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44-735: Yarkent served as the capital of the Yarkent Khanate, which was also known as the Yarkent State ( Mamlakati Yarkand ), from the establishment of the Khanate (1514 AD) to its fall (1705 AD). The previous Dughlat state of Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat (1465–1514) of Kashgaria also used Yarkent as the capital of state. The Khanate was predominantly Uyghur / Turki ; some of its most populated cities were Hotan , Yarkent , Kashgar , Yangihissar , Aksu , Uchturpan , Kucha , Karashar , Turpan and Kumul . It enjoyed continued dominance in

88-658: A Chaghadaid commander under the service of Abaqa, Tegüder , to revolt, and himself defeated the Ilkhan's forces in Khurasan . Soon afterward, Qipchaq entered into an argument with Baraq's general Jalayirtai, and used this as an excuse to head back to Kaidu. Baraq sent his brother, and later Jalayirtai, to recover Qipchaq, but without success. Soon, Chabat also abandoned the army, though much of his forces were crushed by Baraq's son in Bukhara. Baraq's protests to Kaidu were ineffective;

132-492: A Chinese soldier has served his time in Turkestan and has to return to his native city of Pekin or Shanghai, he either leaves his temporary wife behind to shift for herself, or he sells her to a friend. If he has a family he takes the boys with him~—if he can afford it—failing that, the sons are left alone and unprotected to fight the battle of life, While in the case of daughters, he sells them to one of his former companions for

176-460: A campaign in Bolor in 1527–1528, a raid into Badakhshan in 1529, and looting expeditions into Ladakh and Kashmir in 1532. Sultan Said Khan purportedly died in 1533 at Daulat Beg Oldi of a high-altitude pulmonary edema while returning to Yarkent from an expedition into Ladakh and Kashmir. Sultan Said Khan was succeeded by Abdurashid Khan (1533–1565), who began his reign by executing a member of

220-738: A century. In 1509 the Dughlats, vassal rulers of the Tarim Basin , rebelled against the Moghulistan and broke away. Five years later Sultan Said Khan , a brother of the Khan of Eastern Moghulistan or Turpan Khanate , conquered the Dughlats but established his own Yarkent khanate instead. This put an end to the dominance in the cities of Kashgaria of the Dughlat emirs, who had controlled them since 1220, when most of Kashgaria had been granted to

264-461: A period of desiccation affected the region from the 3rd century CE onwards. Today, Yarkant is a predominantly Uyghur settlement. The irrigated oasis farmland produces cotton , wheat , corn , fruits (especially pomegranates , pears and apricots ) and walnuts . Yak and sheep graze in the highlands . Mineral deposits include petroleum , natural gas , gold , copper , lead , bauxite , granite and coal . The territory of Yārkand

308-647: A population of 373,492. The fertile oasis is fed by the Yarkand River , which flows north down from the Karakorum mountains and passes through the Kunlun Mountains , known historically as the Congling mountains (lit. 'Onion Mountains' - from the abundance of wild onions found there). The oasis now covers 3,210 square kilometres (1,240 sq mi), but was likely far more extensive before

352-457: A temporary wife, dispensing entirely with the services of the clergy, as being superfluous, and most of the high officials also give way to the same amiable weakness, their mistresses being in almost all cases natives of Khotan, which city enjoys the unenviable distinction of supplying every large city in Turkestan with courtesans. When a Chinaman is called back to his own home in China proper, or

396-571: A trifling sum. The natives, although all Mahammadans, have a strong predilection for the Chinese, and seem to like their manners and customs, and never seem to resent this behaviour to their womankind, their own manners, customs, and morals (?) being of the very loosest description. The Battle of Yarkand took place in Yarkant county, in April 1934. Ma Zhancang 's Chinese Muslim army defeated

440-466: A year, making a short trip to Khotan during that time. He reported: During his journey, Göez also noted the presence of large marble quarries in the area, leading him to write that amongst native travellers from Yarkant to Cathay: Yarkent served as capital for the Yarkent Khanate , also known as Yarkent State , from the establishment of Yarkent Khanate to its fall (1514–1713). The Khanate

484-794: Is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region , China , located on the southern rim of the Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin . It is one of 11 counties administered under Kashgar Prefecture . The county, usually referred to as Yarkand in English , was the seat of an ancient Buddhist kingdom on the southern branch of the Silk Road and the Yarkand Khanate . The county sits at an altitude of 1,189 metres (3,901 ft) and as of 2003 had

