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76-544: The four-valve Yamaha FZR600 engine was slanted forward in the frame. This was the basis of the Genesis engine and Delta Box frame concept, and helped to lower the centre of gravity and help centralise mass. This layout allowed the real fuel tank to sit behind the cylinders, low between the frame rails, and further aided with lowering the centre of gravity. Forward of this sat the airbox, with four 32 mm Mikuni downdraft carburettors, and all these assemblies were covered by

152-585: A SOHC 8-valve. It was available in the 1987-1989 Mazda 121 and later model Kia Sephia in European and Asian markets. A fuel-injected variant was used in select European market 1991-1995 Mazda 121s The 1.3 L (1,290 cc) BJ engine (78.0x67.5 mm) was a DOHC 16-valve engine, used only in the Japanese market Ford Festiva GT, GT-X, and GT-A models (1986.10-1993.01, GT-A from March 1991). It generates 88 PS (65 kW) at 7000 rpm and

228-413: A 1.5-liter OHV straight-4 with four valves per cylinder as far back as 1914 but did not use this engine until after World War I . It produced appr. 30 bhp (22.4 kW) at 2700 rpm (15.4 kW/liter or 0.34 bhp/cid). In the 1920 Voiturettes Grand Prix at Le Mans driver Ernest Friderich finished first in a Bugatti Type 13 with the 16-valve engine, averaging 91.96 km/h. Even more successful

304-549: A 360.8 cid (5.8-liter) straight-4 (0.22 bhp per cubic inch). Over 2300 of these powerful early multi-valve engines were built. Stutz not only used them in their famous Bearcat sportscar but in their standard touring cars as well. The mono block White Motor Car engine developed 72 horsepower and less than 150 were built, only three are known to exist today. In 1919 Pierce-Arrow introduced its 524.8 cid (8.6-liter) straight-6 with 24 valves. The engine produced 48.6 bhp (0.09 bhp per cubic inch) and ran very quietly, which

380-721: A B5D, with 110 PS (81 kW) at 5,500 rpm and 145 Nm at 4,400 rpm without variable valve timing and with a 9.2:1 compression ratio. The B5D was also found in the Autozam AZ-3, a Japanese market version of the Mazda MX-3 , where it produces 120 PS (88 kW). The Kia Rio from 2000 to 2005 also has a B5 variant, but with a different bore/stroke ratio from all others (75.5 mm bore, 83.4 mm stroke, 1493 cc total). This motor produced 100 PS (74 kW) and 135 N⋅m (100 lb⋅ft). 1.6 L (1,597 cc) B6 — (78.0x83.6 mm) — This

456-477: A VLIM (VICS) intake, had a 9:1 compression ratio and produced 107 hp (79 kW). 1.6 L (1,597 cc) B6ZE(RS) - (78x83.6 mm) - Developed for the Mazda MX-5 /Miata (1989–05) and Mazda Familia sedan GS/LS Full Time 4WD (JP only, 1994–1998). The engine uses a DOHC 16-valve alloy head with a lightened crankshaft and flywheel to allow a 7,200 rpm redline. An aluminum sump with cooling fins

532-862: A four valve per cylinder engine was the 1973 Triumph Dolomite Sprint . This Triumph used an in-house developed SOHC 16-valve 1,998 cc (122 ci) straight-4 engine that produced 127 bhp (47.6 kW/liter, 1.10 bhp/cid) at introduction. The 1975 Chevrolet Cosworth Vega featured a DOHC multi-valve head designed by Cosworth Engineering in the UK. This 122-cubic-inch straight-4 produced 110 bhp (82 kW; 112 PS) at 5600 rpm (0.90 bhp/cid; 41.0 kW/liter) and 107 lb⋅ft (145 N⋅m) at 4800 rpm. The 1976 Fiat 131 Abarth (51.6 kW/liter), 1976 Lotus Esprit with Lotus 907 engine (54.6 kW/liter, 1.20 bhp/cid), and 1978 BMW M1 with BMW M88 engine (58.7 kW/liter, 1.29 bhp/cid) all used four valves per cylinder. The BMW M88/3 engine

608-467: A four-valve design. The three-valve design was common in the late 1980s and early 1990s; and from 2004 the main valve arrangement used in Ford F-Series trucks, and Ford SUVs. The Ducati ST3 V-twin had 3-valve heads. This is the most common type of multi-valve head, with two exhaust valves and two similar (or slightly larger) inlet valves. This design allows similar breathing as compared to

