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46-782: A part of the river valley is known to the Kyrgyz people as Raskam Valley , and the upper course of the river itself is called the Raskam River. Another name of the river is Zarafshan . The area was once claimed by the ruler of Hunza . The river originates from the Siachen Muztagh in the Karakoram range in India – Sinkiang border region, south of the Kashgar Prefecture . It flows roughly due north until reaching

92-585: A Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia . They primarily reside in Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan , and China . A Kyrgyz diaspora is also found in Russia , Tajikistan , and Kazakhstan . They speak the Kyrgyz language , which is the official language of Kyrgyzstan. The earliest people known as "Kyrgyz" were the descendants of several Central Asian tribes, first emerging in western Mongolia around 201 BC. Modern Kyrgyz people are descended in part from

138-692: A Mongol vassal until the late 14th century. Various Turkic peoples ruled them until 1685, when they came under the control of the Oirats ( Dzungars ), which lasted until 1757 . Many Kyrgyz tribes that had fled the Dzungars returned to modern Kyrgyzstan at this time. By the 16th century, the carriers of the ethnonym Kirgiz lived in South Siberia , Xinjiang, Tian Shan, Pamir-Alay , Middle Asia , Urals (among Bashkirs ), and in Kazakhstan . In

184-837: A lot of the Kirghiz over the border to China, causing their population to increase in China. Compared to Russian controlled areas, more benefits were given to the Muslim Kirghiz on the Chinese controlled areas. Russian settlers fought against the Muslim nomadic Kirghiz, which led the Russians to believe that the Kirghiz would be a liability in any conflict against China. The Muslim Kirghiz were sure that in an upcoming war, that China would defeat Russia. The Kirghiz of Xinjiang revolted in

230-537: A mix of tribes. For instance, 63% of modern Kyrgyz men of Jumgal District are Haplogroup R1a1 . Low diversity of Kyrgyz R1a1 indicates a founder effect within the historical period. Other groups of Kyrgyz especially Southwest Kyrgyz show considerably lower haplogroup R frequencies and almost lack haplogroup N (except for the Kyrgyz from Pamir ). Depending on the geographical location of samples, West Eurasian mtDNA haplogroup lineages make up 27% to 42.6% in

276-529: A prominent role at funerals, memorials, and other ceremonies and rituals. This split between the northern and southern Kyrgyz in their religious adherence to Muslim practices can still be seen today. Likewise, the Sufi order of Islam has been one of the most active Muslim groups in Kyrgyzstan for more than a century. The Kyrgyz population of Afghanistan was 1,130 in 2003, all from eastern Wakhan District in

322-537: Is predominant in most Kyrgyz living in Kyrgyzstan. East Eurasian ancestry makes up roughly two-thirds with exceptions of Kyrgyz living in Tajikistan and the western areas of Kyrgyzstan, where it forms only half. A 2022 study and report found that Kyrgyz people from China were found to have more West Eurasian ancestry than the Kyrgyz from Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyz people from China clustered more closely with Europeans and South Asians. Kyrgyz are predominantly Muslims of

368-598: Is wrong) was a ruler in South-Western part of present East Turkistan / Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China, an amir of the Dughlat tribe. In the middle of the fifteenth century, in 1465, he founded in Western Kashgaria a kingdom based at Yarkand , a fragment of Moghulistan . It included Khotan and Kashgar ; he took Kashgar in 1480. He was the son of Saniz Mirza , son of Mir Sayyid Ali ,

414-541: The History of Yuan , concerns 40 women born on a steppe motherland. The earliest records of the ethnonym appear to have been the Chinese transcriptions Gekun ( 鬲昆 , LH * kek-kuən < Old Chinese : * krêk-kûn ) and Jiankun ( 堅昆 , LH * ken-kuən < OC : * kên-kûn ). Those suggest that the original ethnonym was * kirkur ~ kirgur and/or * kirkün , and another transcription Jiegu ( 結骨 , EMC : * kέt-kwət ) suggests * kirkut / kirgut . Yury Zuev proposed that

