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57-654: In 1983 Yamaha created a V4 engine that debuted in the Yamaha Venture motorcycle series. The first in the series was the Venture Royale produced from 1983 to 1993. Yamaha discontinued the design until 1996 when it resurrected the Venture engine and produced a cruiser-style motorcycle called the Royal Star that was produced until 2001. In 1999 Yamaha again brought out a large full touring motorcycle known as

114-441: A crankshaft or by a swashplate or other suitable mechanism. A flywheel is often used to ensure smooth rotation or to store energy to carry the engine through an un-powered part of the cycle. The more cylinders a reciprocating engine has, generally, the more vibration-free (smoothly) it can operate. The power of a reciprocating engine is proportional to the volume of the combined pistons' displacement. A seal must be made between

171-459: A flywheel , the power from other pistons connected to the same shaft or (in a double acting cylinder ) by the same process acting on the other side of the piston. This is where the piston forms the smallest volume in the cylinder. In most types the expanded or " exhausted " gases are removed from the cylinder by this stroke . The exception is the Stirling engine , which repeatedly heats and cools

228-440: A spark-ignition (SI) engine , where the spark plug initiates the combustion; or a compression-ignition (CI) engine , where the air within the cylinder is compressed, thus heating it , so that the heated air ignites fuel that is injected then or earlier . There may be one or more pistons. Each piston is inside a cylinder , into which a gas is introduced, either already under pressure (e.g. steam engine ), or heated inside

285-637: A 130 hp (97 kW) two-stroke V4 to the US market with what was called "precision blend" oil injection. Most of the outboard motors are usually two-stroke engines with a carburetor. In 1935, the Wisconsin Motor Manufacturing Company began producing petrol (gasoline) V4 engines for industrial, agricultural, and stationary applications, with several farm equipment manufacturers using the Wisconsin V4 engines. In 1950,

342-597: A capacity of 1,820 L (64 cu ft), making a total capacity of 25,480 L (900 cu ft) for the largest versions. For piston engines, an engine's capacity is the engine displacement , in other words the volume swept by all the pistons of an engine in a single movement. It is generally measured in litres (l) or cubic inches (c.i.d., cu in, or in ) for larger engines, and cubic centimetres (abbreviated cc) for smaller engines. All else being equal, engines with greater capacities are more powerful and consumption of fuel increases accordingly (although this

399-444: A compression ratio of 10:1. The five-speed, overdrive transmission is part of the engine case and the engine and transmission share the same oil. The drive shaft and final drive assembly are built into the left side of the double-sided swing arm. Swing arm motion is damped by a mono shock mounted in the center of the frame. The clutch is of the wet plate design and is hydraulically activated by the left hand lever. The gear selection lever

456-469: A cylinder to drive a reciprocating engine in a local-pollution-free urban vehicle. Torpedoes may use a working gas produced by high test peroxide or Otto fuel II , which pressurize without combustion. The 230 kg (510 lb) Mark 46 torpedo , for example, can travel 11 km (6.8 mi) underwater at 74 km/h (46 mph) fuelled by Otto fuel without oxidant . Quantum heat engines are devices that generate power from heat that flows from

513-418: A dozen cylinders or more. Cylinder capacities may range from 10 cm or less in model engines up to thousands of liters in ships' engines. The compression ratio affects the performance in most types of reciprocating engine. It is the ratio between the volume of the cylinder, when the piston is at the bottom of its stroke, and the volume when the piston is at the top of its stroke. The bore/stroke ratio

570-408: A full fuel tank. The Royal Star Venture has a 67.1-inch (1,700 mm) wheelbase. Among the standard features are a trunk-mounted CD player, a full AM/FM/tape stereo system with integrated CB (not available on Australian imports), and electronic cruise control. The bike's sound system consists of a four speaker, surround-sound stereo with two speakers mounted in the fairing and a further two mounted in

627-628: A heavier flywheel. Using split crankpins in a 60° V4, as used on the Ford Essex V4 engine and Ford Taunus V4 engines , results in an even firing order. The earliest automotive use of V4 engines were in Grand Prix racing (later called 'Formula One') cars. One of the pioneering V4 engines was in the 1898 Mors rear-engined car built in France. At the time, the lack of vibration from the V4 engine

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684-406: A hot to a cold reservoir. The mechanism of operation of the engine can be described by the laws of quantum mechanics . Quantum refrigerators are devices that consume power with the purpose to pump heat from a cold to a hot reservoir. In a reciprocating quantum heat engine, the working medium is a quantum system such as spin systems or a harmonic oscillator. The Carnot cycle and Otto cycle are