684-433: A four-valve engine, a five-valve design should have a higher maximum RPM, and the three inlet ports should give efficient cylinder-filling and high gas turbulence (both desirable traits), it has been questioned whether a five-valve configuration gives a cost-effective benefit over four-valve designs. The rise of direct injection may also make five-valve heads more difficult to engineer, as the injector must take up some space on

760-565: A fuel-injected version called the B6F was available. In Europe, the B6 also came in a 16-valve DOHC version, mostly found in the Mazda 323 BG and 323F BG models from 1989 to 1994. This engine was the same 1.6 liter fuel-injected, but with two camshafts and 88 hp. Kia's version of the B6 (16-valve DOHC) had a marginally shorter stroke (at 83.4 mm), for a total displacement of 1,594 cc. This engine

836-632: A multi-valved Golf GTI 16V . The 16-valve 1.8-liter straight-4 produced 139 PS (102 kW; 137 bhp) or 56.7 kW/liter, almost 25% up from the 45.6 kW/liter for the previous 8-valve Golf GTI engine. The GM Quad 4 multi-valve engine family debuted early 1987. The Quad 4 was the first mainstream multi-valve engine to be produced by GM after the Chevrolet Cosworth Vega . The NA Quad 4 achieved 1.08 bhp (1 kW; 1 PS) per cubic inch (49.1 kW/liter). Such engines soon became common as Japanese manufacturers adopted

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912-648: A plastic cover dummy petrol tank. Unlike the larger FZR models, which had featured three intake valves and two exhaust valves per cylinder, the FZR600 had a four-valve-per-cylinder layout, necessitated by the different gas flow characteristics of the 600 cc engine over the 750 and 1,000 cc units in the FZR range. Many models came with the EXUP valve system, mandatory for units sold in California. This system located in

988-528: A rallying legend in the 1970s winning many domestic and World Championship events. Other cars claiming to be first are the Jensen Healey , launched in 1972 which used a Lotus 907 belt-driven DOHC 16-valve 2-liter straight-4 producing 140 bhp (54.6 kW/liter, 1.20 bhp/cid). All of these, although mass-produced, are also of relatively limited production, so it is argued that the first widely available and popularly priced mass-production car with

1064-408: A slight increase in torque. For homologation Evolution I (1989) and Evolution II (1990) models were produced that had a redesigned engine to allow for a higher rev limit and improved top-end power capabilities. The Evo II engine offered 235 PS (173 kW; 232 hp) from 2463 cc (70.2 kW/liter). Saab introduced a 16-valve head to their 2.0-liter (1985 cc) straight-4 in 1984 and offered

1140-610: A split-plane crankshaft rather than the Ferrari-type flat-plane. The engine was constructed by Ducati rather than Ferrari, and was produced from 1986 through 1991. The Quattrovalvole was also used by Lancia for their attempt at the World Sportscar Championship with the LC2 . The engine was twin-turbocharged and destroked to 2.65 litres, but produced 720 hp (537 kW) in qualifying trim. The engine

1216-407: A three-valve head, and as the small exhaust valves allow high RPM, this design is very suitable for high power outputs. Less common is the five-valve head, with two exhaust valves and three inlet valves. All five valves are similar in size. This design allows excellent breathing, and, as every valve is small, high RPM and very high power outputs are theoretically available. Although, compared to

1292-469: A two-valve design, Toyota and Yamaha changed the 4A-GE to a four-valve after a year of evaluation. It produced 115-140 bhp (86-104 kW) at 6,600 rpm (54.2-65.5 kW/liter) and 109 lb⋅ft (148 N⋅m) at 5,800 rpm. To compensate for the reduced air speed of a multi-valve engine at low rpms, the first-to-second generation engines included the T-VIS intake system. In 1986 Volkswagen introduced

1368-416: A two-valve engine, delivering more power . A multi-valve engine design has three, four, or five valves per cylinder to achieve improved performance. In automotive engineering , any four-stroke internal combustion engine needs at least two valves per cylinder: one for intake of air (and often fuel ), and another for exhaust of combustion gases. Adding more valves increases valve area and improves

1444-624: Is a DOHC 4 valves per cylinder variant of the B8. This Inline-four engine was called BP-ZE by Mazda engineers and featured a forged crankshaft , piston oil squirters, a structural aluminium oil pan with cooling fins, a 7,000 rpm redline , and Variable Inertia Charging System (VICS) which is activated by a control solenoid at high rpm to increase horsepower in the upper rev range. The engine in base form on 91 RON fuel produces 96 kW (131 PS; 129 bhp) at 6,000 rpm and 165 N⋅m (122 lbf⋅ft) at 4,000 rpm. The engine

