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44-451: Yang Zengxin was born in Mengzi , Yunnan Province, in 1864. Though a Han Chinese , he had connections with the leading Muslim families of Yunnan. He was knowledgeable about Islam and Islamic culture. He passed the imperial examination and became a jinshi degree holder in 1899. Hezhou Prefecture Magistrate Yang Zengxin wrote an essay on Sufi menhuan dated 1897. In 1907 Xinjiang

88-466: A Nationalist advisory council designed to keep Xinjiang in check. Yang's death was avenged by Jin Shuren almost immediately. Lacking resources to oust Jin, Nanjing recognized his succession to the governorship. Ma Fuxing was appointed Titai of Kashgar from 1916 to 1924 by Yang, who ordered Ma Shaowu to assassinate Ma Fuxing in 1924. Ma Shaowu was then appointed Daotai of Kashgar . "The third reason

132-501: A border economic centre. In addition to tin, the county's natural resources include coal, manganese, lead, zinc, and antimony. When the Japanese invaded Beijing and Tianjin in the late 1930s, university professors, students, and administrators there were forced to leave and travel south to Changsha . Later as the Japanese pushed into Changsha, the academics made their own long march westward to Yunnan Province. There they established

176-877: A large delta of about 8,000 square kilometres (3,100 sq mi). The delta is situated between the Saryesik-Atyrau Desert and the Taukum Desert. An area of 9,766 km (3,771 sq mi) within the delta has been designated as a Ramsar Site . This site has 427 species of plants and 345 species of animals, including important populations of rare species ( Dalmatian pelican , goitered gazelle , marbled polecat , white-headed duck , red-breasted goose , ship sturgeon , and others). The delta has also become popular amongst anglers for its wels catfish , which can grow up to over 300 lb (140 kg). The Ili river ranks third in Kazakhstan after

220-592: A marked reduction in sunshine. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 34% in June and July to 64% in February, the city receives 2,161 hours of bright sunshine annually. The Mengzi region is well known for a dish called guoqiao mixian ("Over the Bridge Rice Noodle"), made with long rice-flour noodles. The history of Mengzi can be traced back to Western Han dynasty when Bengu County (贲古县)

264-469: A massive army of Hui Muslim troops, mainly from Jahriyya mosque communities. Muslim Gen. Ma Anliang , in cooperation with Yang, attempted to arrest and execute Yihewani ( Ikhwan in Arabic) leader Ma Wanfu . Ma Qi , one of Ma Anliang's subordinates, staged a rescue operation and brought Ma Wanfu to Xining. Ma Anliang and Yang Zengxin were both monarchists and did not trust republicanism, and had served in

308-560: A monarchy was the best system for China, and some western travelers noted — with approval— that Yang was a former Mandarin, unlike the Republican governors of the other provinces. Yang was made a Count of the First Rank ( 一等伯 ; Yī děng bó ) by Yuan Shikai during Hongxian era . In 1917, President Li Yuanhong assigned Fan Yaonan ( 樊耀南 ) to observe Yang and, if possible, replace him. Yang always recognized whichever faction

352-529: A people who are entirely without religion and who would harm them and mislead their women". During the Russian Civil War , Yang had a friendly stance towards the new Soviet state. In 1920–21, more than thirty thousand White Russians fled to Xianjiang. Some of them were disarmed and interned, other were offered a safe return, while others, those who fled to the Altai mountains, were persecuted with

396-585: A trading center, the city gradually began to lose its importance beginning from the early 20th century. The importance of Mengzi was ended by the construction of the French railway from Haiphong to Kunming (the Yunnan provincial capital) in 1906–10. This railway bypassed Mengzi, but in 1915 a branch line was built via the town to the Gejiu tin mines. Apart from a brief respite during the early days of World War II ,

440-561: Is a city in the southeast of Yunnan Province , China. Administratively, it is a county-level city and the prefectural capital of the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture , located about 243 kilometres (151 mi) southeast from Kunming , and 400 kilometres northwest from Hanoi , Vietnam . It is situated in the centre of a fertile valley basin on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau 1,310 metres (4,300 ft) above

484-535: Is that at the time that Turkic Muslims were waging rebellion in the early years of the Guangxu reign, the 'five elite divisions' that governor general Liu Jintang led out of the Pass were all Dungan troops [Hui dui 回队]. Back then, Dungan military commanders such as Cui Wei and Hua Dacai were surrendered troops who had been redeployed. These are undoubtedly cases of pawns who went on to achieve great merit. When Cen Shuying