460-647: The Akto Turkmen , a former Kyrgyz tribe, now speaks Uyghur . A peculiar group, also included under the "Kyrgyz nationality" by the PRC official classification, are the so-called " Fuyu Kyrgyz ". It is a group of several hundred Yenisei Kirghiz ( Khakas people ) people whose forefathers were relocated from the Yenisei river region to Dzungaria by the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th century, and upon defeat of

506-744: The Badakhshan Province of northeastern Afghanistan. They still lead a nomadic lifestyle and are led by a khan or tekin . The suppression of the 1916 rebellion against Russian rule in Central Asia caused many Kyrgyz later to migrate to China and Afghanistan. Most of the Kyrgyz refugees in Afghanistan settled in the Wakhan region. Until 1978, the northeastern portion of Wakhan was home to about 3–5 thousand ethnic Kyrgyz. In 1978, most Kyrgyz inhabitants fled to Pakistan in

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552-704: The Bolor-Tagh mountains parallel to the Tashkurgan valley, eventually receiving the waters of the Tashkurgan River from the west. It is then impounded by the Aratax dam, which was completed in 2019 to store 2.2 km (1,800,000 acre⋅ft) for flood control, irrigation and hydropower generation. After this, the river turns northeast and enters the Tarim Basin , forming a rich oasis that waters

598-698: The Hanafi school of Sunni Islam . Islam was first introduced by Arab traders who travelled along the Silk Road in the 7th and 8th centuries. In the 8th century, orthodox Islam reached the Fergana Valley with the Uzbeks . However, in the 10th-century Persian text Hudud al-'Alam , the Kyrgyz were still described as a people who "venerate the Fire and burn the dead". The Kyrgyz began to convert to Islam in

644-519: The History of Yuan . This may have led to the adoption of Kyrgyz and its mythical explanation. During the 18th and 19th centuries, European writers used the early Romanized form Kirghiz – from the contemporary Russian киргизы – to refer not only to the modern Kyrgyz, but also to their more numerous northern relatives, the Kazakhs . When distinction had to be made, more specific terms were used:

690-721: The Soviet occupation of Afghanistan . They are found around the Little Pamir . The Kyrgyz form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China . There are more than 145,000 Kyrgyz in China . They are known in Mandarin Chinese as Kē'ěrkèzī zú ( simplified Chinese : 柯尔克孜族 ; traditional Chinese : 柯爾克孜族 ). In the 19th century, Russian settlers on traditional Kirghiz land drove

736-644: The Tian Shan range and maintained their dominance over this territory for about 200 years. In the 12th century, however, Kyrgyz domination had shrunk to the Altai and Sayan Mountains as a result of Mongol expansion. With the rise of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century, the Kyrgyz migrated south. In 1207, after the establishment of Yekhe Mongol Ulus (Mongol empire), Genghis Khan's oldest son Jochi occupied Kyrgyzstan without resistance. The state remained

782-509: The Turkic word kyrk ("forty"), with - iz being an old plural suffix, so Kyrgyz literally means "a collection of forty tribes". It also means "imperishable", "inextinguishable", "immortal", "unconquerable" or "unbeatable", as well as its association with the epic hero Manas , who – according to a founding myth – unified the 40 tribes against the Khitans . A rival myth, recorded in 1370 in

828-900: The Yarkant county . Continuing northeast, it receives the Kashgar River from the west, eventually draining into the Shangyou Reservoir. Even though the river originally drained into the Tarim River , development along its course in recent decades has depleted its flow. During the period 1986 to 2000, it flowed into the Tarim River only once. The drainage area of Yarkand is 108,000 sq. km. It irrigates areas in Taxkorgan , Yecheng , Poskam , Yarkand , Makit and Bachu counties. It also irrigates ten mission fields in

874-821: The Yenisei Kyrgyz that lived in the Yenisey river valley in Siberia . The Kyrgyz people were constituents of the Tiele people , the Göktürks , and the Uyghur Khaganate before establishing the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate in the 9th century, and later a Kyrgyz khanate in the 15th century. There are several theories on the origin of ethnonym Kyrgyz . It is often said to be derived from