741-489: A narrower V-angle could be utilized, such as 60 degrees. Although a 60° V4 is more compact than a 90° V4 engine, the 60° design does not have perfect primary balance (if the crankpins are not split) and, therefore, often require a balance shaft to reduce vibrations similar to the V6 engines . Additionally, any (four-stroke) V4 engine with shared crankpins will fire unevenly which will result in more vibration and potentially require

798-572: A seal, and more heavily when higher combustion pressure moves around to their inner surfaces. It is common to classify such engines by the number and alignment of cylinders and total volume of displacement of gas by the pistons moving in the cylinders usually measured in cubic centimetres (cm or cc) or litres (l) or (L) (US: liter). For example, for internal combustion engines, single and two-cylinder designs are common in smaller vehicles such as motorcycles , while automobiles typically have between four and eight, and locomotives and ships may have

855-484: A sequence of strokes that admit and remove gases to and from the cylinder. These operations are repeated cyclically and an engine is said to be 2-stroke , 4-stroke or 6-stroke depending on the number of strokes it takes to complete a cycle. The most common type is 4-stroke, which has following cycles. The reciprocating engine developed in Europe during the 18th century, first as the atmospheric engine then later as

912-570: Is a four-cylinder piston engine where the cylinders share a common crankshaft and are arranged in a V configuration . The V4 engine is less common compared to straight-four engines . However, V4 engines have been used in automobiles, motorcycles, and other applications. Some V4 engines have two crankpins that are shared by opposing cylinders. The crankshaft is usually supported by three main bearings in this type of engines. However this arrangement results an uneven firing engine. Split crankpins are preferred for even firing intervals. Compared to

969-455: Is mounted on the left side and is the rocker (heel-and-toe) style, sitting above a spring-loaded, hinged foot board. The rear brake pedal on the opposite (right) side also sits above a spring-loaded, hinged foot board. There are foot boards fitted for the pillion passenger that are also hinged but not spring-loaded, so they can be upright when not in use or dropped to the horizontal position for riding. The front brakes are two-piston design, while

1026-586: Is not to be confused with fuel efficiency , since high efficiency often requires a lean fuel-air ratio, and thus lower power density. A modern high-performance car engine makes in excess of 75 kW/L (1.65 hp/in ). Reciprocating engines that are powered by compressed air, steam or other hot gases are still used in some applications such as to drive many modern torpedoes or as pollution-free motive power. Most steam-driven applications use steam turbines , which are more efficient than piston engines. The French-designed FlowAIR vehicles use compressed air stored in

1083-412: Is not true of every reciprocating engine), although power and fuel consumption are affected by many factors outside of engine displacement. Reciprocating engines can be characterized by their specific power , which is typically given in kilowatts per litre of engine displacement (in the U.S. also horsepower per cubic inch). The result offers an approximation of the peak power output of an engine. This

1140-427: Is popular for outboard marine applications due to its short engine length. In 1958, both Johnson and Evinrude introduced 70.7 cu in (1,159 cc) V4 outboards rated at 50 hp (37 kW) and weighing 200 lb (91 kg). By 1972, the same basic V4 block was producing more than double the horsepower in stock form because of the experience manufacturers gained from racing. In 1988, Yamaha introduced

1197-394: Is the fictitious pressure which would produce the same amount of net work that was produced during the power stroke cycle. This is shown by: where A p {\displaystyle A_{p}} is the total piston area of the engine, S {\displaystyle S} is the stroke length of the pistons, and V d {\displaystyle V_{d}}

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1254-459: Is the ratio of the diameter of the piston, or " bore ", to the length of travel within the cylinder, or "stroke". If this is around 1 the engine is said to be "square". If it is greater than 1, i.e. the bore is larger than the stroke, it is "oversquare". If it is less than 1, i.e. the stroke is larger than the bore, it is "undersquare". Cylinders may be aligned in line , in a V configuration , horizontally opposite each other, or radially around

1311-425: Is the total displacement volume of the engine. Therefore: Whichever engine with the larger value of MEP produces more net work per cycle and performs more efficiently. In steam engines and internal combustion engines, valves are required to allow the entry and exit of gases at the correct times in the piston's cycle. These are worked by cams, eccentrics or cranks driven by the shaft of the engine. Early designs used

