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60-555: The city of Veliko Tarnovo , situated on several hills overlooking the river along its middle course, served as the capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire in the 12–14th centuries, and remains and important cultural, economic and tourist center in Bulgaria. Another major city on the river is Gabrovo , an early education and industrial hub of the country. The Yantra takes its source at an altitude of 1,220 m on

120-528: A deep, densely forested and ravine-like valley throughout that section. At the village of Manastiritsa the river turns west, and upstream of the town of Strazhitsa  — southwest, and its valley widens. It flows into the Stara reka at an altitude of 66 m close to Kesarevo . Its drainage basin covers a territory of 864 km or 35.5% of the Stara reka's total. High water is in March–June and low water

180-1009: A territory of 7,862 km or 0.96% of the Danube's total and borders the basins of the Osam and the Barata to the west, the Rusenski Lom and the Kamchiya to the east and northeast, and the Tundzha of the Maritsa drainage to the south of the Balkan Mountain's main water divide. Its river basin is the fifth largest in Bulgaria by area, after those of the Maritsa, the Struma , the Iskar and

240-593: Is 4 m/s at Gabrovo, 11.9 m/s at Veliko Tarnovo, 36.8 m/s at Karantsi and 47 m/s at the mouth. Since the Yantra is prone to floods, its lower left bank in the Danubian Plain is protected with dikes. The whole river course is included in the European Union network of nature protection areas Natura 2000 under the code Yantra BG0000610 A total of 64 fish species have been recorded from

300-516: Is a city in north central Bulgaria and the administrative centre of Veliko Tarnovo Province . It is the historical and cultural capital of Bulgaria. Often referred to as the " City of the Tsars ", Veliko Tarnovo is located on the Yantra River and is famously known as the historical capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire , attracting many tourists with its unique architecture. The old part of

360-472: Is from 1921 by Dimitar Bagrilov. Veliko Tarnovo has an area of 60.9 square kilometres (23.5 sq mi). The area which is assigned to the town is 30.379 square kilometres (11.729 sq mi). It is located on the river Yantra . The town has always had a strategic position. It is located on main roads which connect West Balkans with Black Sea and East Europe with Middle East. In the East and North-East

420-695: Is in July–October. The river flows in Targovishte and Veliko Tarnovo Provinces . Significant sections of the river between the Yastrebino Reservoir and Manastiritsa serve as the border between Antonovo and Popovo Municipalities , and further downstream between the two provinces. Since the river flows in a deep valley, there are only three settlements along its course: the village of Gorsko Selo in Omurtag Municipality , and

480-482: Is known to have had Armenian , Jewish and Roman Catholic ("Frankish") merchant quarters, besides a dominant Bulgarian population. The discovery of three Gothic heads of statuettes indicates there may have also been a Catholic church. The political upsurge and spiritual development of Tarnovo were halted when the Ottoman Empire captured the city on 17 July 1393. The siege lasted for three months, with

540-574: Is located in the old part of Veliko Tarnovo, in the so-called "Bolyarska mahala", on a small square in the old part of the city. It was built on the old church of the Nativity of the Mother of God. Opposite it is the building of the Metropolitan of Veliko Tarnovo. Metropolitans Clement, Sophronius and Antim are buried in the porch of the church. According to legal practice, this temple was built on

600-641: Is located the Etar Architectural-Ethnographic Complex , an open-air museums featuring the architecture, way of life and economy of region during the Bulgarian National Revival . In Gabrovo, a city renown for the humour, the statue of its legendary founders Racho the Blacksmith was placed on a rock in the Yantra, so that the residents would not waste money on flowers on the monument. Further upstream

660-641: Is located the historic village of Arbanasi . In the Middle Ages those condemned to death were thrown from Tsarevets to the Yantra gorge below; a renown victim was the Bulgarian Patriarch Joachim III , who was thrown in the Yantra on orders of Emperor Theodore Svetoslav in 1300. The Transfiguration Monastery is situated over the left bank of the river in the Dervent Gorge some 7 km north of Veliko Tarnovo. Close to