1520-403: Is a favourite for both N/A and turbo motoring enthusiasts for its robust design, materials and construction. This particular variant can be found in the following vehicles: There is also a non-performance SOHC version that is most easily recognized by its black stamped-steel oil pan. It also features a cast crankshaft, no oil squirters, a plastic oil pickup tube and less aggressive camshafts. It

1596-464: Is also used to improve engine performance. The 1908 Ariès VT race cars had 1.4 litre supercharged single cylinder engines with four valve per cylinder desmodromic systems. (Source: [1] ) The 1910 Isotta-Fraschini Tipo KM had a 10.6 litre inline 4 with single overhead camshaft and four valves per cylinder and it had one of the first engines with fully enclosed overhead valve gear (source: Isotta Fraschini Tipo KM [1] and [2] ) The first motorcar in

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1672-461: Is an unusual feature of this engine. The US and European version (1990-1993) had a 9.4:1 compression ratio and produced 115 hp (85 kW) at 6,500 rpm, and 136 N⋅m (100 lb⋅ft) of torque at 5,500 rpm. The later European version (1994-1997) produced 90 hp (66 kW) at 6,500 rpm, and 129 N⋅m (95 lb⋅ft) at 5,500 rpm. It was then updated to 110 hp (81 kW) at 6,500 rpm and 134 N⋅m (99 lb⋅ft) at 5,000 rpm for

1748-583: Is equipped with Mazda's "EGi" single-point fuel injection . It is a short-stroke version of the B5 / B6 engines. 1.3 L (1,324 cc) B3 – (71.0×83.6 mm). It was available in SOHC variants and was found in the Kia-built 1988–1993 Ford Festiva , the 1987–1989 Mazda Familia and its derivatives, as well as the Mazda 121 (also known as Autozam Revue) in 54 and 72 PS (40 and 53 kW) versions, and

1824-676: Is found in the 1995-1998 Mazda Protege ES . The BPT is a turbocharged and intercooled variant of the BP. It produced 180 PS (132 kW) at 6,000 rpm and 24.2 kg⋅m (237 N⋅m; 175 lb⋅ft) of torque at 4,000 rpm in JDM-spec from G7+ CJ26 AH7 crankshaft. 95 octane rated European models only claimed 166 PS (122 kW) at 5,500 rpm and 219 N⋅m (162 lb⋅ft) at 3,000 rpm. It featured an IHI RHB5 VJ20 turbocharger, sidemount intercooler, 330 cc blacktop injectors (high impedance). The BPT versions of

1900-501: Is often mistaken to be related to VICS. Applications: In 2001, Mazda introduced the still 1.8 L (1,839 cc) BP-Z3 (also called BP-VE ) variant of the BP engine. It features S-VT variable valve timing on the intake side, no more VICS , but there is Variable Tumble Control System (VTCS) in the BP-Z3. A similar looking but effectively very different set of valves that restrict

1976-454: The BP-4W , which replaces the old hall effect dual Cam Angle Sensor unit mounted at the back of the exhaust cam with two separate Hall Effect units at the front - one on the intake cam gear and one mounted on the oil pump, to the side of the crankshaft pulley. It also has an improved intake system (a better flowing cylinder head because of the angle of the intake ports being changed). There

2052-533: The Mazda B8-ME ) use a single fork-shaped rocker arm to drive two valves (generally the exhaust valves) so that fewer cam lobes will be needed in order to reduce manufacturing costs. This has a single large exhaust valve and two smaller intake valves. A three-valve layout allows better breathing than a two-valve head, but the large exhaust valve results in an RPM limit no higher than a two-valve head. The manufacturing cost for this design can be lower than for

2128-848: The R-series engines, the Mazda B8-ME , and the Chrysler 3.5 L V6 engine . The V12 engines of many World War II fighter aircraft also used a SOHC configuration with four valves for each cylinder. The 1993 Mercedes-Benz C-Class (OM604 engine) was the first 4-valve diesel-engined car. Peugeot had a triple overhead cam five-valve Grand Prix car in 1921. In April 1988 an Audi 200 Turbo Quattro powered by an experimental 2.2-liter turbocharged 25-valve straight-5 rated at 478 kW/650 PS@6,200 rpm (217.3 kW/liter) set two world speed records at Nardo , Italy: 326.403 km/h (202.8 mph) for 1,000 km (625 miles) and 324.509 km/h (201.6 mph) for 500 miles. Mitsubishi were