1368-423: Is then fed through one or more, increasingly larger bore cylinders successively, to extract power from the steam at increasingly lower pressures. These engines are called compound engines . Aside from looking at the power that the engine can produce, the mean effective pressure (MEP), can also be used in comparing the power output and performance of reciprocating engines of the same size. The mean effective pressure

1425-558: Is typically a heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert high temperature and high pressure into a rotating motion . This article describes the common features of all types. The main types are: the internal combustion engine , used extensively in motor vehicles ; the steam engine , the mainstay of the Industrial Revolution ; and the Stirling engine for niche applications. Internal combustion engines are further classified in two ways: either

1482-452: The D slide valve but this has been largely superseded by piston valve or poppet valve designs. In steam engines the point in the piston cycle at which the steam inlet valve closes is called the cutoff and this can often be controlled to adjust the torque supplied by the engine and improve efficiency. In some steam engines, the action of the valves can be replaced by an oscillating cylinder . Internal combustion engines operate through

1539-420: The steam engine . These were followed by the Stirling engine and internal combustion engine in the 19th century. Today the most common form of reciprocating engine is the internal combustion engine running on the combustion of petrol , diesel , liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or compressed natural gas (CNG) and used to power motor vehicles and engine power plants . One notable reciprocating engine from

1596-462: The 2001 to current year models. The older seats were more firm than the newer "pillow top" seats. The older flat panel seats were used on the Midnight models with the addition of chrome studs along the sides. The seats on the Midnight model were changed to the unstudded pillow top design for the last half of 2006. This was the last year for the Midnight version of the S model. In 2000 Yamaha produced

1653-507: The 2013 year model. Though Yamaha revived the Venture name that it used on the 1983 to 1993 Venture Royale models, the Royal Star Venture shares little with its predecessor except for the time-proven, liquid-cooled V4 engine and shaft drive . It departs from the earlier sport touring styling in favor of a classically styled touring look. There are two basic models: standard and S. The standard model has brushed front forks while

1710-561: The French Grand Prix after just four laps, however, it later set a speed record of 164 km/h (102 mph). The first V4 engine used in production cars was the Lancia V4 engine that was first used in the 1922 Lancia Lambda . The Lancia engine was a narrow-angle design with an angle of 20 degrees between the banks and a single cylinder head with one overhead camshaft shared by both banks. It also used aluminium for both

1767-533: The Millennium Edition Royal Star Venture. That 2000 year model color was Pearl White/Ivory two-tone with tan coloured seats. Only 1,500 of these were produced and a serial numbered placard was placed on the rear of the trunk. The Royal Star Venture is a large motorcycle. Rider seat height is 29.5 inches (750 mm). It weighs 807 lb (366 kg) dry, which yields a weight of 869 lb (394 kg) with oil, coolant, and

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1824-601: The Royal Star Venture, again using a variation of the Venture power package. In 2005 it introduced the Royal Star Tour Deluxe, which is the Royal Star Venture without the fairing, radios or trunk. In 1985 Yamaha introduced the V-Max. The first generation V-Max engine was a modified version of the one used in the earlier 1198 cc version of the Venture Royale. The Vmax was equipped with the V-boost system that

1881-412: The S model has chromed front forks. The two models also have different paint colors. Each year the standard model color has changed. Some years the S model has retained the same color, though always different from the standard model. This is most noted in the "Midnight" version of the S model that featured Raven (black with silver metallic) paint. The 1999 and 2000 year models have different seat styles to

1938-517: The Taunus engine, the Essex also was a 60-degree V4 with water cooling, overhead valves, and designed for use in front-engined cars/vans. The Porsche 919 Hybrid LMP1 racing car used in the 2014–2017 seasons used a 2.0 L (122 cu in) 90-degree turbocharged V4 engine that was mid-mounted. One of the first motorcycles powered by a V4 engine was the 1931–1935 Matchless Silver Hawk built in

1995-540: The United Kingdom. The Silver Hawk used a narrow-angle 16-degree V4 engine with a single cylinder head, pushrod valve actuation, and air cooling. The 1936–1938 Puch P800 was built in Austria for both civilian and military uses. The P800 used a very wide-angle 170-degree V4 engine (therefore being close in appearance to a flat-four engine) with two cylinder heads and air cooling. V4 engines were used during

2052-549: The Ventures never received reported to add a full 20 horsepower to the Vmax offering. The Vmax sold in the US was equipped with a lower geared drive unit as well which gave it better acceleration but made it a feel a little "busy" on the freeway. The Royale model is the Venture with additional accessories and weight. The re-vamped, new look, Second Generation model was introduced in 1999 and was manufactured, largely unchanged, through

