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45-520: The main peak of North Yandang, Baigangjian ( 百 岗 尖 ; Bǎigǎng Jiān ; 'Hundred-Peak Point'), rises 1,150 m (3,770 ft) above sea level There is a radar station on the peak, which is closed to the public. In 2004, Yandangshan became National Geological Park and in the beginning of 2005, a member of Global Geoparks Network , with total area of 450 km (170 sq mi). The Yandangshan National Forest Park has an area of 841 hectares (2,080 acres), covering Mt. Yandang. Mt. Yandang

90-419: A " 5A scenic area " in 2007, up from "4A" before. A number of touristic attractions, or "scenic spots", have been develop around Mt. Yandang, the most famous being: The great majority of domestic tourists only visit the key scenic areas, which can get very crowded, and not all development has been kind to the surroundings. However, areas outside the formally developed scenic spots can be quite serene. Mt. Yandang

135-574: A "national network for geoparks." If it exists in a member nation all geoparks of the regional network in that nation as well as the global network must also belong to it. Some of the networks from which UNESCO national geoparks might be chosen are World Heritage Sites , Agenda 21 , Man and the Biosphere Programme . UNESCO also provides a list of recommended geosite types, such as "minerals and mineral resources," "fossils," etc. The national networks (one for each nation) are intended as

180-464: A European Geopark is to bring enhanced employment opportunities for the people who live there." Today the geopark is virtually synonymous with the UNESCO geopark, which is defined and managed under the voluntary authority of UNESCO's International Geoscience and Geoparks Programme (IGGP). UNESCO provides a standard for geoparks and a certification service to territories that apply for it. The service

225-417: A candidate geopark. It has not yet been certified as belonging to a regional or the global UNESCO geopark network. It has been "already inscribed" as a member of some other network; that is, "national geopark" is a sort of floating candidacy that can be attached to any other parkland of interest, after which attachment the parkland qualifies for the designation of geopark. The candidates so designated are termed

270-475: A contradiction in terms. Geoparks are international. What the Declaration meant was, if a potentially international type of site (a possible geosite) existed within the candidate park's country, the park must belong to it before it can apply to the regional network. This type was dubbed an NGN. Its sites could then be included under the geopark umbrella by being candidates for the international network. In 2014

315-627: A floruit of international exploration, scientific research, and park-building in the later 19th century, the world wars represent a sharp decline of conservation and tourism, as the goals of war are opposite those of peace. Even the League of Nations , predecessor of the United Nations , did not unite. The last world war saw the irrecoverable destruction of national heritages and the terrible misuse of science. The United Nations and its and educational, scientific, and cultural branch, UNESCO , heir to

360-403: A geopark, and is removed from connection with or concern by UNESCO. To reapply, it must start the application over. Recertified geoparks do not have to keep the same borders; only a portion may be recertified. 5A scenic area AAAAA ( Chinese : 国家5A级旅游景区 ; pinyin : Guójiā Wǔ "A" jí Lǚyóu Jǐngqū ) is awarded to the most important and best-maintained tourist attractions in

405-712: A later regional fault. Yandangshan volcano erupted in four episodes. The mountain consists of various igneous rocks : ignimbrite , rhyolite , syenite and tuff . The mountain shows often conspicuous layering corresponding to the four different episodes of eruptions, giving rise to terrace-like structures where flatter, forested areas are separated by vertical cliffs. Mt. Yandang is mostly covered by deciduous and evergreen forests, mixed with some Cunninghamia . Drier ridges can be dominated by small pine trees. There are also some bamboo grooves. Lower slopes and valleys are used for agricultural purposes, for example for growing tea, or as fruit gardens. Herbs and mushrooms collected from

450-476: A member of an independent network of geoparks that has agreed with UNESCO to provide candidates for the global network. All members of the regional network are a priori members of a national geopark network. They are also members of the global network if they are certified for it. A regional geopark would not be a global geopark if it has not yet been certified as such or its certification has lapsed and it has applied for recertification (Yellow Card status). A region

