible to adequately test these systems with traditional analog signal generators. This has led to the development of the vector signal generator, which is also known as

245-611: A digital signal generator. These signal generators are capable of generating digitally-modulated radio signals that may use any of a large number of digital modulation formats such as QAM , QPSK , FSK , BPSK , and OFDM . In addition, since modern commercial digital communication systems are almost all based on well-defined industry standards, many vector signal generators can generate signals based on these standards. Examples include GSM , W-CDMA (UMTS) , CDMA2000 , LTE , Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) , and WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) . In contrast, military communication systems such as JTRS , which place

294-411: A fractional error of Δ f f = 1 2 f T m {\textstyle {\frac {\Delta f}{f}}={\frac {1}{2fT_{\text{m}}}}} where T m {\displaystyle T_{\text{m}}} is the timing interval and f {\displaystyle f} is the measured frequency. This error decreases with frequency, so it

343-425: A function generator that produces a small set of specific waveforms, an AWG allows the user to specify a source waveform in a variety of different ways. An AWG is generally more expensive than a function generator and often has less bandwidth. An AWG is used in higher-end design and test applications. RF (radio frequency) and microwave signal generators are used for testing components, receivers and test systems in

392-426: A great deal of importance on robustness and information security, typically use very proprietary methods. To test these types of communication systems, users will often create their own custom waveforms and download them into the vector signal generator to create the desired test signal. A logic signal generator or data pattern generator or digital pattern generator produces logic signals—that is, logical 1s and 0s in

441-482: A heart beats at a frequency of 120 times per minute (2 hertz), the period—the time interval between beats—is half a second (60 seconds divided by 120). For cyclical phenomena such as oscillations , waves , or for examples of simple harmonic motion , the term frequency is defined as the number of cycles or repetitions per unit of time. The conventional symbol for frequency is f or ν (the Greek letter nu )

490-416: A known frequency near the unknown frequency is mixed with the unknown frequency in a nonlinear mixing device such as a diode . This creates a heterodyne or "beat" signal at the difference between the two frequencies. If the two signals are close together in frequency the heterodyne is low enough to be measured by a frequency counter. This process only measures the difference between the unknown frequency and

539-406: A much wider frequency range, from less than 1 MHz to at least 20 GHz. Some models go as high as 70 GHz with a direct coaxial output, and up to hundreds of GHz when used with external waveguide multiplier modules. RF and microwave signal generators can be classified further as analog or vector signal generators. Analog signal generators based on a sine-wave oscillator were common before

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588-402: A repeating event is accomplished by counting the number of times that event occurs within a specific time period, then dividing the count by the period. For example, if 71 events occur within 15 seconds the frequency is: f = 71 15 s ≈ 4.73 Hz . {\displaystyle f={\frac {71}{15\,{\text{s}}}}\approx 4.73\,{\text{Hz}}.} If

637-413: A room or a sound reproduction system, and/or with oscilloscopes or specialized audio analyzers. Many pitch generators operate in the digital domain, producing output in various digital audio formats such as AES3 , or SPDIF . Such generators may include special signals to stimulate various digital effects and problems, such as clipping , jitter , bit errors ; they also often provide ways to manipulate

686-471: A standard computer sound card as output device, limiting the accuracy of the output waveform and limiting frequency to lie within the audio-frequency band. A video signal generator is a device which outputs predetermined video and/or television waveforms, and other signals used to stimulate faults in, or aid in parametric measurements of, television and video systems. There are several different types of video signal generators in widespread use. Regardless of

735-1144: A very long cable out to an antenna, a high output signal may be needed to overcome the losses through the cable and still have sufficient power at the antenna. But when testing receiver sensitivity, a low signal level is required to see how the receiver behaves under low signal-to-noise conditions. RF signal generators are available as benchtop instruments, rackmount instruments, embeddable modules and in card-level formats. Mobile, field-testing and airborne applications benefit from lighter, battery-operated platforms. In automated and production testing, web-browser access, which allows multi-source control, and faster frequency switching speeds improve test times and throughput. RF signal generators are required for servicing and setting up radio receivers , and are used for professional RF applications. RF signal generators are characterized by their frequency bands, power capabilities (−100 to +25 dBc), single side band phase noise at various carrier frequencies, spurs and harmonics, frequency and amplitude switching speeds and modulation capabilities. Audio-frequency signal generators generate signals in