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720-566: Is one of the oldest settlements in Bulgaria, with a history of more than five millennia. The first traces of human presence, dating from the 3rd millennium BC, were discovered on Trapezitsa Hill . Tarnovo was a stronghold of the First Bulgarian Empire . A number of coins, specimens and ceramics from the First Bulgarian State were found on the hills on which the capital city of Tarnovgrad stretched. The city

780-623: Is prevalent in the Balkan Mountains and the fore-Balkan, rain in the Danubian Plain and underground karst water in the fore-Balkan. High water is in March–June in the Balkan Mountains due to the snow melt while in the Danubian Plain it is in January–June; low water is in August–October. During the spring high water comes about 70–80% of the total annual discharge , while during the autumn low water come 9–10%. The average annual discharge

840-503: Is the work of the artist Theophanes Sokerov. The murals were completed in 1985. The church dates from the late Middle Ages and was painted by Greek artists. It was reconstructed in the 17th century when Gavril was Metropolitan of Veliko Tarnovo. Church of Saints Constantine and Helena is the last church build by Kolyu Ficheto . The Cathedral Church Nativity of the Mother of God is an Orthodox church in Veliko Tarnovo. It

900-698: The Asen dynasty . Old Tarnovo would serve as the capital. Veliko Tarnovo, originally Tarnovgrad (Търновград), grew quickly to become the strongest Bulgarian fortification and most prosperous city during the second half of the High and the Late Middle Ages and also most important political, economic, cultural and religious centre of the empire. In the 14th century, the city was described by Bulgarian cleric Gregory Tsamblak as "a very large city, handsome and surrounded by walls, with 12,000 to 15,000 inhabitants".,

960-657: The Middle Ages , the town was among the main European centres of culture and gave its name to the architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School , painting of the Tarnovo Artistic School , and to literature. Veliko Tarnovo is an important administrative, economic, educational, and cultural centre of Northern Bulgaria . The most widespread theory for the name's origin holds that its original names of Tarnovgrad (Търновград) and Tarnovo (Търново) come from

1020-572: The Old Bulgarian тръневъ ( tranev ) or тръновъ ( tranov ), meaning "thorny". The suffix "grad" means "city" in Bulgarian and in many Slavic languages . In 1965, the word велико ( veliko ), meaning "great", was added to the original name in honour of the town's status as an old capital of Bulgaria. This also helps distinguish it from the town of Malko Tarnovo . In Ottoman Turkish, it was called طرنوه (Modern Turkish: Tırnova). The anthem of

1080-604: The Rumelia Eyalet , in the Silistria Eyalet , and finally in the Danube Vilayet . Tarnovgrad, along with the rest of present-day Bulgaria, remained under Ottoman rule until the 19th century, when national identity and culture reasserted themselves as a strengthening resistance movement. The goal of the establishment of an independent Bulgarian church and nation motivated the 1875 and 1876 uprisings in

1140-649: The American college, Arcus. The city has five primary schools, named "St. Patriarch Euthymius" (since 1969), "Dimitar Blagoev", "Petko R. Slaveykov" and "Bacho Kiro". The schools educate students from ages 6 to 14. The subjects are Bulgarian language , math , biology , chemistry , physics , music, art, and others. The most popular sports include football , volleyball , basketball and handball , among others. Beginning with their first class, children learn English, and after four years they can study languages such as Russian, French, German, and Italian. More than 90% of

1200-564: The Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) by the end of the 1940s. A number of its churches and private enterprises were closed, while the major industries were nationalized. In the early 1950s, the city underwent an intensive process of urbanization, expanding to the west. From the same period also dates the idea of creating a large urban area in Northern Bulgaria encompassing the neighboring city of Veliko Tarnovo and

1260-596: The Bulgarian Patriarch Evtimiy leading the defence. Three years later, the Ottomans conquered the entire Bulgarian Empire. Bulgarian resistance against Ottoman rule remained centred in Tarnovo (then known as Tırnova ) until the end of the 17th century. Two major anti-Ottoman uprisings – in 1598 and in 1686 – started in the city. Tarnovo was consecutively a district ( sanjak ) capital in

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1320-633: The Holy land . The rebellion of the brothers Asen and Peter against the Byzantines, which led to the restoration of the Bulgarian state in 1186 , was announced in this church . In the Church of Saints Peter and Paul the relics of St. John of Polivotsky were transferred to the church by Tsar Kaloyan in the capital city of Turnovo in 1204. Subsequently, a monastery complex was formed around the church. It