495-470: A region. The United States and Israel resigned from UNESCO in 2018 because they believed that UNESCO is anti-Israel, though the US re-joined in 2023. Canadian geoparks according to the rules must belong to a regional network before they can apply for global status, but there is none, and may not be any in the foreseeable future. UNESCO therefore treating Canada as a special case allows the national geoparks network,

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540-400: A single application, which is submitted by both to the regional and global networks. Both member nations must endorse the park. The management bodies in each nation must collaborate to establish a single set of activities and strategies for the entire park. They can appoint either two collaborating managements or one management. The certified transnational geoparks are: A regional geopark is

585-401: A smattering of "Earth" words ever since. Geo-logia is a relative newcomer, in mediaeval Latin "the study of earthly things" (such as law) in contrast to divine things. It was preempted to refer to the 18th century topics of fossils and rock stratification. Most geo-compounds come from the 19th and early 20th century. Geo- means "Earth" rather than "geological," which would be redundant. After

630-402: A transnational geopark. A certification is good for four years, after which it must be certified again. In the language of certification, a recertified global geopark is termed a "green-card geopark." If a geopark fails recertification it is given two years to pass, in which it is a "yellow-card geopark." After two years if it is still unrecertified it is a "red-card geopark;" that is, no longer

675-408: Is a protected area with internationally significant geology within which sustainable development is sought and which includes tourism, conservation, education and research concerning not just geology but other relevant sciences. In 2005, a European Geopark was defined as being: "a territory with a particular geological heritage and with a sustainable territorial development....the ultimate aim of

720-542: Is a Buddhist temple located on Mt. Yandang, in the Lingfeng Peaks scenic area. The temple lies between two rock peaks leaning against each other such that a big crack-like cave is formed; the peaks are together known as the "Holding Palms Peak". The cave is 100 metres high, with the cave bottom sloping steeply up. The temple follows this natural structure and has nine levels (floors), with the Guanyin shrine occupying

765-603: Is a single mountain, but the name of the scenic area changes on the border. Yangjiaodong ( Chinese : 羊角洞 ) is the Wenzhou half, and Fangshan ( Chinese : 方山 ) the Taizhou one. South Yandang is a "4A scenic area" and consists of five scenic spots near Nanyanzhen town in Pingyang County . East and West Caves are the most famous sights. The total area of the scenic area is 169 km. Geopark A geopark

810-489: Is also increasingly popular as a hiking area for urbanites. Mt. Yandang can be accessed using the Yandangshan Railway Station on the fast railway track between Ningbo and Wenzhou . Middle Yandang Scenic Area is a " 4A scenic area " in south of Yueqing County. The total area of the scenic area is 93 km. Yangjiaodong/Fangshan Scenic Area is on the border between Wenzhou and Taizhou. This

855-668: Is also reported to live in Yandang Mountains. Yandang Mountains have been considered as one of the areas where South China tiger might still persist, but there is no positive evidence and the species is considered functionally extinct in the wild. Yandang Mountains are dotted with temples and shrines, many of them with long history. Most of them were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution , but many have been rebuilt. Guanyin Temple (or Avalokitesvara Temple)

900-486: Is an extensive network of official tourist paths, clearings for fire-prevention, and unofficial paths used by the local people for collecting resources from the mountains; nevertheless, because of the steep terrain, some parts are difficult to access. Whatever wildlife survives tends to be very elusive. Notable inhabitants of Yandang Mountains include Cabot's tragopan , a nationally protected species in China. Chinese pangolin

945-619: Is anti-Israel. The UNESCO Global Geoparks Network co-ordinates the activities of the many UNESCO Global Geoparks (UGGp's) around the world. It is divided into regional networks, such as the European Geoparks Network . The EGN historically preceded the UGGN, being founded in 2000 with the first four geoparks. It joined with UNESCO in 2001 and in 2005 agreed in the Madonie Declaration to be a regional network of

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990-624: Is available to member states of UNESCO . The list of members is not the same as the member states of the United Nations . Membership in the UN does not automatically imply membership of UNESCO, even though UNESCO is part of the UN. Both lists have about 193 member nations, but not exactly the same 193. The UN list covers most of the geopolitical world, but the UNESCO list lacks Israel, for example, which resigned in 2018 because they believed UNESCO