920-837: The 1932 Kirghiz rebellion , and also participated in the Battle of Kashgar (1933) and again in 1934 . They are found mainly in the Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture in the southwestern part of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, with a smaller remainder found in the neighboring Wushi (Uqturpan) , Aksu , Shache ( Yarkand ), Yingisar, Taxkorgan and Pishan ( Guma ), and in Tekes , Zhaosu (Monggolkure), Emin (Dorbiljin), Bole ( Bortala ), Jinghev ( Jing ) and Gongliu County in northern Xinjiang. In Akto County ,

966-567: The Agricultural Division. The ancient Silk Route into South Asia followed the Yarkand River valley. From Aksu , it went via Maral Bashi (Bachu) on the bank of the Yarkand River, to the city of Yarkand (Shache). From Yarkand, the route crossed the Bolor-Tagh mountains through the river valleys of Yarkand and Tashkurgan to reach the town of Tashkurgan . From there, it crossed the Karakoram mountains through one of

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1012-567: The Arab conquest of Khurasan in 651 AD, the main Silk route to western Asia was interrupted, and the importance of the South Asian route increased. Gilgit as well as Baltistan find increased mention in the Chinese chronicles (under the names Great Po-lu and Little Po-lu , from the old name Bolor ). China invaded Gilgit in 747 AD to secure its routes to Gandhara and prevent Tibetan influence. But

1058-785: The Dzungars by the Qing dynasty , they were relocated from Dzungaria to Manchuria in the 18th century, and who now live in Wujiazi Village in Fuyu County , Heilongjiang Province. Their language (the Fuyü Gïrgïs dialect ) is related to the Khakas language . Certain segments of the Kyrgyz in China are followers of Tibetan Buddhism . Kyrgyz are the only Turkic people native to Pakistan. The Kyrgyz in Pakistan live mostly in

1104-677: The Kyrgyz proper were known as the Kara-Kirghiz ("Black Kirghiz", from the colour of their tents), and the Kazakhs were named the Kirghiz-Kaisak  [ kk ] or "Kirghiz-Kazak". The Kyrgyz are a Turkic ethnic group . Recent linguistic, genetic and archaeological evidence suggests that the earliest Turkic peoples descended from agricultural communities in Northeast China who moved westwards into Mongolia in

1150-497: The Kyrgyz, with haplogroup mtDNA H being the most predominant West Eurasian mtDNA haplogroup at about 14.2% (range 8.3% Talas to 21.3% Sary-Tash) among the Kyrgyz. However, the majority of Kyrgyz belong to East Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups, with mtDNA haplogroup D (approx. 20.2%, range 14.6% Talas to 25.5% Sary-Tash ) and D4 in particular (approx. 18.5% ) being the most frequent Eastern Eurasian lineage among them. A 2011 study of autosomal ancestry found that East Eurasian ancestry

1196-519: The Ladakh route is illustrated by the raids into Ladakh conducted by Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat who took control of Kashgaria in 1465. His successor, Sultan Said Khan launched a proper invasion of Ladakh and Kashmir in 1532, led by his general Mirza Haidar Dughlat . Kyrgyz people The Kyrgyz people (also spelled Kyrghyz , Kirgiz , and Kirghiz ; / ˈ k ɪər ɡ ɪ z / KEER -giz or / ˈ k ɜːr ɡ ɪ z / KUR -giz ) are

1242-633: The Tian Shan and Xinjiang area, the term Kyrgyz retained its unifying political designation, and became a general ethnonym for the Yenisei Kirgiz and aboriginal Turkic tribes that presently constitute the Kyrgyz population. Though it is impossible to directly identify the Yenisei and Tien Shan Kyrgyz, a trace of their ethnogenetical connections is apparent in archaeology, history, language and ethnography. A majority of modern researchers came to

1288-739: The aftermath of the Saur Revolution . They requested 5,000 visas from the United States consulate in Peshawar for resettlement in Alaska , a state of the United States which they thought might have a similar climate and temperature with the Wakhan Corridor . Their request was denied. In the meantime, the heat and the unsanitary conditions of the refugee camp were killing off the Kyrgyz refugees at an alarming rate. Turkey , which