1380-555: The Lord for all people. Year 1836. It is assumed that this epigraphic monument was probably erected in 1849, after the great earthquake. Golyama reka The Golyama reka ( Bulgarian : Голяма река ) is a 75 km-long river in northern Bulgaria , a right tributary of the Stara reka , itself a right tributary of the river Yantra of the Danube basin. It is the largest tributary of

1440-762: The Motela dam, and Veliko Tarnovo Hills is being built on it. There are about 50 caves and rock niches around Veliko Tarnovo. They are formed in limestones from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. They are located mainly around the Arbanassi hill and the rock crown in the Dervent gorge. Veliko Tarnovo has a humid continental climate ( Dfa ), according to the Köppen climate classification , experiencing warm summers and cold, snowy winters. The average minimum temperature in

1500-667: The Stara reka. The Golyama reka takes its source at an altitude of 654 m, some 300 m west of the village of Gorsko Selo in the Lisa Mountain of the fore-Balkan. It flows north, then turns east and in 2 km enters the southern arm of the Yastrebino Reservoir , constructed along its course. Downstream of the reservoir's dam the Golyama reka continues northwards, then near the village of Razdeltsi bends west and at Lyubentsi  — northwest, flowing in

1560-542: The Tundzha, encompassing the whole Gabrovo Province , 90% of Veliko Tarnovo Province , 40% of Targovishte Province , the southwestern part of Ruse Province , and small areas of Lovech and Sliven Province . In the Balkan Mountains the river basin is covered mainly with deciduous forests. To the north in the fore-Balkan section, the catchment area of the Yantra is well forested and grassed and high-stemmed woods gradually give way to low-stemmed ones. The main tributaries from

1620-607: The Yantra's source stands the Buzludzha monument , a memorial inaugurated in 1981 by the Bulgarian Communist Party , whose futurist architecture , impressive surrounding and melancholic atmosphere of decay has gained increased international popularity in recent years. The uppermost part of the river falls within the boundaries of the Bulgarka Nature Park . Along the river banks south of Gabrovo

1680-438: The Yantra, of them 55 are autochthonous. Many of the local fishes are of conservation importance and are protected, including Kessler's gudgeon , Danubian longbarbel gudgeon , Danube whitefin gudgeon , spined loach , Balkan golden loach , Balon's ruffe , striped ruffe , weatherfish , Balkan loach , Danube streber , zingel , European bitterling , asp , sabrefish , Romanian barbel , Ukrainian brook lamprey , etc. Four of

1740-581: The area of the town. The main drinking source is the Yovkovtsi hydro power plant. The southern part of the city predominately features chernozem and gray forest soils. Repellents are also distributed – hummus-carbonate soils. There are places around the town that keep their names for many years. Sini Vir is located to the west of the Cholakovtsi neighborhood in the Yantra River valley outside

1800-513: The basis of a government decree and the benevolence of the then Bishop Hilarion the Cretan. Kolyo Ficheto / then still a young master / took part in its construction. Above the south church door there is a text in Greek and Bulgarian, which tells about the situation in which the church "St. Nicholas" was built. It says that the permit was issued by Ilarion Tarnovski. Saint Nicholas to seek blessings from

1860-1208: The biggest universities in Bulgaria ) and Vasil Levski National Military University . The Veliko Tarnovo University currently has around 18,000 students. Vasil Levski National Military University is one of the oldest military universities in Bulgaria . Veliko Tarnovo currently has four secondary schools: Secondary School Emiliyan Stanev (main subject: music, art, informatics), Secondary School Vela Blagoeva (main subject: informatics), Secondary School Georgi Sava Rakovski (main subject: sports) and Secondary School Vladimir Komarov. There are nine high schools: Vasil Drumev School of Natural Sciences and Math (biology, chemistry, math), Professor Asen Zlatarov School (foreign languages), Honorary Old School of Economics, St. Cyril and Methodius School of Humanities (literature, history, Bulgarian language), A.S. Popov School of Electronics (computers, electronics), Kolyo Ficheto School of Building Construction (buildings), Angel Popov School of Architecture and Surveying (architecture, surveying), Professor Vasil Beron School of Tourism (cooking, restaurant, hotel), Vocational School of Fashion Design (sewing, design), and