1035-413: Is known for its natural environment, arising from its vertical rock faces and pinnacles, mountain slopes with forests and bamboo groves, streams, waterfalls and caves. The area also hosts several temples and shrines, many of them with a long history; characteristic of the temples is that many of them are built inside caves or in mouths of caves. Yandang Mountains were formed through volcanic activity during

1080-620: Is more than one country. A current list of accepted regions is: Canada has some geoparks. The most logical regional classification for these might have been the "North American Regional Geopark Network," following a proposed continental tradition for geopark regions. However, the United States does not have any geoparks, and Mexico is covered under Latin America. There are no other nations in North America that can be combined into

1125-418: Is no longer open to the process of innovation through word production. It has been defined by various organizations in the field of earth science . An essential element of the definition is that a geopark must be branded as part of an international geopark network. A national park is not necessarily a geopark. For example, the United States has a system of national parks, but none of them are geoparks. Canada, on

1170-477: Is not possible to discover what individuals first innovated the words. Authors such as Farsani can only state the groups among which they were thought to be first current. The term “geopark” was apparently first used to describe a newly instituted park in the west Vulkaneifel district of the Eifel Mountains of Rhineland-Palatinate , Germany. The region had tended to be economically depressed due to

1215-439: Is well known in most modern languages it is especially amenable to word production, the impromptu manufacture of words of self-evident meaning. Geopark and all its associated new geo- words began as produced neologisms but are fast becoming legitimate scientific compounds. Produced words are often open to interpretation: they mean whatever the writer intended them to mean or whatever the reader interpreted them to mean. Eventually

1260-528: The Cretaceous period c.  100 -120 million years (Ma) ago. Similar igneous rocks are widespread in SE China, forming a ~400 km (250 mi) wide and ~2,000 km (1,200 mi) long belt of volcanic-intrusive complexes. Yandangshan caldera is a round volcanic ‐ intrusive complex with a diameter of 13 square kilometers (5.0 sq mi), of which the north-east part was destroyed by

1305-840: The Forbidden City and Summer Palace . Additional batches of additional sites have been added including 20 new 5A sites in February 2017. On rare occasions, a few locations have been downgraded from the highest rating category for deficiencies in visitor experience. Tourist sites found deficient by the China National Tourism Administration (merged into the Ministry of Culture and Tourism in 2018) have lost their 5A accreditation due to deficiencies in visitor experience. In 2015, Shanhai Pass in Hebei

1350-624: The People's Republic of China , given the highest level in the rating categories used by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism . As of 2020, there are 279 tourist attractions listed as 5A. The origins of the rating system for tourist attractions are based on criteria first set out in 1999 by the China National Tourism Administration (predecessor to the current Ministry of Culture and Tourism) and revised in 2004. The criteria include quality and management factors like ease of transportation links, site safety, cleanliness, etc., and also takes into account

1395-530: The Canadian Geoparks Network, to give global and green card certification. A regionalization based strictly on continents did not turn out to be practical for other regions also. A global geopark is one that has been certified to the fullest extent, and is therefore a member of UNESCO's global network of geoparks. It is per se also a member of a regional geopark network and also a member of a national geopark network, if its nation has one, or

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1440-510: The League's International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation , both founded in 1945 to do a better job at peace-keeping and cooperation, were at first hindered by the Cold War . As it manifestly drew to an end in the 1970's, and the countries of east Europe would be open once more, UNESCO began to be more effective, formulating organizations to respond to a growing demand for the protection of

1485-600: The UGGps, which had been created by UNESCO in 2004. The Madonie Declaration of 2004, which was signed by Nikolas Zouros for the EGN and Wolfgang Eder for UNESCO, established what was later called a "bottom up" system of precedence. An applicant geopark must first be a member of the EGN before applying to the UGGN. Furthermore, another level was created, the National Geoparks Network, which at first glance seems

1530-438: The bottom level of the bottom-up system. They support national conservation, education, cultural development, research, as well as economic sustainability. There is some effort to control conflict of mandate; for example, Fossils are not allowed to be sold, which practice would favor sustainability, but work against conservation. For some geoparks, such as Sitia geopark (east Crete), the conflict between geotourist development and