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528-979: Is the Asiatic wild ass . The Ili River treaty of 638 AD formalized the division of the Western Turkic Kaganate (552–638 AD) into the Nushibi and the Dulu . It also established the Ili River as the border between the two states. In the 21st century, increasing need for water in both China and Kazakhstan makes the management of the cross-border Ili River a topic of concern for environmentalists and politicians in Kazakhstan (who feel that their country may not get enough water flowing in from China any more). The amount of precipitation in summer reaches 150–250 cubic metres (5,300–8,800 cu ft). On

572-577: Is the main watercourse of the Balkhash-Alakol Basin . The region of Kazakhstan partially drained by the Ili and its tributaries is known in Kazakh as Zhetysu ('Seven Rivers'). In Russian it is known as Semirechye (meaning the same). The Kapshagay Hydroelectric Power Plant was constructed between 1965 and 1970 near Kapchagay in the middle reaches of the Ili River. This currently comprises

616-453: Is usually taken to derive from Mongolian il ( ил , "open, clear, obvious") in reference to its wide central valley. It is also variously derived from Persian or Iranian terms meaning "big river" or "murky" in reference to the water's condition at the confluence of the Kunges and Tekes. Some Uyghur scholars derive it from Uyghur il ("hook") after the supposed similarity in

660-834: The Almaty Region in Kazakhstan. It is 1,439 kilometres (894 mi) long (including its source river the Tekes), 815 kilometres (506 mi) of which is in Kazakhstan. The river originates from the Tekes and Künes rivers in Eastern Tian Shan . The Ili drains the basin between the Tian Shan and the Borohoro Mountains . Flowing into Lake Balkhash , the Ili forms a large delta with vast wetland regions of lakes, marshes and vegetation. The river's name

704-528: The City of Gejiu in 2003. Since then, the city has witnessed a rapid urban and economic expansion with significant infrastructure projects. In 2010, Mengzi was elevated to a city administratively Real estate industry is pivotal sector of the city's economy. Recent policy developments have promoted economic growth, leading to substantial changes in the local industry structure and employment landscape. Honghe tram runs from Mengzi North railway station to

748-558: The Irtysh river and the Ural river in terms of water content. The Government of Kazakhstan plans to join the three sanctuaries Balkash, Karoy and Kukan (situated in the delta) into one National Park. Until 1948, the delta was a refuge of the extinct Caspian tiger . An introduction of the Siberian tiger to the delta has been proposed on account that it is a genetically close relative of

792-538: The Kapchagay Reservoir , an artificial 110 kilometres (70 mi) long lake north of Almaty . The Tamgaly-Tas, a protected site that comprises rock drawings , is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) downstream along the Ili River. The name Tamgaly in Kazakh means "painted" or "marked place", and Tas means "stone". The Ili River flows into the southeastern edge of Lake Balkhash , where it forms

836-546: The Southwest Associated Universities , also known as Lianda ( Chinese : 联大 ). The School of Arts and Law was located in Mengzi, but moved to the provincial capital of Kunming about half a year later. In 2003, the prefectural government of Honghe  [ zh ] moved from nearby Gejiu to Mengzi. New wealthy suburbs and large government offices have sprung up as a result, but much of

880-551: The Caspian tiger. A large population of wild boar , the main prey base of the Caspian tiger, can be still found in the delta. There is also a small population of roe deer. In the drier steppes to the south of the delta live saiga antelopes and goitered gazelles . Reintroduction of the Bactrian deer , another prey of the Caspian tiger, is currently under consideration. Another potential prey species considered to be reintroduced

924-655: The Ili's left tributary, the Tekes River, and the Qiapuqihai Hydropower Station ( 恰甫其海水电站 ) in Tokkuztara County ( 43°18′14″N 82°29′05″E  /  43.30389°N 82.48472°E  / 43.30389; 82.48472 ). There is also another smaller dam at 43°23′41″N 82°29′20″E  /  43.39472°N 82.48889°E  / 43.39472; 82.48889 , on the border of Tokkuztara and Künes Counties. The Ili

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968-650: The Northern Vietnam. Under the terms of these treaties, foreigners were allowed to reside and trade in Mengzi. Accordingly, the foreign-operated Imperial Maritime Customs Service established its office just outside the eastern city gate of Mengzi in 1899. Communications were inconvenient: goods from Hanoi or Haiphong were shipped to Hekou on the Vietnamese border by junk, transferred by small craft to Manhao , and then taken 60 km (37 mi) by pack animal to Mengzi. Despite these difficulties, Mengzi