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1920-482: The city is Shishman's song, dedicated to the last Bulgarian king of the Second Bulgarian Kingdom. The coat of arms of Tarnovo depicts a figure with three lions. Purple color was used for the flag of the city, because during the excavations in the church St. Forty Martyrs, purple clothes of rulers were found. There is also a key and a necklace of Veliko Tarnovo. The first known coat of arms of the city

1980-589: The city's landscape. According to the 2011 census, Veliko Tarnovo had a population of 68,783 as of February 2011, while the Veliko Tarnovo Municipality , including the villages, had 88,670. According to the latest 2011 census data, individuals declaring their ethnic identity were distributed as follows: Total: 68,883 The ethnic composition of Veliko Tarnovo Municipality is 100,570 Bulgarians, 3,681 Turks and 595 Gypsies, among others. Culture in Veliko Tarnovo has been developing from

2040-630: The city's past, Tsar Ferdinand , of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , chose the Forty Holy Martyrs Church in Veliko Tarnovo as the place to declare the complete independence of Bulgaria on 5 October 1908. In 1965, the city, then officially known as Tarnovo , was renamed Veliko Tarnovo (Great Tarnovo) to commemorate its rich history and importance. During Communist rule, the city underwent considerable changes, with some 10,000 of its population thought to have become members of

2100-794: The city. On 23 April 1876, the April uprising marked the beginning of the end of the Ottoman occupation. It was soon followed by the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878). On 7 July 1877, Russian general Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko liberated Veliko Tarnovo, ending the 480-year rule of the Ottoman Empire. In 1878, the Treaty of Berlin created a Principality of Bulgaria between the Danube and the Stara Planina range, with its seat at

2160-560: The coldest month, January, is about −7 °C (19 °F), while the average maximum in August, the hottest month 30 °C (86 °F). The highest recorded temperature was 41.1 °C (106 °F), while the lowest was −28.1 °C (−19 °F). The deciduous forests (88%) predominate in Veliko Tarnovo – beech, hornbeam, oak, cherry, lime, poplar, etc. There are woods of coniferous vegetation. They predominate fir tree, Pine , Abies grandis , Scots pine , Abies pinsapo and other. Near

2220-719: The fortress of Tsarevets being the primary fortress and strongest bulwark from 1185 to 1393, housing the royal and the patriarchal palaces. In the 14th century, as the Byzantine Empire weakened, Tarnovo claimed to be the Third Rome , based on its preeminent cultural influence in Southeastern Europe. As the capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire, Tarnovo was a quasi-cosmopolitan city, with many foreign merchants and envoys. Tarnovo

2280-451: The lower course in the Danubian Plain, are utilized for irrigation. The upper sections of the Yantra and its tributaries are a source for potable water. There are several small hydro power plants, including Yantra HPP, Malusha HPP and Lyubovo HPP. Almost the entire length of the river valley is traversed by roads of the national network, including a 43.6 km stretch of the first class I-5 road Ruse – Stara Zagora – Makaza , which follows

2340-700: The northern foothills of the summit of Atovo Padalo (1,495 m) in the Shipka division of the Balkan Mountains , very close to the historical summit of Buzludzha (1,432 m). Until the city of Gabrovo it flows northwest in a deep valley covered with forests of European beech ( Fagus sylvatica ). Between Gabrovo and the village of Yantra the river forms the Strazha Gorge through the homonymous plateau, its valley then widens and arable lands appear along its terraces. The middle course begins at

2400-416: The old Bulgarian capital of Veliko Tarnovo. Due to the capture of Tarnovo by Russian forces, the Muslim refugees fled to Anatolia . On 17 April 1879, the first National Assembly convened in Veliko Tarnovo to ratify the state's first constitution, known as the Tarnovo Constitution , resulting in the transfer of parliament from Tarnovgrad to Sofia , which today remains the Bulgarian capital. In deference to

2460-402: The residents are Eastern Orthodox. In Veliko Turnovo there is a mosque, a Catholic church, a community of the Evangelical Methodist Episcopal Church, and representatives of other Christian teachings. During the Middle Ages, the seat of the Patriarchate of Veliko Turnovo, the Diocese of Veliko Turnovo and Veliko Turnovo's spiritual districts was in Turnovo. The church of the 40 martyrs of Sebaste