1334-405: The conclusion that the ancestors of Kyrgyz tribes had their origin in the most ancient tribal unions of Sakas / Scythians , Wusun / Issedones , Dingling , Mongols , and Huns . 18th-century Qing administrators referred to the Kyrgyz by the name Bulute . The oldest notes about a definite mention of the Kyrgyz ethnonym originate from the 6th century. There is a certain probability that there

1380-473: The daughter of Askar Akayev , the former President of Kyrgyzstan, stated that Islam was increasingly taking root, even in the northern regions which had been under communist influence. She emphasized that many mosques have been built and that the Kyrgyz are "increasingly devoting themselves to Islam". Many ancient indigenous beliefs and practices, including shamanism and totemism , coexisted syncretically with Islam. Shamans, most of whom are women, still play

1426-671: The effects of the invasion appear to have been short-lived, as Turkic rule took hold in Gilgit. It is possible that alternative trade routes developed after this time between Yarkand and Ladakh via the Karakash Valley . The region of Hunza adjoining Xinjiang, which contained the passes through the Karakoram range, began to split off from Gilgit as an independent state around 997, and internecine wars with Gilgit as well as neighbouring Nagar became frequent. The rising importance of

Yarkand River - Misplaced Pages Continue

1472-537: The ethnonym possibly means 'field people, field Huns ' (cf. Tiele tribal name 渾 Hún < MC * ɣuən ). Peter Golden reconstructs * Qïrğïz < * Qïrqïz < * Qïrqïŕ and suggests a derivation from Old Turkic qır 'gray' (horse color) plus suffix -q(X)r/ğ(X)r ~ k(X)z/g(X)z . Besides, Chinese scholars later used a number of different transcriptions for the Kyrgyz people: these include Gegu (紇骨), Jiegu (結骨), Hegu (紇骨), Hegusi (紇扢斯), Hejiasi (紇戛斯), Hugu (護骨), Qigu (契骨), or Juwu (居勿), and then, during

1518-410: The foot of the Kunlun Mountains . Then it flows northwest where it receives waters from the Shaksgam River , which originates from the many glaciers draining the north flanks of the great Karakorum range. The Shaksgam River is also known in its lower course (before falling into the Yarkand) as the Keleqing River (Chinese: 克勒青河 ; pinyin: Kèlèqīng Hé ). Then Yarkand River flows north, through

1564-423: The former Second Turkic Khaganate . With the rise to power, the center of the Kyrgyz Khaganate moved to Jeti-su , and brought about a spread south of the Kyrgyz to Tian Shan and Xinjiang , bringing them into contact with the existing peoples of what is now Western China , especially the Tibetan Empire . The khagans of the Yenisei Kirghiz Khaganate claimed descent from the Han Chinese general Li Ling , which

1610-406: The late 3rd millennium BC, where they adopted a pastoral lifestyle. By the early 1st millennium BC, these peoples had become equestrian nomads . In subsequent centuries, the steppe populations of Central Asia appear to have been progressively Turkified by an East Asian dominant minority moving out of Mongolia. The Yenisei Kyrgyz , whose 9–10th century migration to the Tienshan area

1656-647: The latter was amir in Kashgar who regained control of the city by Dughlat dynasty, having expelled Timurid local ruler in 1435. He successfully resisted the attacks of Yunus Khan , against whom he had rebelled in 1479–80. Ahmad Alaq , son of Yunus Khan, took Kashgar from him in 1499, but could not hold it. Subsequent to retaking Kashgar, Abu Bakr took his forces and successfully conquered number of neighboring areas, including modern day Ladakh , Balur (around Gilgit ), Badakhshan , and other fragments of Moghulistan. In 1514, Sultan Said Khan took Kashgar from him. In danger of losing Yarkand and Khotan as well, he gave

1702-417: The mid-17th century. Sufi missionaries played an important role in the conversion. By the 19th century, the Kyrgyz were considered devout Muslims and some performed the Hajj . Atheism has some following in the northern regions under Russian communist influence. A few cultural rituals of Shamanism are practiced to this day, particularly in Central Kyrgyzstan. During a July 2007 interview, Bermet Akayeva ,