2204-572: The Stutz Motor Company introduced a 322 cid (5.3-liter) dual camshaft 32-valve straight-8 with 156 bhp (116 kW) at 3900 rpm, called DV-32. The engine offered 0.48 bhp per cubic inch. About 100 of these multi-valve engines were built. Stutz also used them in their top-of-the-line sportscar, the DV-32 Super Bearcat that could reach 100 mph (160 km/h). The 1935 Duesenberg SJ Mormon Meteor's engine

2280-491: The turbocharged full-time 4WD 323 GTX and rear-wheel drive Miata . The B-series is a "non-interference" design, meaning that breakage of its timing belt does not result in damage to valves or pistons, because the opening of the valves, the depth of the combustion chamber and (in some variants) the shaping of the piston crown allow sufficient clearance for the open valves in any possible piston position. 1.1 L (1,138 cc) B1 - (68.0x78.4 mm) - came only as

2356-513: The 190 E 2.3-16 produced 49 hp (36 kW) and 41 ft•lbf (55 N•m) of torque more than the basic single overhead cam 2.3 straight-4 engine on which it was based offering 185 hp (138 kW) at 6,200 rpm (59.2 kW/liter) and 174 lb⋅ft (236 N⋅m) at 4,500 rpm. In 1988 an enlarged 2.5-liter engine replaced the 2.3-liter. It offered double valve timing chains to fix the easily snapping single chains on early 2.3 engines, and increased peak output by 17 bhp (12.5 kW) with

Yamaha FZR600 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2432-437: The 1917 Stutz straight-4, White Motor Car Model GL 327 CID Dual Valve Mononblock four, and 1919 Pierce-Arrow straight-6 engines. The standard flathead engines of that day were not very efficient and designers tried to improve engine performance by using multiple valves. The Stutz Motor Company used a modified T-head with 16 valves, twin-spark ignition and aluminium pistons to produce 80 bhp (59 kW) at 2400 rpm from

2508-510: The 1920s when these DOHC engines came to Alfa road cars like the Alfa Romeo 6C . In 1916 US automotive magazine Automobile Topics described a four-cylinder, four-valve-per-cylinder car engine made by Linthwaite-Hussey Motor Co. of Los Angeles, CA, USA: "Firm offers two models of high-speed motor with twin intakes and exhausts." . Early multi-valve engines in T-head configuration were

2584-438: The 1922 Type 29 Grand Prix racer and the legendary Type 35 of 1924. Both Type 29 and Type 35 had a 100 bhp (75 kW) 2-liter SOHC 24-valve NA straight-8 that produced 0.82 bhp (0.61 kW) per cubic inch. A.L.F.A. 40/60 GP was a fully working early racing car prototype made by the company now called Alfa Romeo . Only one example was built in 1914, which was later modified in 1921. This design of Giuseppe Merosi

2660-494: The 1985-1989 Mazda Familia BFMR/BFMP (turbo), 1985-1989 Ford Laser TX3 turbo, and 1991-1994 Mercury Capri XR2. This engine was most commonly found mated to a 4WD drivetrain although FWD models were also available. Power and torque outputs varied across markets due to emission and fuel standards. The B6T available in North America came with 132 hp (98 kW) and 136 lb⋅ft (184 N⋅m). The Japanese version

2736-430: The 1986-1989 Mazda Familia. 1.7 L (1,720 cc) PN46 - (78x90 mm) The PN46 is a 1720cc B6 based diesel motor used in the 1987-1989 Mazda Familia The 1.8 L (1,839 cc) B8 (sometimes "BP") is not just a bored and stroked B6. Rather, it uses a new block with widened cylinder spacing. The bore is 83 mm and the stroke is 85 mm. This SOHC engine was used in various Australian Mazda 323s ,

2812-613: The 1987–1989 Ford Laser , and 1994–1997 Ford Aspire . Later variants were used in the Mazda Demio subcompact until 2002. Fuel Injected Engine: Horsepower: 64 PS (47 kW) at 5000 rpm Torque: 73 lb⋅ft (99 N⋅m) at 3000 rpm Carbureted Engine: Horsepower: 64–68 PS (47–50 kW) Later versions (Mazda 323 91-98 etc.) produced 73 PS (54 kW) at 5500 rpm, and 104 N⋅m (77 lb⋅ft) of torque at 3700 rpm 1.5 L (1,498 cc) B5 - (78.0x78.4 mm) - The SOHC 8-valve B5 upped

2888-555: The American 1990-1994 Mazda Protegé , and in Canadian variants of the 323 hatchback. It came with four valves per cylinder ( B8-ME or BP-ME ). It features hydraulic lash adjusters, a belt-driven cam, an 8.9:1 compression ratio, a 6,000 rpm redline, and multi-port fuel injection. Power outputs are: The 1,839 cc (1.8 L) BP, featuring a bore x stroke of 83 mm × 85 mm (3.27 in × 3.35 in),