784-413: A wide variety of applications including cellular communications, WiFi , WiMAX , GPS , audio and video broadcasting, satellite communications, radar and electronic warfare . RF and microwave signal generators normally have similar features and capabilities, but are differentiated by frequency range. RF signal generators typically range from a few kHz to 6 GHz, while microwave signal generators cover

833-492: A wide variety of digital formats; many of these also include audio generation capability (as the audio track is an important part of any video or television program or motion picture). Frequency Frequency (symbol f ), most often measured in hertz (symbol: Hz), is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time . It is also occasionally referred to as temporal frequency for clarity and to distinguish it from spatial frequency . Ordinary frequency

882-435: Is also used. The period T is the time taken to complete one cycle of an oscillation or rotation. The frequency and the period are related by the equation f = 1 T . {\displaystyle f={\frac {1}{T}}.} The term temporal frequency is used to emphasise that the frequency is characterised by the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. The SI unit of frequency

931-495: Is called a radio wave . Likewise, an electromagnetic wave with a frequency higher than 8 × 10  Hz will also be invisible to the human eye; such waves are called ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Even higher-frequency waves are called X-rays , and higher still are gamma rays . All of these waves, from the lowest-frequency radio waves to the highest-frequency gamma rays, are fundamentally the same, and they are all called electromagnetic radiation . They all travel through vacuum at

980-411: Is generally a problem at low frequencies where the number of counts N is small. An old method of measuring the frequency of rotating or vibrating objects is to use a stroboscope . This is an intense repetitively flashing light ( strobe light ) whose frequency can be adjusted with a calibrated timing circuit. The strobe light is pointed at the rotating object and the frequency adjusted up and down. When

1029-703: Is one of a class of electronic devices that generates electrical signals with set properties of amplitude, frequency, and wave shape. These generated signals are used as a stimulus for electronic measurements, typically used in designing, testing, troubleshooting, and repairing electronic or electroacoustic devices, though it often has artistic uses as well. There are many different types of signal generators with different purposes and applications and at varying levels of expense. These types include function generators , RF and microwave signal generators, pitch generators, arbitrary waveform generators , digital pattern generators , and frequency generators. In general, no device

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1078-402: Is red light, 800 THz ( 8 × 10  Hz ) is violet light, and between these (in the range 400–800 THz) are all the other colors of the visible spectrum . An electromagnetic wave with a frequency less than 4 × 10  Hz will be invisible to the human eye; such waves are called infrared (IR) radiation. At even lower frequency, the wave is called a microwave , and at still lower frequencies it

1127-476: Is related to angular frequency (symbol ω , with SI unit radian per second) by a factor of 2 π . The period (symbol T ) is the interval of time between events, so the period is the reciprocal of the frequency: T = 1/ f . Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as mechanical vibrations, audio signals ( sound ), radio waves , and light . For example, if

1176-511: Is suitable for all possible applications. A signal generator may be as simple as an oscillator with calibrated frequency and amplitude. More general-purpose signal generators allow control of all the characteristics of a signal. Modern general-purpose signal generators will have a microprocessor control and may also permit control from a personal computer. Signal generators may be free-standing self-contained instruments, or may be incorporated into more complex automatic test systems. In June 1928,

1225-493: Is termed rotational frequency , is revolution per minute , abbreviated r/min or rpm. 60 rpm is equivalent to one hertz. As a matter of convenience, longer and slower waves, such as ocean surface waves , are more typically described by wave period rather than frequency. Short and fast waves, like audio and radio, are usually described by their frequency. Some commonly used conversions are listed below: For periodic waves in nondispersive media (that is, media in which