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2520-422: The river intermittently in the sections Byala–Petko Karavelovo, Samovodene–Veliko Tarnovo, and around Gabrovo. Another important road is the second class II-54 road Vardim –Byala, which runs next to the river for 8.2 km. Along the river valley between Byala and Veliko Tarnovo passes a section of major railway line Ruse–Stara Zagora– Podkova served by the Bulgarian State Railways . A few kilometers south

2580-403: The river passes through the city of Veliko Tarnovo, the capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire , forming a meandering gorge. The Fortress of Tsarevets is almost completely surrounded by a meander of the Yantra and on the opposite bank raises the Fortress of Trapezitsa , surrounded by the river on three sides. Churches and houses overlook the river as its passes through the city. On a nearby hill

2640-830: The river, the springs and the marshlands are seen: Green algae , Diatom and others. Over 25 types of mushrooms are encountered: Boletus edulis , Agaricus campestris , Macrolepiota procera , Chanterelle , among others. The territory of the region has a rich variety of the animal world – 350 species of birds and 35 species of animals. Mammals include Hare , Fox, Deer , Wild boar , Hedgehogs , European ground squirrel . Birds include: Grey partridge , Crow , Common quail , Pheasant , White stork , Eurasian eagle-owl , Goose and others. Over 180 species of insects are encountered: Cockchafer , Grasshopper , Firefly and others. There are also reptiles: Turtles , Snakes , Lizards and others. Local fish include Wels catfish , European perch , Common carp , Common barbel . Veliko Tarnovo

2700-429: The six goby species found in the Bulgarian section of the Danube also occur in the Yantra — monkey goby , round goby , racer goby and tubenose goby . The Yantra basin encompasses six provinces but the river flows through three, Gabrovo, Veliko Tarnovo and Ruse. There are 22 settlements along its course, five towns and 17 villages. In Gabrovo Province are located the city of Gabrovo in Gabrovo Municipality and

2760-412: The small gradient of the current in the Danubian Plain — 4.6‰, the Yantra forms large meanders, with a sinuosity index of 3.1 — the largest in the territory of Bulgaria, especially in the area of Dolna Oryahovitsa , Varbitsa and Draganovo . After receiving its largest tributary, the Rositsa , the river heads north, again forming with numerous meanders and abandoned riverbeds. Downstream of

2820-400: The source to the mouth are the Belitsa (57 km), the Stara reka (92 km), the Rositsa (164 km), the Eliyska reka (32 km) and the Strudena (45 km). Other major rivers within the Yantra basin include the Golyama reka (75 km), the Veselina (70 km) and the Vidima (68 km). The Yantra has a mixed feed of snow, rain and karst waters. Snow and rain feed

2880-497: The time when it was a capital city. Church schools have existed in the medieval capital since XV century. The first church school in the church "St. Nikolai ”was established in 1839. In 1839 there was a secular mutual school in the town with teachers Petko Nikolov and Zahari Knyazhevski. The first class school in the city was established in 1855. A Greek school existed in the city until the Liberation of Bulgaria. Veliko Tarnovo has two universities, Veliko Tarnovo University (one of

2940-442: The town borders with the Arbanassi Bardo. North – with the Orlovets locality, to the west with the Kozludzha locality and to the south with the area Dalga laka. The relief of the Municipality of Veliko Tarnovo is diverse – plain-hilly and mountainous. It is situated at 208 metres (682 ft) above sea level. The water catchment area of the river Yantra is 7,862 square kilometres (3,036 sq mi). There are several springs in

3000-416: The town is situated on three hills, Tsarevets , Trapezitsa , and Sveta Gora, rising amidst the meanders of the Yantra. On Tsarevets are the palaces of the Bulgarian emperors and the Patriarchate, the Patriarchal Cathedral , and also a number of administrative and residential edifices surrounded by thick walls. Trapezitsa is known for its many churches and as the former main residence of the nobility. During