2964-465: The FZR received a different swingarm, which was slightly fatter in profile. Aside from the minor mechanical changes, the paintwork and color schemes were the main change for each new model year, including the Vance and Hines special edition scheme that was available for 1992, only 636 were produced. 1994 saw the introduction of the 4JH model for European and Asian markets, the main difference being replacing

3040-404: The FZR received a single trapezoid headlamp to ape its FZR1000 EXUP sibling, but Yamaha reverted to the twin headlamp design for 1993. In 1990, the rear wheel width was increased to 4 inches (as opposed to the 3.5-inch wheel which was stock for the 1989 model). In the same year the front brake calipers were upgraded to 4-piston units (as opposed to the 2-piston calipers on the 1989 model). In 1991

3116-513: The Familia and Laser were only available in AWD models, and featured a viscous LSD centre and rear differentials. Applications: The mazda BPD engine (also commonly referred to as a BP2) was a revamp of the original BP engine (sometimes called BP1 for clarity's sake). It featured a larger crank nose, larger piston oil squirters, a main bearing support plate, better flowing inlet and exhaust ports. This

Yamaha FZR600 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3192-636: The Frankfurt Auto Show in September 1983 after it set a world record at Nardo, Italy, recording a combined average speed of 154.06 mph (247.94 km/h) over the 50,000 km (31,000 mi) endurance test. The engine was based on the 2.3-liter 8-valve 136 hp (101 kW) unit already fitted to the 190- and E-Class series. Cosworth developed the DOHC light alloy cast cylinder head with four large valves per cylinder. In roadgoing trim,

3268-586: The added cost of a DOHC valve train . The Ford design uses one spark plug per cylinder located in the centre, but the Mercedes design uses two spark plugs per cylinder located on opposite sides, leaving the centre free to add a direct-to-cylinder fuel injector at a later date. The 1989 Citroën XM was the first 3-valve diesel-engined car. Examples of SOHC four-valve engines include the Honda F-series engines, D-series engines, all J-series engines,

3344-403: The circular headlights with the now famous "Foxeye" style. Multi-valve A multi-valve or multivalve engine is one where each cylinder has more than two valves (an intake , and an exhaust ). A multi-valve engine has better breathing, and with more smaller valves (having less mass in motion) may be able to operate at higher revolutions per minute (RPM) than

3420-501: The danger of valve float . Some engines are designed to open each intake valve at a slightly different time, which increases turbulence, improving the mixing of air and fuel at low engine speeds. More valves also provide additional cooling to the cylinder head. The disadvantages of multi-valve engines are an increase in manufacturing cost and a potential increase in oil consumption due to the greater number of valve stem seals. Some single overhead camshaft (SOHC) multi-valve engines (such as

3496-499: The displacement to 1.5 liters and was found in the 1987-1989 Mazda Familia and the 1987-1989 Ford Laser . It was also fitted to the Mazda Étude coupé and fifth-generation BF-series Familia Wagon, as it continued in production until 1994 along the new BG. There was also a 16-valve, SOHC B5-MI version of the B5, usually fitted with single-point fuel injection ("EGi"). This engine

3572-552: The engine with and without turbocharger (65.5 kW/liter and 47.9 kW/liter respectively) in the Saab 900 and Saab 9000 . The 2.0-liter Nissan FJ20 was one of the earliest straight-4 mass-produced Japanese engines to have both a DOHC 16-valve configuration (four valves per cylinder, two intake, two exhaust) and electronic fuel injection (EFI) when released in October 1981 in the sixth generation Nissan Skyline . Peak output

3648-530: The first Mazda engine to feature Variable Inertia Charge System (VICS). Most commonly found in the 1985-1988 Japanese market Familias, Études and Lasers, this engine was updated in 1989 with revised compression, heads and intake system (in a similar vein to the B5 DOHC) for the 1989-1991 Familia and Laser, then further refined for the 1991-1994 Mercury Capri and 1994 to 1996, second Generation Mazda MX-3 RS. The third-generation B6D features an alloy cam cover,

3724-669: The first appears to have been the 1969 Nissan Skyline , using the Nissan S20 six cylinder DOHC four-valve engine. This engine was also fitted to Nissan Fairlady Z432 racing edition. For a four-cylinder engine, the first mass-produced car using a four valves per cylinder engine was the British Ford Escort RS1600 , this car used the Cosworth BDA engine which was a Ford 'Kent' block with a Cosworth 16 valve twin cam cylinder head. The car went on to become