1274-641: Is the hertz (Hz), named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz by the International Electrotechnical Commission in 1930. It was adopted by the CGPM (Conférence générale des poids et mesures) in 1960, officially replacing the previous name, cycle per second (cps). The SI unit for the period, as for all measurements of time, is the second . A traditional unit of frequency used with rotating mechanical devices, where it

1323-400: Is the speed of light in vacuum, and this expression becomes f = c λ . {\displaystyle f={\frac {c}{\lambda }}.} When monochromatic waves travel from one medium to another, their frequency remains the same—only their wavelength and speed change. Measurement of frequency can be done in the following ways: Calculating the frequency of

1372-516: The General Radio 403 was the first commercial signal generator ever marketed. It supported a frequency range of 500 Hz to 1.5 MHz. Also, in April 1929, the first commercial frequency standard was marketed by General Radio with a frequency of 50 KHz. A function generator is a device which produces simple repetitive waveforms . Such devices contain an electronic oscillator ,

1421-408: The metadata associated with digital audio formats. The term synthesizer is used for a device that generates audio signals for music, or that uses slightly more intricate methods. Computer programs can be used to generate arbitrary waveforms on a general-purpose computer and output the waveform via an output interface. Such programs may be provided commercially or be freeware. Simple systems use

1470-418: The above general-purpose devices, there are several classes of signal generators designed for specific applications. A pitch generator is a type of signal generator optimized for use in audio and acoustics applications. Pitch generators typically include sine waves over the human hearing range (20 Hz to 20 kHz). Sophisticated pitch generators will also include sweep generators (a function which varies

1519-491: The alternating current in household electrical outlets is 60 Hz (between the tones B ♭ and B; that is, a minor third above the European frequency). The frequency of the ' hum ' in an audio recording can show in which of these general regions the recording was made. Aperiodic frequency is the rate of incidence or occurrence of non- cyclic phenomena, including random processes such as radioactive decay . It

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1568-582: The audio-frequency range and above. An early example was the HP200A audio oscillator, the first product sold by the Hewlett-Packard Company in 1939. Applications include checking frequency response of audio equipment, and many uses in the electronic laboratory. Equipment distortion can be measured using a very-low-distortion audio generator as the signal source, with appropriate equipment to measure output distortion harmonic-by-harmonic with

1617-418: The base unit. This could include AM , FM , ΦM (phase modulation) and pulse modulation . A common feature is an attenuator to vary the signal’s output power. Depending on the manufacturer and model, output powers can range from −135 to +30 dBm. A wide range of output power is desirable, since different applications require different amounts of signal power. For example, if a signal has to travel through

1666-470: The form of conventional voltage levels. The usual voltage standards are LVTTL and LVCMOS . It is different from a "pulse/pattern generator", which refers to signal generators able to generate logic pulses with different analog characteristics (such as pulse rise/fall time, high level length, ...). A digital pattern generator is used as stimulus source for digital integrated circuits and embedded systems - for functional validation and testing. In addition to

1715-421: The frequency of the strobe equals the frequency of the rotating or vibrating object, the object completes one cycle of oscillation and returns to its original position between the flashes of light, so when illuminated by the strobe the object appears stationary. Then the frequency can be read from the calibrated readout on the stroboscope. A downside of this method is that an object rotating at an integer multiple of

1764-405: The inception of digital electronics, and are still used. There was a sharp distinction in purpose and design of radio-frequency and audio-frequency signal generators. RF signal generators produce continuous wave radio frequency signals of defined, adjustable, amplitude and frequency. Many models offer various types of analog modulation, either as standard equipment or as an optional capability to

1813-406: The keyboard and saved to floppy disk or an external storage device. The sample memory is 1MB, and this can be expanded to 65MB with volatile SIMM memory. Non-volatile Flash Memory can be installed to allow samples to be retained between power cycles. Flash memory capacity can be either 8MB or 16MB. EX5 has a built-in 16-track sequencer , and a 4-track arpeggiator with 50 preset patterns. There