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528-493: Is amply stocked with the means of life, especially cotton." At the end of the 16th century Yarkant was incorporated into the Khanate of Kashgar and became its capital. The Jesuit Benedict Göez , who sought a route from the Mughal Empire to Cathay (which, according to his superiors, may or may not have been the same place as China), arrived in Yarkant with a caravan from Kabul in late 1603. He remained there for about

572-507: Is an important producer of wheat, corn, rice, rapeseed, and cotton in southern Xinjiang. The area also produces grapes, rugs, and leather products. Industries include electronics, coal, silk, tractor repair, and cotton and cooking oil processing. In 1885 there was about 154,600 acres (1,021,500 mu ) of cultivated land in Yarkant. As of 2015, 818,379 of the 851,374 residents of the county were Uyghur , 25,404 were Han Chinese and 7,591 were from other ethnic groups. As of 1999, 95.71% of

616-679: Is first mentioned in the Book of Han (1st century BCE) as "Shaju" (Old Chinese, approximately, *s³a(j)-ka), which is probably related to the name of the Iranian Saka tribes. Descriptions in the Hou Hanshu ('History of the Later Han') contain insights into the complex political situation China faced in attempting to open up the " Silk Routes " to the West in the 1st century CE. According to

660-562: The "Chapter on the Western Regions " in the Hou Hanshu : "Pei Zun, the Administrator of Dunhuang , wrote saying that foreigners should not be allowed to employ such great authority and that these decrees would cause the kingdoms to despair. An Imperial decree then ordered that the seal and ribbons of "Protector General" be recovered, and replaced with the seal and ribbon of "Great Han General." Xian's envoy refused to make

704-663: The Wakhan corridor from where travellers could cross the relatively easy Baroghil Pass and Badakshan . As with much of southern Xinjiang, Yarkant has a temperate zone, continental desert climate ( Köppen BWk ), with a mean total of only 61 mm (2.40 in) of precipitation per annum. As spring and autumn are short, winter and summer are the main seasons. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from −5.2 °C (22.6 °F) in January to 25.3 °C (77.5 °F) in July;

748-606: The 16th and 17th centuries. The reigning dynasty of the Yarkent Khanate originated from this state, which existed for more than a century. In 1509 the Dughlats, vassal rulers of the Tarim basin, rebelled against the Moghulistan Khanate and broke away. Five years later Sultan Said Khan, a brother of the Khan of Moghulistan in Turfan, conquered the Dughlats but established his own Yarkent khanate instead. This put an end to

792-535: The Chinese Emperor. There is very little information on Yarkant's history for many centuries, apart from a couple of brief references in Tang dynasty (618-907) histories and it appears to have been of less note than the oasis of Kharghalik (see Yecheng and Yecheng County ) to its south. The area became the main base in the region for Chagatai Khan (died 1241), who inherited Kashgaria (and also much of

836-518: The Dughlat by Chagatai Khan himself. The conquest of the Dughlats allowed the Yarkent state to become the foremost power in the region. The reign of Sultan Said Khan was heavily influenced by the khojas . Said Khan also had a close relationship with Babur , his cousin and founder of the Mughal Empire across the Himalayas and Karakoram Range from the Yarkent Khanate. Said Khan's reign included