1012-634: The Qing military together. Yang came to power after he defeated the revolutionaries who caused the last Qing dynasty governor, Yuan Dahua , to flee during the Xinhai Revolution in Xinjiang . The Ili revolutionaries (Yili uprising and Dihua uprising) and the Gelaohui in Xinjiang were eliminated by Yang. He appointed Ma Fuxing military commander of 2,000 Chinese Muslim troops, whose purpose

1056-581: The Xinjiang military and government under Yang. A Tungani (Hui) was the military commander at Khotan in 1920. On July 1, 1928, he recognized the Nationalist Government in Nanjing . Six days later he was killed in a coup attempt by Fan Yaonan during a banquet. Fan had risen high in Yang's regime, but Yang never trusted him. The motive seemed to be Yang's denial of the pro-Nationalist Fan to

1100-540: The city center. Honghe Mengzi Airport in Mengzi is under construction. Mengzi is an ancient city in Yunnan, with a long history dating back thousands of years. It is home to numerous historic sites, though many of its splendid structures were damaged or destroyed primarily during the Taiping Rebellion and the Cultral Revolution in 1960s . The following lists some of the prominent sites in

1144-660: The city. Ili River The Ili River ( Uyghur : ئىلى دەرياسى , Или Дәряси , Ili Dəryasi ; Kazakh : Ile ; Russian : Или ; Chinese : 伊犁河 , Yīlí Hé ; Dungan : Йили хә , اِلِ حْ ; Mongolian : Или мөрөн , Ili Mörön ) is a river in Northwest China and Southeastern Kazakhstan . It flows from the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region to

1188-480: The core of the rainy season and reach a minimum in December; however, the warmest and coolest months are June and December, respectively at 23.2 °C (73.8 °F) and 12.3 °C (54.1 °F); the annual mean is 18.65 °C (65.6 °F). June thru September accounts for over 60% of the annual rainfall of 857 mm (33.7 in) and during this time, some rainfall occurs on a majority of days, resulting in

1232-599: The help from the Red Army . He recognised Russian economic dominance in Xinjiang, while concluding a provisional trade deal which established Soviet consulates in the Ili Valley and two Chinese consulates in Semipalatinsk and Verkhne-Udinsk . The Chinese government initially denied the impacts of the unrecognised agreement, but later accepted it. In 1924, Soviet economic advantages over Xinjiang were expanded by

1276-638: The new agreement, which also established Soviet consulates in Ürümqi , Kulja , Chuguchak , Shara-Sume and Kashgar , in return, Chinese consulates were opened in Semipalatinsk, Tashkent , Alma-Ata , Zaysan and Andijan . As of 1927, these Chinese officials acted independently from the Chinese government, following instead orders from Ürümqi. Yang relied heavily on Hui people—Chinese Muslims—to enforce his rule in Xinjiang. They were disliked by both Han and Uighurs because they had high positions within

1320-467: The poverty remains, creating a large wealth gap within the city. In 2012, 11-14 thousand year old early human bones from Maludong near Mengzi City (some of them already in museum collections) were reported. These are provisionally known as the Red Deer Cave people . Mengzi is twinned with: Mengzi used to be a medium-sized county town before the prefectural government reloacted there from

1364-423: The region forms part of Xinjiang's Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture . The main city of the region, Yining (Kulja), is located on the northern side of the river (about 100 kilometres (62 mi) upstream from the international border). Until the early 1900s, the city was commonly known under the same name as the river, 伊犁 ( Pinyin : Yīlí ; Wade-Giles : Ili ). Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County in located on

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1408-861: The river as their Jayhoun ( Amu Darya )." The upper Ili Valley is separated from the Dzungarian Basin in the north by the Borohoro Mountains, and from the Tarim Basin in the south by the Tian Shan . This region was the stronghold of the Qing administration in Xinjiang in the late 18th and 19th centuries. It was occupied by Russia from 1871 to 1881 (from the Yaqub Beg rebellion until the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881) ). Presently,

1452-551: The river's shape. Tourist websites sometimes claim the name descends from a Mongolian word meaning "shimmering". Mentions of Ili river can be traced back to the Mahmud al-Kashgari 's dictionary of Turkic languages, the Dīwānu l-Luġat al-Turk (written in 1072–74). In the book, the author defines it in the following way: "Ili, the name of a river. Turkic tribes of Yaghma , Tokhsi and Chiglig live on its banks. Turkish countries regard