2109-489: The World War II era was the 28-cylinder, 3,500  hp (2,600 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major radial engine. It powered the last generation of large piston-engined planes before jet engines and turboprops took over from 1944 onward. It had a total engine capacity of 71.5 L (4,360 cu in), and a high power-to-weight ratio . The largest reciprocating engine in production at present, but not

2166-531: The block and head (which was unusual for the time). Lancia produced V4 engines until 1976, when they were replaced by flat-four engines. The 1960–1994 ZAZ Zaporozhets is a Soviet city-type car that used a rear-mounted V4 engine. This engine was based on the design used in the LuAZ-967 amphibious military vehicle. It featured air-cooling with a magnesium block and was produced in displacements from 0.7–1.2 L (43–73 cu in). The AMC Air-cooled 108

2223-477: The crankshaft. Opposed-piston engines put two pistons working at opposite ends of the same cylinder and this has been extended into triangular arrangements such as the Napier Deltic . Some designs have set the cylinders in motion around the shaft, such as the rotary engine . In some steam engines, the cylinders may be of varying size with the smallest bore cylinder working the highest pressure steam. This

2280-430: The cylinder either by ignition of a fuel air mixture ( internal combustion engine ) or by contact with a hot heat exchanger in the cylinder ( Stirling engine ). The hot gases expand, pushing the piston to the bottom of the cylinder. This position is also known as the bottom dead center (BDC), or where the piston forms the largest volume in the cylinder. The piston is returned to the cylinder top (top dead center) (TDC) by

2337-858: The fact they are more expensive than original (OEM), as they are serviceable and can be re-built if necessary. Overall length: 2,705 mm (106.5 in). Overall width: 900 mm (35 in). Overall height: 1,565 mm (61.6 in). Seat height: 750 mm (30 in). Wheelbase: 1,705 mm (67.1 in). Ground clearance: 155 mm (6.1 in). Minimum turning radius: 3,500 mm (140 in) Weight, with oil and fuel: 394 kg (869 lb) Fuel tank capacity: 22.5L (4.883 Imperial gallons. 5.94 US gallons). Fuel reserve amount: 3.5L (0.769 Imperial gallons. 0.92 US gallons). Radiator capacity (including all routes): 3.50L (3.079 Imperial quarts. 3.698 US quarts). Coolant reservoir capacity: 0.84L (0.739 Imperial quarts. 0.887 US quarts). V4 engine A V4 engine

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2394-469: The largest Wisconsin V4 engine was the VR4D with a displacement of 255 cu in (4.2 L) and a power output of 56.5 hp (42 kW) at 3000 rpm and a peak torque of 162 lb⋅ft (220 N⋅m) at 1250 rpm. The company produced V4 engines until 2019. In the mid-1940s, Turner Manufacturing in the United Kingdom produced a diesel water-cooled V4 engine for industrial and marine uses. This engine

2451-604: The largest ever built, is the Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C turbocharged two-stroke diesel engine of 2006 built by Wärtsilä . It is used to power the largest modern container ships such as the Emma Mærsk . It is five stories high (13.5 m or 44 ft), 27 m (89 ft) long, and weighs over 2,300 metric tons (2,535 short tons ; 2,264 long tons ) in its largest 14 cylinders version producing more than 84.42 MW (113,209 bhp). Each cylinder has

2508-422: The mid-to-late 1980s, especially in transverse-engined Honda motorcycles that had a 90-degree V4 engine with water cooling. The majority MotoGP manufacturers chose the V4 configuration for their bikes since 2020. These include: The reasons for this are that compared to traditional firing order inline four engines, V4 engines Another use of the V4 engine is in outboard motors for boats. The V4 configuration

2565-428: The model and year. The drive package on the Royal Star Venture includes a liquid-cooled 1,294 cc (79.0 cu in) (referred to as 1,300 cc) V4 engine fed by four carburetors - one per cylinder - primed by a manually operated push-pull choke. It has four valves per cylinder, overhead camshafts, and shim-over bucket valves. Bore x stroke is 79 mm × 66 mm (3.1 in × 2.6 in) with

2622-629: The more common inline-four engine layout, a V4 engine is much shorter. Although different V angles can be used, if the two pistons are at a 90° V-angle with shared crankpins, the engine also achieves a perfect primary balance and offers the additional advantage of better secondary balance that reduces vibration. The shorter crankshaft of the V4 engine is less susceptible to the effects of torsional vibration due to its increased stiffness and also because of fewer supports suffers less friction losses. Disadvantages of V4 engines include its design being inherently wider compared to inline-4 engines, as well as