1748-439: The name "Kyrgyz" as Jiegu (Kirgut), and their tamga was depicted as identical to the tamga of the present-day Kyrgyz tribes Azyk, Bugu, Cherik, Sary Bagysh and a few others. The 11th-century New Book of Tang described the Kyrgyz (結骨) with red hair, white skin, and green eyes. Contemporary Persian writer Gardizi recounted a legend that ascribed these traits to Saqaliba ancestry in the tribe. The Yenisei Kyrgyz lived in

1794-666: The north, primarily Chitral , where Kyrgyz is the only Turkic language spoken in Pakistan. There are only a few thousand left, and many have assimilated with Pashtun or the Kho . They used to dominate the region of Gilgit-Baltistan . There are also Afghan refugees of Kyrgyz origin in Pakistan. Some also come from Kyrgyzstan from the Soviet-Afghan War where some defected and settled in Pakistan. There are also Kyrgyz nationals who work in Pakistan. Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat (also Ababakar or Abubekr ; died shortly after AH Rajab 920 / Aug-Sept 1514; exact date uncertain; year 1516 indicated by some authors

1840-446: The reign of Tang Emperor Wuzong , Xiajiasi (黠戛斯), said to mean "red face". Edwin G. Pulleyblank surmises that "red face" was possibly a folk etymology provided by an interpreter who explained the ethnonym based on Turkic qïzïl ~ qizqil , meaning 'red'. By the time of the Mongol Empire , the ethnonym's original meaning had apparently been forgotten – as was shown by variations in readings of it across different reductions of

1886-400: The upper Yenisey River valley, central Siberia . In late antiquity , the Yenisei Kyrgyz were a part of the Tiele people . Later, in the Early Middle Ages , the Yenisei Kyrgyz were a part of the confederation of the Göktürks and the Uyghur Khaganate . In 840, a revolt led by the Yenisei Kyrgyz brought down the Uyghur Khaganate, and brought the Yenisei Kyrgyz to a dominating position in

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1932-415: The western passes ( Kilik , Mintaka or Khunjerab ) to reach Gilgit in northern Kashmir . Then it went on to Gandhara (the vicinity of present day Peshawar ). The Indian merchants from Gandhara introduced the Kharosthi script into the Tarim Basin, and the Buddhist monks followed in their wake, spreading Buddhism. The Chinese Buddhist traveller Fa Xian is believed to have followed this route. With

1978-416: Was mentioned in the diplomatic correspondence between the Kirghiz khagan and the Tang dynasty emperor, since the Tang imperial Li family claimed descent from Li Ling's grandfather, Li Guang . The Kirghiz qaghan assisted the Tang dynasty in destroying the Uyghur Khaganate and rescuing the Princess Taihe from the Uyghurs . They also killed a Uyghur khagan in the process. Then Kyrgyz quickly moved as far as

2024-415: Was of "particularly great importance for the formative process" of the Kyrgyz, have their origins in the western parts of modern-day Mongolia and first appear in written records in the Chinese annals of the Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian (compiled 109-91 BCE) as Gekun ( 鬲昆 , 隔昆 ) or Jiankun ( 堅昆 ). The Middle Age Chinese composition Tang Huiyao of the 8–10th century transcribed

2070-405: Was relations between Kyrgyz and Gegunese already in the 2nd century BC and between Kyrgyz and Khakas since the 6th century AD, but there is a missing unique mention. The Kyrgyz as an ethnic group are mentioned quite unambiguously during the time of Genghis Khan 's rule (1162–1227), when their name replaces the former name Khakas. The genetic makeup of the Kyrgyz is consistent with their origin as

2116-502: Was under the military coup rule of General Kenan Evren , stepped in, and resettled the entire group in the Lake Van region of Turkey in 1982. The village of Ulupamir (or "Great Pamir" in Kyrgyz) in Erciş in Van Province was given to these, where more than 5,000 of them still reside today. The documentary film 37 Uses for a Dead Sheep – the Story of the Pamir Kirghiz was based on the life of these Kyrgyz in their new home. Some Kyrgyz returned to Wakhan in October 1979, following

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