3800-447: The first to market a car engine with five valves per cylinder, with the 548 cc 3G81 engine in their Minica Dangan ZZ kei car in 1989. Mazda B engine#B8 The Mazda B-series is a small-sized, iron-block, inline four-cylinder engine with belt-driven SOHC and DOHC valvetrain ranging in displacement from 1.1 to 1.8 litres. It was used in a wide variety of applications, from front-wheel drive economy vehicles to

3876-415: The flow of intake and exhaust gases, thereby enhancing combustion , volumetric efficiency , and power output . Multi-valve geometry allows the spark plug to be ideally located within the combustion chamber for optimal flame propagation. Multi-valve engines tend to have smaller valves that have lower reciprocating mass , which can reduce wear on each cam lobe, and allow more power from higher RPM without

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3952-493: The head. After making five-valve Genesis engines for several years, Yamaha has since reverted to the cheaper four-valve design. Examples of the five-valve engines are the various 1.8 L 20vT engines manufactured by AUDI AG, the later versions of the Ferrari Dino V8 , and the 1.6 L 20-valve 4A-GE engine made by Toyota in collaboration with Yamaha. For a cylindrical bore and equal-area sized valves, increasing

4028-618: The lower exhaust manifold helps maintain high back pressure at low engine speeds, and opens up more at higher engine speeds, giving the motor better mid-range power. The EXUP system was mainly found in US and some European models to compensate for the loss of power caused by emissions related modifications for those markets. Standard world market models produced 99 bhp (74 kW), compared to about 91 bhp (68 kW) for EXUP equipped versions. The original steel-framed '3HE' FZR600 remained virtually unchanged throughout its production. In 1991

4104-411: The models from 1998 to 2005. The Japanese version of the engine also had a 9.4:1 compression ratio and produced 120 hp (88 kW) at 6,500 and 136 N⋅m (100 lb⋅ft) at 5,500. After 1998 the power was increased to 125 hp (92 kW) at 6,500 and 143 N⋅m (105 lb⋅ft) at 5,000. 1.7 L (1,720 cc) PN27 - (78x90 mm) The PN27 is a 1720cc B6 based diesel motor used in

4180-513: The multi-valve concept. The 1975 Honda Civic introduced Honda's 1.5-liter SOHC 12-valve straight-4 engines. Nissan's 1988–1992 SOHC KA24E engine had three valves per cylinder (two intakes, one exhaust) as well. Nissan upgraded to DOHC after 1992 for some of their sports cars, including the 240SX . In 1988, Renault released a 12 valve version of its Douvrin 4 cylinder 2.0l SOHC. Mercedes and Ford produced three-valve V6 and V8 engines, Ford claiming an 80% improvement in high RPM breathing without

4256-913: The number of valves beyond five decreases the total valve area. The following table shows the effective areas of differing valve quantities as proportion of cylinder bore. These percentages are based on simple geometry and do not take into account orifices for spark plugs or injectors, but these voids will usually be sited in the "dead space" unavailable for valves. Also, in practice, intake valves are often larger than exhaust valves in heads with an even number of valves-per-cylinder: Turbocharging and supercharging are technologies that also improve engine breathing, and can be used instead of, or in conjunction with, multi-valve engines. The same applies to variable valve timing and variable-length intake manifolds . Rotary valves also offer improved engine breathing and high rev performance but these were never very successful. Cylinder head porting , as part of engine tuning ,

4332-592: The original 300 PS (221 kW; 296 hp) 3.0-liter version the Toyota 7 engine participated in endurance races as a 5.0-liter (4,968 cc) non-turbo V8 with DOHC and 32-valves. It produced 600 PS (441 kW; 592 hp) at 8,000 rpm (88.8 kW/liter) and 55.0 kg⋅m (539 N⋅m; 398 lb⋅ft) at 6,400 rpm. There is much discussion about which was the first 'mass-produced' car to use an engine with four valves per cylinder. For six cylinder engines, and considering special versions of mass-produced cars,

4408-457: The performance of the engine to produce 209 hp (156 kW) and 184 lb·ft (255 N·m). The VICS system of the N/A BP has been removed, as well as the boost cut from the ecu. This engine was designed to power Mazda to a world rally championship win, and was thus used in the limited production Mazda Familia GT-R (2,200 built) and GTAe (300 built). The 1999 MX-5 uses a modified BP,