1496-415: The sea level and was home to about 590,300 inhabitants as of 2021 census. Mengzi was formerly Mengzi County ( 蒙自县 ) until October 2010, when it was upgraded to a county-level city . Mengzi is the core area of South Yunnan Central City Cluster, which is officially regarded as the political, economic, cultural, and military centre of South Yunnan. A widely accepted statement is that the name "Mengzi" (蒙自)

1540-695: The southern side, which is home to many of China's Xibe people (who resettled there in the 18th century as part of the Manchu Garrison). There are at least two dams on the Ili's tributary, the Kash River ( 喀什河 ), in Nilka County , at 43°51′40″N 82°50′52″E  /  43.86111°N 82.84778°E  / 43.86111; 82.84778 and 43°51′14″N 82°48′08″E  /  43.85389°N 82.80222°E  / 43.85389; 82.80222 . At least two dams have been constructed on

1584-640: The spelling Mêng-tse or Mengtsze . The municipal seat is in Guanlan Subdistrict. At present, Mengzi City has 5 subdistricts, 4 towns, 2 townships and 2 ethnic townships. Located within 30 arc minutes south of the Tropic of Cancer , Mengzi, as with much of southern Yunnan, has a warm humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cwa ), with muddled distinction between the seasons and daytime temperatures remaining warm year-round. Highs peak in May before

1628-452: The town of Mengzi has, nevertheless, steadily declined in importance ever since. Gejiu became a county in 1913, and a city in 1951. With the improvement of communications and transportation between cities of Gejiu and Kaiyuan and the other counties nearby, plus the development of trade between southwestern China and the countries of Southeast Asia, Mengzi's ties have increasingly strengthened with Gejiu and Kaiyuan. The whole area has become

1672-510: Was an important port of entry into both Yunnan and western Guizhou provinces, and in 1889 it was opened to foreign trade as a treaty port. Throughout the late 19th and early 20th century, Mengzi was a major trading center for commerce between the interior of Yunnan and the Tonkin. Most of this foreign trade was in tin and opium. Its main exports were tin and opium , and the main imports were mostly textiles (primarily cotton ) and tobacco . As

1716-474: Was founded ( 109 B.C. ), which was currently the area of Xin'ansuo , Mengzi. Not until in 1276 ( Yuan dynasty ), Mengzi county was formerly founded, which can be regarded as the prototype of the modern Mengzi City. In 1886, following the war between France and the Qing China, a series of treaties designated Mengzi as a trade port in Yunnan province for the import and export of goods via Tonkin , currently

1760-700: Was in charge of military affairs in Yunnan, the Muslim troops and generals that he used included many rebels, and it was because of them that the Muslim rebellion in Yunnan was pacified. These are examples to show that Muslim troops can be used effectively even while Muslim uprisings are still in progress. What is more, since the establishment of the Republic, Dungan have demonstrated not the slightest hint of errant behaviour to suggest that they may prove to be unreliable." Mengzi County Mengzi ( Chinese : 蒙自 ; pinyin : Méngzì ; Hani : Maoqziif Siif )

1804-553: Was in power in the Beiyang government to avoid trouble. His rule kept the region relatively peaceful, compared to other parts of China which were war-torn . However, he ruled dictatorially and executed many dissidents. Taxes for Kazakhs, Uighurs and other minorities were lowered. People were forbidden to abuse minorities, and he warned his Muslim subjects on the Soviet Russians, saying, "Beware of associating themselves with

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1848-536: Was originated from Muze Mountain (now named as Lianhua Mountain) located in the west of Mengzi and now belongs to Gejiu . In Yi language, Muze Mountain means a towering mountain. As with many other places in China, a variety of Romanized spellings were used for the name of Mengzi city in the past. The traditional French spelling was Mongtseu ; the postal , Mengtsz , Mengtzu or Mongtze . Some works in English used

1892-602: Was to crush Yang's rivals. In 1913 the revolt of Tömür Khälphä in Qumul was crushed by Yang with the help of the Turpan-based Ma Yuanzhang 's religious representative "ra'is" Jin Yunlun ( 金云仑 ). President Yuan Shikai recognized Yang's rule and in return he supported Yuan's revival of the monarchy by inviting Republican anti-Yuan rebels to a banquet and decapitating them on New Year's Day , 1916. Yang believed

1936-402: Was where the Qing assigned Yang Zengxin. He effectively fabricated Xinjiang's boundaries in its modern form by having the posts of Altay minister, Tarbagatai councilor and Ili general destroyed and having their self-rule directly to Beijing removed. Ma Yuanzhang , a Sufi Jahriyya Shaykh , gave his support to Yang Zengxin to seize power in Xinjiang. This enabled Yang to immediately raise

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