880-3883: The Dughlat family. Abdurrashid Khan also fought for control of (western) Moghulistan against the Kirghiz and the Kazakhs, but (western) Moghulistan was ultimately lost; thereafter the Moghuls were largely restricted to possession of the Tarim Basin. Meanwhile, the Yarkent Khanate was conquered by the Buddhist Dzungar Khanate in the Dzungar conquest of Altishahr from 1678 to 1705. The collection of Uyghur Twelve Muqam Chagatai Khan (1226–1242) Qara Hülëgü (1st. 1242–1246) Yesü Möngke (1246–1252) Qara Hülëgü (2nd. 1252) Orghana (regent) Mubarak Shah (1st. 1252–1260) Alghu (1260–1266) Mubarak Shah (2nd. 1266) Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq (1266–1270) Kaidu (de facto ruler) Negübei (1270–1272) Kaidu (de facto ruler) Buqa Temür (127?–1282) Kaidu and Chapar (de facto rulers) Duwa (1282–1306) Duwa (1306-1307) Könchek (1307–1308) Taliqu (1308–1309) Kebek (1st. 1309–1310) Esen Buqa I (1310–1318) Kebek (2nd. 1318–1325) Eljigidey (1325–1329) Duwa Temür (1329–1330) Tarmashirin (1331–1334) Buzan (1334–1335) Changshi (1335–1338) Yesun Temur (1338–1342) 'Ali-Sultan (1342) Muhammad I ibn Pulad (1342–1343) Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur (1343–1346) Amir Qazaghan (de facto ruler) Danishmendji (1346–1348) Amir Qazaghan and Abdullah (de facto rulers) Bayan Qulï (1348–1358) Abdullah (de facto ruler) Shah Temur (1358) Tughlugh Timur (1360–1363) Amir Husayn and Timur (de facto rulers) Adil-Sultan (1363) Amir Husayn (de facto ruler) Khabul Shah (1364–1370) Timur (de facto ruler) Suurgatmish (1370–1384) Timur (de facto ruler) Sultan Mahmud (1384–1402) Tughlugh Timur (1347–1363) Ilyas Khoja (1363–1368) Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat (1368–1392) Khizr Khoja (1389–1399) Shams-i-Jahan (1399–1408) Muhammad Khan (1408–1415) Naqsh-i-Jahan (1415–1418) Uwais Khan (1st. 1418–1421) Sher Muhammad (1421–1425) Uwais Khan (2nd. 1425–1429) Satuq Khan (1429–1434) Esen Buqa II (1429–1462) Dost Muhammad (1462–1468) Kebek Sultan (1469–1472) Yunus Khan (1456–1487) Mahmud Khan (1487–1508) Mansur Khan (1508–1514) Sultan Said Khan (1514–1533) Abdurashid Khan (1533–1560) Abdul Karim Khan (1560-1591) Muhammad Sultan (1591–1610) Shudja ad Din Ahmad Khan (1610-1618) Abd al-Latif (Afak) Khan (1618–1630) Sultan Ahmad Khan (Pulat Khan) (1630-1633) Mahmud Sultan (Qilich Khan) (1633–1636) Sultan Ahmad Khan (Pulat Khan) (1636-1638) Abdallah (1638–1669) Nur ad-Din Sultan (1667-1668) Ismail Khan (1st. 1669) YuIbars Khan (1669–1670) Ismail Khan (2nd. 1670-1678) Abd ar-Rashid Khan II (1678–1680) Afaq Khoja (1680–1690) Muhammad Imin Khan (1690-1692) Yahiya Khoja (1692–1695) Akbash Khan (1695-1705) Ahmad Alaq (1487–1503) Mansur Khan (1503–1548) Shah Khan (1543–1560) Muhammad Khan ibn Mansur Khan (1570) Koraish Sultan (1570–1588) Muhammad Sultan (1588–1591) Abduraim Khan (1591-1636) Abu'l Muhammad Khan (1636-1653) Ibrahim Sultan (1653–1655) Sultan Said Baba Khan (1655–1680) Yarkant County Yarkant County , also Shache County , also transliterated from Uyghur as Yakan County ,

924-693: The Empire of Timur emerged in 1370, and became the dominant power in the region until its conquest in 1508 by the Shaybanids. Its eastern part became Moghulistan, which was created by Tughluk Timur Khan in 1347 with the capital centered in Almalik, around the Ili River Valley. It comprised all the settled lands of Eastern Kashgaria, as well as regions of Turpan and Kumul which were known at the time as Uyghurstan, according to Balkh and Indian sources of

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968-515: The States of Káshghar."( Kashgar ). Yakub Beg (1820–1877) conquered Khotan , Aksu , Kashgar , and neighbouring towns with the help of the Russians in the 1860s. He made Yarkant the capital of the newly founded Turkic state of Yettishar , where he received embassies from England in 1870 and 1873. The Qing dynasty defeated Yakub at Turpan in 1877 after which he committed suicide. Thus ended

1012-640: The Turkic Uighur and Kirghiz army, and the Afghan volunteers sent by king Mohammed Zahir Shah , and exterminated them all. The emir Abdullah Bughra was killed and beheaded, his head was sent to Idgah mosque . Almost all the ancient buildings of the old city were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1968) with only the central mosque, the main gate of the old palace and the royal cemetery surviving. Violent clashes occurred in