2679-410: The ones most studied. The quantum versions obey the laws of thermodynamics . In addition, these models can justify the assumptions of endoreversible thermodynamics . A theoretical study has shown that it is possible and practical to build a reciprocating engine that is composed of a single oscillating atom. This is an area for future research and could have applications in nanotechnology . There are

2736-464: The pillion back rest. Volume automatically increases or decreases once the bike is mobile in order to compensate for road noise. The shock absorbers are air adjustable for pre-load to compensate for different loads. The bike has a large trunk and side panniers, all lockable with the ignition key. Two helmet locks, one on either side beneath the trunk, are also secured by the ignition key. The seats are either traditional flat panel, or pillow top depending on

2793-613: The requirement of two exhaust manifolds, two-cylinder heads, and two valvetrains (thus needing two sets of camshafts for overhead cam engines) rather than only one cylinder head, one manifold, one valvetrain, and one set of camshafts for an inline-four engine. Having two separate banks of components increases cost and complexity in comparison with inline four engines. Because V4 engines are wider than inline-four engines, incorporating auxiliary drives, inlet systems, and exhaust systems while maintaining an overall compact size may be more difficult like other V-type engines. In order to reduce width,

2850-505: The same sealed quantity of gas. The stroke is simply the distance between the TDC and the BDC, or the greatest distance that the piston can travel in one direction. In some designs the piston may be powered in both directions in the cylinder, in which case it is said to be double-acting . In most types, the linear movement of the piston is converted to a rotating movement via a connecting rod and

2907-409: The single rear caliper houses four pistons. Both front brakes are activated by the right hand lever. The rear brake is activated by the foot pedal on the right. A few minor changes have been made for the 2001 and later year models. The trunk bottom of the 1999 model had a tendency to crack, and the antennae could come loose and fall off. Both issues were fixed as warranty claims. Shock absorber design

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2964-407: The sliding piston and the walls of the cylinder so that the high pressure gas above the piston does not leak past it and reduce the efficiency of the engine. This seal is usually provided by one or more piston rings . These are rings made of a hard metal, and are sprung into a circular groove in the piston head. The rings fit closely in the groove and press lightly against the cylinder wall to form

3021-641: Was a 108 cu in (1.8 L) engine built from 1960 to 1963 for use in the lightweight M422 Mighty Mite military vehicle. The M422 developed was by American Motors Corporation (AMC) in the United States and specifically designed to be transported by helicopter. Beginning in the 1960s, Ford's European divisions produced two unrelated V4 engines. The first was the Ford Taunus V4 engine , produced in Germany from 1962 to 1981. The Taunus

3078-518: Was a 60-degree V4 engine with water cooling and overhead valves. Initially designed for use in front-engined cars, it was used in various Ford models and also used in the front-wheel-drive Saab 95 , Saab 96 , and Saab Sonett models. It was also used in the mid-engine Matra 530 sports car. The second Ford V4 engine was the Ford Essex V4 engine , produced in the United Kingdom from 1965 to 1977 and used in several Ford Corsair, Capri, Consul, Zephyr, and Transit models. Although designed separately from

3135-402: Was a key selling point. However, the car's V4 engine was replaced by a conventional inline-four engine by 1901. In the 1907 French Grand Prix , the car entered by J. Walter Christie used a 19,891 cc (1,214 cu in) V4 engine, the largest engine ever used in a Grand Prix race. The engine was mounted transversely in the front and the car was front-wheel drive. The car retired from

3192-594: Was changed slightly in 2005 to incorporate an elevated vent tube to prevent oil loss in the event of a tip-over. The factory-fitted mono shock has three-way damping, using a combination of internal coil spring, air and hydraulic fluid (oil). Air pressure is used to adjust the mono shock depending on the load at any time. The mono shock is a sealed unit and not able to be repaired or re-built if it fails. Such failures after relatively low mileage were common-place in early years and were replaced under warranty. Third party, after-market replacement units are popular with owners despite

3249-461: Was used in the 1949–1957 Turner Yeoman of England tractor. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries built the 4ZF , an air-cooled diesel-powered V4 engine used in the Type 73 armored personnel carrier and related Japanese military vehicles since 1973. [REDACTED] Media related to V4 engines at Wikimedia Commons Piston engine A reciprocating engine , also often known as a piston engine ,

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