1575-426: The conservation of archaeological sites is a severe one, reaching the law courts. As with the other levels of geopark, the parks are subject to review for recertification every four years. A transnational geopark crosses a national border to extend continuously in two member nations. The park must belong to two national geoparks, one in each nation, and one regional geopark. Both national geoparks collaborate to prepare

1620-419: The creation of other regions besides the EGN was allowed and encouraged, permitting geoparks to fulfill their declared global nature. Ge- or geo- is a word-formative prefix derived from the ancient Greek word for "Earth." Due to the use of ancient Greek and Latin words to form international scientific vocabulary , geo- might appear in any modern language of any type by the process of compounding . Since geo-

1665-457: The heritage that was left. The current round of innovation to which geo-park belongs dates to the last decades of the 20th century and the first of the 21st, although it may not be over yet. They began as marketing terms in the vending of what Farsani calls "sustainable tourism," characterizing it as "a new niche market," the key words being, in addition to geopark, geotourism , geoheritage , geosite , geoconservation , and geodiversity . It

1710-564: The highest, most hidden section of the cave. The temple was first built in 265. North Yandangshan, in the geographic sense, contains three scenic areas, Yangjiaodong/Fangshan, Middle Yandangshan and North Yandang, the latter commonly referred to as the Yandangshan, the most famous of the scenic areas in the Yandang Mountains. North Yandang Scenic Area is centered on Mt. Yandang and has an area of 450 km (170 sq mi). China's National Tourism Administration rated North Yandang as

1755-617: The mountain are sold locally. A number of plant and animal species have been named after Mt. Yandang. A species of sedge, Carex yandangshanica , has been described from Mt. Yandang and two other mountainous locations in Zhejiang . Mt. Yandang has also given its name to Cyclosorus yandangensis , a marsh fern, and Arachniodes yandangshanensis , a holly fern. Among animal species, a mite Eustigmaeus yandangensis has been named after Mt. Yandang, but this has been challenged. Yandang Mountains are everywhere influenced by human activity; there

1800-421: The other hand, has several. A geopark network requires the branding of an international scientific association. They only brand protected areas that meet certain standards, as presented above. The branding has no effect on the previous status of an area. It might already have been other types of park, such as a national park. If the geopark branding is removed, it is still those other types of park. No matter what

1845-406: The park as a geopark, without which certification they cannot be scientific geoparks. The overall qualification, therefore, is that they must be certified as geoparks by the accepted international organizations. No certification, no geopark. The innovation of geo-compounds is neither new or recent, the most ancient perhaps being the geo-metria, "earth measurement," of ancient Greece. There have been

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1890-467: The preference of buyers and sellers for markets in nearby France. They did have a noted geological asset: a now dormant forested volcanic range. The land shows evidence of ancient volcanos, including crater lakes, mineral springs, and pipe formations. The place also abounds in fossils. Although of interest to scientists and hikers, the terrain was generally regarded as a liability, some 19th-century plans even having been made to fill lakes. The word geopark

1935-443: The type, management, the exercise of authority over the area, is always national; the scientific organizations have no sovereignty; they are simply advisory and certifying agencies guided by decisions made at international conventions. A "national geopark" is a post de facto designation by UNESCO of a "geographical area" or a transnational geographical area already known to be "of international, regional, and/or national importance" as

1980-406: The uniqueness and recognition of the sightseeing offers. Tourist attractions were graded according to the criteria on a scale initially from A to AAAA with AAAAA or 5As added on later as the highest rating. A group of 66 tourist attractions was certified as the first set of AAAAA rated tourist attractions in 2007. The first batch included many of the most iconic historical sites in China including

2025-424: The word receives a common understanding that can be dictionary-defined. "Geopark" is right at that point. Henriques and Brilha, after listing four interpretations not to be allowed now, cite features that must be present in the application of "geopark:" a development plan, a geoheritage, conservation, and sustainability. These are features that must receive the credibility of the international organizations certifying

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