1056-632: The Yettishar kingdom, and the region returned to Qing Chinese control. Chinese merchants and soldiers, foreigners like Russians, foreign Muslims, and other Turki merchants all engaged in temporary marriages with Turki (Uyghur) women, since a lot of foreigners lived in Yarkand, temporary marriage flourished there more than it did towards areas with fewer foreigners like areas towards Kucha's east. The Earl of Dunmore wrote in 1894: Almost every Chinaman in Yarkand, soldier or civilian, takes unto himself

1100-545: The annual mean is 12.01 °C (53.6 °F). The diurnal temperature variation is not particularly large for a desert, averaging 13.3 °C (23.9 °F) annually. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 56% in March to 75% in October, the county seat receives 2,860 hours of bright sunshine annually. Yarkant County includes 5 subdistricts , 14 towns , 14 townships , and 1 ethnic township . Yarkant County

1144-428: The cities; the direct administration of these instead devolved to Mas'ud Beg, while Baraq and Kaidu agreed to reside only in the deserts and mountains. Baraq was displeased with the agreement; when Kaidu was preoccupied with Mengu-Timur's attempt to take his portion of Transoxiana, Baraq sent troops to reoccupy Bukhara in violation of the truce. He also later attempted to plunder both Samarkand and Bukhara, and Mas'ud Beg

1188-432: The county in the summer of 2014, in which dozens of people were killed according to local officials, though some estimates claim the death toll to be as high as 3,000. In August 2015, it was reported by Chinese media that the amount of farmland per capita was increased from 2.6 mu per person to 3.5 mu after clearing up more arable lands. Yarkant is strategically located about halfway between Kashgar and Khotan , at

1232-509: The dominance in the cities of Kashgaria of the Dughlat emirs, who had controlled them since 1220, when most of Kashgaria had been granted to the Dughlat by Chagatai Khan himself. The conquest of the Dughlats allowed the Yarkent state to become the foremost power in the region. The Qing dynasty gained control of the region in the middle of the 18th century. By the 19th century, due to its active trade with Ladakh , and an influx of foreign merchants, it became "the largest and most populous of all

1276-635: The exchange, and (Pei) Zun took them by force. In 90 CE the Yuezhi or Kushans invaded the region with an army of reportedly 70,000 men, under their Viceroy, Xian, but they were forced to withdraw without a battle after Ban Chao instigated a "burnt earth" policy. After the Yuanchu period (114-120 CE), when the Yuezhi or Kushans placed a hostage prince on the throne of Kashgar: In 130 CE, Yarkand, along with Ferghana and Kashgar , sent tribute and offerings to

1320-578: The junction of a branch road north to Aksu . It also was the terminus for caravans coming from Kashmir via Ladakh and then over the Karakoram Pass to the oasis of Niya in the Tarim Basin . The Xinjiang-Tibet Highway China National Highway 219 , built in 1956 commences in Yecheng/Yarkant and heads south and west, across Aksai Chin and into central Tibet. From Yarkant another important route headed southwest via Tashkurgan Town to

1364-532: The land between the Oxus (Amu Darya) and Jaxartes (Syr Darya) rivers) after his father, Genghis Khan , died in 1227. Marco Polo described Yarkant in 1273, but said only that this "province" (of Kublai Khan 's nephew, Kaidu , d. 1301) was, "five days' journey in extent. The inhabitants follow the law of Mahomet , and there are also some Nestorian Christians . They are subject to the Great Khan's nephew. It

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1408-450: The latter even entered into friendly relations with Abaqa. Having sent much of his troops against the deserters, Baraq suffered a large defeat at Herat on July 22, 1270 against the Ilkhan. Wounded, he fled back to Bukhara , while many of his troops deserted to the enemy. He sent a letter to Kaidu, blaming Qipchaq and Chabat for his loss and requesting assistance. Kaidu sent a large force in response. When Baraq's lieutenants had neutralized

1452-600: The population of Yarkant (Shache) County was Uyghur and 3.47% of the population was Han Chinese. Yarkant is served by China National Highway 315 , the Kashgar-Hotan Railway and Shache Ye'erqiang Airport . Historical English-language maps including Yarkant: Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq Baraq ( Chagatai and Persian : غیاث الدین براق) was Khan of the Chagatai Khanate (1266–1271). He

1496-485: The rebels, he wrote that the assistance was no longer necessary, but Kaidu's force continued to approach, with the intention of destroying the power of the Chaghadaids. His army surrounded Baraq's camp, but upon reaching the camp realized that Baraq had died during the previous night. Most of Baraq's generals then submitted to Kaidu's authority. Wassaf, in contrast, claims that Baraq's generals had abandoned him while he