1862-545: The number of counts is not very large, it is more accurate to measure the time interval for a predetermined number of occurrences, rather than the number of occurrences within a specified time. The latter method introduces a random error into the count of between zero and one count, so on average half a count. This is called gating error and causes an average error in the calculated frequency of Δ f = 1 2 T m {\textstyle \Delta f={\frac {1}{2T_{\text{m}}}}} , or

1911-521: The oscillator operates above the human hearing range (>20  kHz ), the generator will often include some sort of modulation function such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or phase modulation (PM) as well as a second oscillator that provides an audio frequency modulation waveform. An arbitrary waveform generator (AWG or ARB) is a sophisticated signal generator that generates arbitrary waveforms within published limits of frequency range, accuracy, and output level. Unlike

1960-405: The output frequency over a range, in order to make frequency-domain measurements), multipitch generators (which output several pitches simultaneously, and are used to check for intermodulation distortion and other non-linear effects), and tone bursts (used to measure response to transients). Pitch generators are typically used in conjunction with sound level meters , when measuring the acoustics of

2009-410: The reference frequency. To convert higher frequencies, several stages of heterodyning can be used. Current research is extending this method to infrared and light frequencies ( optical heterodyne detection ). Visible light is an electromagnetic wave , consisting of oscillating electric and magnetic fields traveling through space. The frequency of the wave determines its color: 400 THz ( 4 × 10 Hz)

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2058-560: The rotation rate of a shaft, mechanical vibrations, or sound waves , can be converted to a repetitive electronic signal by transducers and the signal applied to a frequency counter. As of 2018, frequency counters can cover the range up to about 100 GHz. This represents the limit of direct counting methods; frequencies above this must be measured by indirect methods. Above the range of frequency counters, frequencies of electromagnetic signals are often measured indirectly utilizing heterodyning ( frequency conversion ). A reference signal of

2107-414: The same speed (the speed of light), giving them wavelengths inversely proportional to their frequencies. c = f λ , {\displaystyle \displaystyle c=f\lambda ,} where c is the speed of light ( c in vacuum or less in other media), f is the frequency and λ is the wavelength. In dispersive media , such as glass, the speed depends somewhat on frequency, so

2156-424: The specific type, the output of a video generator will generally contain synchronization signals appropriate for television, including horizontal and vertical sync pulses (in analog) or sync words (in digital). Generators of composite video signals (such as NTSC and PAL ) will also include a colorburst signal as part of the output. Video signal generators are available for a wide variety of applications and for

2205-461: The strobing frequency will also appear stationary. Higher frequencies are usually measured with a frequency counter . This is an electronic instrument which measures the frequency of an applied repetitive electronic signal and displays the result in hertz on a digital display . It uses digital logic to count the number of cycles during a time interval established by a precision quartz time base. Cyclic processes that are not electrical, such as

2254-473: The wave speed is independent of frequency), frequency has an inverse relationship to the wavelength , λ ( lambda ). Even in dispersive media, the frequency f of a sinusoidal wave is equal to the phase velocity v of the wave divided by the wavelength λ of the wave: f = v λ . {\displaystyle f={\frac {v}{\lambda }}.} In the special case of electromagnetic waves in vacuum , then v = c , where c

2303-419: The wavelength is not quite inversely proportional to frequency. Sound propagates as mechanical vibration waves of pressure and displacement, in air or other substances. In general, frequency components of a sound determine its "color", its timbre . When speaking about the frequency (in singular) of a sound, it means the property that most determines its pitch . The frequencies an ear can hear are limited to

2352-462: The wavelength of the sound waves (distance between repetitions) is approximately inversely proportional to frequency. In Europe , Africa , Australia , southern South America , most of Asia , and Russia , the frequency of the alternating current in household electrical outlets is 50 Hz (close to the tone G), whereas in North America and northern South America, the frequency of

2401-566: Was a limited edition released at the end of production, Yamaha EX5S (also known as the "Millennium Edition"). This model came in a silver casing and is only distributed for the Asian market. There were only 500 copies produced. The EX5 also came as a sound module on the market. This model was the EX5R and had all the functions of the EX5, except a keyboard. Signal generator A signal generator

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