4484-402: The spark plugs. Only two cars were built. Ferrari developed their Quattrovalvole (or QV) engines in the 80s. Four valves per cylinder were added for the 1982 308 and Mondial Quattrovalvole , bringing power back up to the pre- FI high of 245 hp (183 kW) . A very unusual Dino Quattrovalvole was used in the 1986 Lancia Thema 8.32 . It was based on the 308 QV's engine, but used

4560-516: The world speed record of 170 km/h. Robert Peugeot also commissioned the young Ettore Bugatti to develop a GP racing car for the 1912 Grand Prix. This chain-driven Bugatti Type 18 had a 5-litre straight-4 with SOHC and three valves per cylinder (two inlet, one exhaust). It produced appr. 100 bhp (75 kW; 101 PS) at 2800 rpm (0.30 bhp per cubic inch) and could reach 99 mph (159 km/h). The three-valve head would later be used for some of Bugatti's most famous cars, including

4636-551: The world to have an engine with two overhead camshafts and four valves per cylinder was the 1912 Peugeot L76 Grand Prix race car designed by Ernest Henry . Its 7.6-litre monobloc straight-4 with modern hemispherical combustion chambers produced 148 bhp (110 kW) (19.5 HP/Liter(0.32 bhp per cubic inch)). In April 1913, on the Brooklands racetrack in England, a specially built L76 called "la Torpille" (torpedo) beat

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4712-464: Was 148 hp (110 kW) at 6,000 rpm and 133 lb⋅ft (180 N⋅m) at 4,800 rpm. The FJ20 was also offered with a turbocharger, producing 188 hp (140 kW) at 6,400 rpm and 166 lb⋅ft (225 N⋅m) at 4,800 rpm. Following Nissan's lead, Toyota released the 1.6-liter (1,587 cc) 4A-GE engine in 1983. The cylinder head was developed by Yamaha Motor Corporation and was built at Toyota's Shimayama plant. While originally conceived of as

4788-605: Was Bugattis clean sweep of the first four places at Brescia in 1921. In honour of this memorable victory all 16-valve-engined Bugattis were dubbed Brescia . From 1920 through 1926 about 2000 were built. Peugeot had a triple overhead cam 5-valve Grand Prix car in 1921. Bentley used multi-valve engines from the beginning. The Bentley 3 Litre , introduced in 1921, used a monobloc straight-4 with aluminium pistons, pent-roof combustion chambers , twin spark ignition, SOHC, and four valves per cylinder. It produced appr. 70 bhp (0.38 bhp per cubic inch). The 1927 Bentley 4½ Litre

4864-468: Was a 419.6 cid (6.9-liter) straight-8 with DOHC, 4 valves per cylinder and a supercharger. It achieved 400 bhp (298.3 kW) at 5,000 rpm and 0.95 bhp per cubic inch. The 1937 Mercedes-Benz W125 racing car used a supercharged 5.7-liter straight-8 with DOHC and four valves per cylinder. The engine produced 592-646 bhp (441.5-475 kW) at 5800 rpm and achieved 1.71-1.87 bhp per cubic inch (77.8-85.1 kW/liter). The W125 top speed

4940-532: Was a bored-out version of the B3. The 16-valve SOHC B6 was found in the 1985-1989 and 1990-1994 Mazda 323 , 1991-1993 Mazda MX-3 the 1987-1990 Mercury Tracer , and the 1985-1990 Ford Laser . The 16-valve DOHC B6 was also found in the 1994-1998 Ford Laser KJ/KL , 1997-2004 Kia Sephia , Kia Shuma , 2000-2004 Kia Spectra and 2000-2005 Kia Rio (for export markets). In Japan, the United Kingdom, and Australia

5016-532: Was also a switch from the earlier problematic hydraulic lifters to solid lifters. The engine initially produced 140 hp at 6500 rpm, and 119 lb·ft at 5000 rpm. The United States 2004-2005 Mazdaspeed MX-5 turbo is based on this engine rather than the newer BP-Z3 and produces 178 bhp (180 PS; 133 kW) at 6000 rpm and 226 N⋅m; 166 lbf⋅ft (23 kg⋅m) of torque at 4500 rpm with slightly reduced compression ratio of 9.5:1. The Mazdaspeed turbo engine has no VICS, but does have VTCS which

5092-484: Was also the base engine for the Mazda Familia GT-R and GT-Ae. It is commonly known as the 'big turbo' variant as it utilised a much larger IHI RHF6CB water-cooled turbocharger (vj23). The BPD was used as the basis for the engine, with changes such as sodium-filled exhaust valves, larger (and front-mounted) intercooler, larger (440 cc) low impedance fuel injectors and stronger engine internals helping to up