1540-581: The region for about 200 years until it was conquered by the Dzungar Khan, Tsewang Rabtan in 1705. In the first half of the 14th century the Chagatai Khanate had collapsed; on the western part of the collapsed Chagatai Khanate, the Empire of Timur emerged in 1370, and became the dominant power in the region until its conquest in 1508 by the Shaybanids . Its eastern part became Moghulistan , which

1584-582: The trust of Mubarak Shah, the Chagatai Khan . When the latter was again enthroned as Chagatai Khan in 1266, Baraq gained support among the army for a coup and deposed Mubarak Shah in September of that year. Almost immediately, he repudiated the authority of Kublai as Great Khan, removed Kublai's representative of Turkestan , and replaced him with one of his own governors. His vastly superior army prevented Kublai's officers from expelling him, and Khotan

1628-487: Was a son of Yesünto'a and a great-grandson of Chagatai Khan . A convert to Islam , he took the name Ghiyas-ud-din. Baraq's family had moved to China following his father's exile by the Great Khan Möngke Khan for his support of the house of Ögedei Khan . Baraq grew up in the camp of Kublai Khan and gained distinction there. Sometime in the early 1260s he traveled to Central Asia and earned

1672-520: Was alive, and that Baraq had no choice to submit to Kaidu, who poisoned him. Only a month later, Kaidu had himself crowned Khan and reserved the right to appoint the head of the Chagatai Khanate, a power he retained for the rest of his life. The Chagatai Khans thus became puppets of Kaidu for the next thirty years. His sons, however, would continue to fight Kaidu's authority for a long time after Baraq's death. In Baburnama , Babur described

1716-550: Was created by Tughluk Timur Khan in 1347 with the capital centered in Almalik , around the Ili River Valley . It comprised all the settled lands of Eastern Kashgaria, as well as regions of Turpan and Kumul which were known at the time as Uyghurstan, according to Balkh and Indian sources of the 16th and 17th centuries. The reigning dynasty of the Yarkent Khanate originated from this state, which existed for more than

1760-483: Was declared, although sources conflict on the time and location. Rashid al-Din claims that the meeting took place in the spring of 1269 in Talas , while Wassaf writes that it took place around 1267 to the south of Samarkand. In any case, two-thirds of Transoxiana were granted to Baraq, while the other third went to Kaidu and Mengu-Timur. Kaidu also gained control of the region around Bukhara. Neither side gained control of

1804-636: Was hard-pressed to prevent this. Still, when he decided to attack the Ilkhanate in order to gain significant pasture, Kaidu agreed, as the Ilkhan Abaqa was an ally of Kublai. Kaidu provided troops for Baraq's invasion of the Ilkhanate, which began in 1269 or 1270. Qipchaq, who had been the one to initially approach Baraq requesting peace, and Chabat, a grandson of Güyük Khan , were among the representatives of Kaidu within Baraq's army. Baraq persuaded

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1848-424: Was predominantly Uyghur/Turki; some of its most populated cities were Hotan, Yarkent, Kashgar, Yangihissar, Aksu, Uchturpan, Kucha, Karashar, Turpan and Kumul. It enjoyed continued dominance in the region for about 200 years until it was conquered by the Dzungar Khan, Tsewang Rabtan in 1705. In the first half of the 14th century the Chagatai Khanate had collapsed; on the western part of the collapsed Chagatai Khanate,

1892-582: Was ravaged by his forces. Nevertheless, Kublai Khan sent him a grant in 1268, in an effort to end the conflict and focus on Kaidu . When Kaidu advanced towards Baraq, the latter set a trap for the invader's troops on the bank of the Jaxartes , and defeated his forces. In the next battle, however, Kaidu defeated Baraq near Khujand with the assistance of Mengu-Timur , the Khan of the Golden Horde who sent 3 tumens under his uncle Berkhe-Chir. Transoxiana

1936-464: Was then ravaged by Kaidu. Baraq fled to Samarkand , then Bukhara , plundering the cities along the way in an attempt to rebuild his army. These actions alarmed Kaidu, who did not want the region to be further devastated. Kaidu also needed to free up his army for a potential conflict with Kublai. Peace was therefore proposed, and Baraq was pressured by the governors of the sedentary areas of the khanate, Mas'ud Beg and Daifu , to accept. He did, and peace

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