3060-406: The town of Byala along its lower course, the river is crossed by the 19th century arched Byala Bridge , an important landmark of the Bulgarian National Revival architecture, constructed by the architect Kolyu Ficheto . Veliko Tarnovo Veliko Tarnovo ( Bulgarian : Велико Търново , romanized :  Veliko Tŭrnovo , pronounced [vɛˈliko ˈtɤrnovo] ; "Great Tarnovo")

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3120-402: The town. Dervent is located in the Yantra River Gorge, near the Preobrazhenie Monastery. The Hill Golemyat duvar(Big Fort) with the highest peak 363 m. It is located between Veliko Tarnovo and the village Prisovo . Veliko Tarnovo is situated on several hills. The Tsarevets , Trapezitsa , Momina krepost were the main centers of kings and boyars during the Second Bulgarian State, when the town

3180-426: The towns of Gorna Oryahovitsa and Lyaskovets (popularly known as "Targolyas"). In 1963, the University of Veliko Tarnovo "St. Cyril and St. Methodius" opened as one of the largest institutions of higher education in the country. Urbanization continued during the 1970s, as the engineering, electronic, medical, computer, and furniture industries expanded in the region, adding the neighborhoods of Akacia and Kartala to

3240-465: The village of Dolna Studena , it turns northwest and enters another picturesque gorge between the villages of Beltsov , Dzhulyunitsa and Novgrad . In its lower course the river's with ranges between 30 and 78 m. The Yantra flows into the Danube at an altitude of 19 m some 1.7 km northwest of the village of Krivina and about 2 km east of the Vardim Island , the third largest Bulgarian Danubian isle. The Yantra drainage basin covers

3300-408: The village of Vetrintsi , as the river heads east. The Yantra turns northwards before reaching the city of Veliko Tarnovo and forms a picturesque gorge within its urban limits, as it cuts through the Tarnovo Heights. The Yantra exists the gorge at the village of Samovodene and enters the Danubian Plain , forming the boundary between the plain's central and eastern sections until its mouth. Due to

3360-660: The village of Yantra in Dryanovo Municipality . In Veliko Tarnovo Province are situated Vetrintsi , Pushevo , Ledenik , Shemshevo , Veliko Tarnovo (city) and Samovodene in Veliko Tarnovo Province , Parvomaytsi , Gorna Oryahovitsa (town), Pravda , Dolna Oryahovitsa (town), Varbitsa and Draganovo in Gorna Oryahovitsa Municipality , and Petko Karavelovo , Radanovo and Karantsi in Polski Trambesh Municipality . In Ruse Province are Polsko Kosovo , Byala (town), Starmen and Botrov in Byala Municipality , and Dolna Studena , Beltsov, Dzhulyunitsa, Belyanovo , Novgrad and Krivina in Tsenovo Municipality . Its waters, especially in

3420-411: Was a capital. Sveta Gora (Holy Mountain) hill was a spiritual and literary center, and part of the today's Rectorate of Veliko Tarnovo University. The Garga Bair hill lies north of Trapezitsa. On the Orlovets hill are the Varusha neighborhood and the Akatsion and Kartala districts, the highest point is 241 metres (791 ft) above sea level. The Troshana Hill is located south of Sveta Gora and west of

3480-435: Was built according to the will and priesthood of Anna-Maria (1221–1237), wife of Tsar Ivan Assen II. During the Ottoman rule, hundreds of manuscripts from the royal library were placed there. Many of them were destroyed in 1842 by the Greek ruler. The Patriarchal Church was restored and completed in 1981 to mark 1300 years since the foundation of the Bulgarian state under the plan of Arch. Boyan Kuzupov. The interior decoration

3540-420: Was built and painted by the Bulgarian ruler Ivan Asen II in honor of the great victory of the Bulgarians at Klokotnitsa. In the 13th-14th centuries it was the main church of the Great Lavra Monastery , located at the foot of Tsarevets on the left bank of the river Yantra. The church hosts the tomb of Serbian archbishop Sava Nemanjic ; he died there during his visit to tsar Asen , returning from his second trip to

3600-436: Was important for the first Bulgarian state. There was an important military garrison in it. In the church of St. Forty Martyrs specimens were found that historians believe are the work of Bulgarians from Volga Bulgaria . The Uprising of Asen and Peter began on 26 October 1185, the feast day of St. Demetrius of Thessaloniki, and ended with the restoration of Bulgaria with the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire, ruled by

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