5168-531: Was an asset to the bootleggers of that era. Multi-valve engines continued to be popular in racing and sports engines. Robert M. Roof, the chief engineer for Laurel Motors, designed his multi-valve Roof Racing Overheads early in the 20th century. Type A 16-valve heads were successful in the teens, Type B was offered in 1918 and Type C 16-valve in 1923. Frank Lockhart drove a Type C overhead cam car to victory in Indiana in 1926. Bugatti also had developed

5244-484: Was appr. 200 mph (322 km/h). The 1967 Cosworth DFV F1 engine, a NA 3.0-liter V8 producing appr. 400 bhp (298 kW; 406 PS) at 9,000 rpm (101.9 kW/liter), featured four valves per cylinder. For many years it was the dominant engine in Formula One, and it was also used in other categories, including CART , Formula 3000 and Sportscar racing . Debuting at the 1968 Japanese Grand Prix in

5320-497: Was later increased to 3.0 litres and increased power output to 828 hp (617 kW). The 1984 Ferrari Testarossa had a 4.9-liter flat-12 with four valves per cylinder. Almost 7,200 Testarossa were produced between 1984 and 1991. In 1985 Lamborghini released a Countach Quattrovalvole , producing 455 PS (335 kW; 449 hp) from a 5.2-liter (5167 cc) Lamborghini V12 engine (64.8 kW/liter). The Mercedes-Benz 190E 2.3-16 with 16-valve engine debuted at

5396-537: Was mainly used in the Japanese domestic market. The B5-ME, equipped with electronic fuel injection, was used by Kia for several of their cars as well as in the Mazda Demio . 1.5 L (1,498 cc) B5D - (78.0x78.4 mm) - A Japanese-only variant of the B5 with fuel injection and revised head/intake system. Found in the 1989-1994 BG Familia and Ford Laser S. Power output is 120 PS (88 kW) at 6,500 rpm and 13.5 kg⋅m (132 N⋅m; 98 lb⋅ft) at 5,500 rpm. The Timor S515i also used

5472-492: Was of similar engine design. The NA racing model offered 130 bhp (0.48 bhp per cubic inch) and the 1929 supercharged 4½ Litre (Blower Bentley) reached 240 bhp (0.89 bhp per cubic inch). The 1926 Bentley 6½ Litre added two cylinders to the monobloc straight-4. This multi-valve straight-6 offered 180-200 bhp (0.45-0.50 bhp per cubic inch). The 1930 Bentley 8 Litre multi-valve straight-6 produced appr. 220 bhp (0.45 bhp per cubic inch). In 1931

5548-621: Was slightly more powerful, producing 140 PS (103 kW) and 19.0 kg⋅m (186 N⋅m) due to better intake manifold design and its ability to run 100 octane fuel. For the special rally homologation BFMR Familia GT-Ae model released in 1987, power and torque were raised to 150 PS (110 kW) and 20.0 kg⋅m (196 N⋅m) respectively through the use of a slightly different turbocharger; engine internals remained otherwise identical. 1.6 L (1,597 cc) B6D - (78.0x83.6 mm) - The same strengthened and fuel-injected 16-valve DOHC B6 but with higher compression, no turbo, and

5624-401: Was the first Alfa Romeo DOHC engine. It had four valves per cylinder, 90-degree valve angle and twin-spark ignition. The GP engine had a displacement of 4.5-liter (4490 cc) and produced 88 bhp (66 kW) at 2950 rpm (14.7 kW/liter), and after modifications in 1921 102 bhp (76 kW) at 3000 rpm. The top speed of this car was 88-93 mph (140–149 km/h). It wasn't until

5700-507: Was used in the Rio , Sephia II , and Shuma . 1.6 L (1,597 cc) B6-2E - (78.0x83.6 mm), also known as B6-ME - This was a variant of the B6-E with a SOHC, 16-valve cylinder head. 1.6 L (1,597 cc) B6T - (78.0x83.6 mm) - The ubiquitous turbocharged , fuel-injected and intercooled 16-valve DOHC B6, released in 1985 and used in numerous models worldwide including

5776-405: Was used in the 1983 BMW M6 35CSi and in the 1985 BMW M5 . The 1978 Porsche 935/78 racer used a twin turbo 3.2-liter flat-6 (845 bhp/630 kW@8,200 rpm; 784 Nm/578 ft.lbs@6,600 rpm). The water-cooled engine featured four valves per cylinder and output a massive 196.2 kW/liter. Porsche had to abandon its traditional aircooling because the multi-valve DOHC hampered aircooling of

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