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45-533: Geographically, it was the western part of the so-called Wild Fields that sprawled to the north of the Black Sea between the Dniester and Dnieper rivers. It lies east of Budjak and Bessarabia , south of Podolia and Zaporizhzhia , and west of Taurida . Since the mid-20th century, the territory has been divided between southwestern Ukraine and southeastern Moldova (southern Transnistria ). "Yedisan"

90-606: A new state of Cossack Hetmanate was established on the territory of the Wild Fields. Hetman Khmelnytsky made a triumphant entry into Kiev on Christmas 1648, where he was hailed as a liberator of the people from Polish captivity. As ruler of the Hetmanate, Khmelnytsky engaged in state-building across multiple spheres: military, administration, finance, economics, and culture. He invested the Zaporozhian Host under

135-557: A result of the treaty, the Zaporozhian Host became an autonomous Hetmanate within the Tsardom of Russia . The period of Hetmanate history known as "the Ruin ", lasting from 1657 to 1687, was marked by constant civil wars throughout the state. The newly re-installed Yurii Khmelnytsky signed the newly composed Pereyaslav Articles that were increasingly unfavorable for the Hetmanate and later led to introduction of serfdom rights. In 1667,

180-622: A waterway connecting this lake (by Gastaldo labeled Ioanis Lago , by Mercator Odoium lac. Iwanowo et Jeztoro ) to Ryazan and the Oka River. Mercator shows Mtsensk ( Msczene ) as a great city on this waterway, suggesting a system of canals connecting the Don with the Zusha ( Schat ) and Upa ( Uppa ) centered on a settlement Odoium , reported as Odoium lacum ( Juanow ozero ) in the map made by Baron Augustin von Mayerberg , leader of an embassy to

225-584: Is Turkic for "Seven Titles"; doubtless the sept was made up of seven subgroups. Yedisan was also sometimes referred to as Ochakov Tartary after Ochakov (Ochakiv), the main fortress of the region. Names for the region in different language include: Ukrainian : Єдисан [ Yedysan ]; Russian : Едисан [ Yedisan ]; Romanian : Edisan ; Crimean Tatar and Turkish : Yedisan ; German : Jedisan ; Polish : Jedysan . The Magyars could have been in Yedisan ( Etelköz ) before eventually migrating to Pannonia . It

270-651: Is a broad, deep waterway capable of transporting oil tanker size vessels. It is one of two which enables ships to depart the Caspian Sea , the other, a series, connected to the Baltic Sea . The level of the Don where connected is raised by the Tsimlyansk Dam, forming the Tsimlyansk Reservoir . For the next 130 kilometres (81 mi) below the Tsimlyansk Dam, the sufficient depth of the Don

315-548: Is maintained by the sequence of three dam-and-ship-lock complexes: the Nikolayevsky Ship Lock ( Николаевский гидроузел ), Konstantinovsk Ship Lock ( Константиновский гидроузел ), and the best known of the three, the Kochetovsky Ship Lock ( Кочетовский гидроузел ). The Kochetovsky Lock, built in 1914–19 and doubled in 2004–08, is 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) downstream of the discharge of

360-788: Is the fifth-longest river in Europe. Flowing from Central Russia to the Sea of Azov in Southern Russia , it is one of Russia's largest rivers and played an important role for traders from the Byzantine Empire . Its basin is between the Dnieper basin to the west, the lower Volga basin immediately to the east, and the Oka basin (tributary of the Volga) to the north. Native to much of

405-645: The Black and Azov Seas and Crimea in the south. In a broad sense, it is the name of the entire Great Eurasian Steppe , which was also called Great Scythia in ancient times or Great Tartary in the Middle Ages in European sources and Desht-i-Kipchak in Eastern (mainly Persian) sources. According to Ukrainian historian Vitaliy Shcherbak, the term appeared sometime in the 15th century for territory between

450-655: The Crimean Khanate . And in 1552 the first Ukrainian proto-state Zaporozhian Sich was established. The Wild Fields were traversed by the Muravsky Trail and Izyumsky Trail , important warpaths used by the Crimean Tatars to invade and pillage the Grand Duchy of Moscow . The Crimean-Nogai Raids , a long period of raids and fighting between the Crimean Tatars and Nogai Horde on one side and

495-404: The Dniester and mid- Volga when colonization of the region by Zaporozhian Cossacks started. Shcherbak notes that the term's contemporaries, such as Michalo Lituanus , Blaise de Vigenère , and Józef Wereszczyński , wrote about the great natural riches of the steppes and the Dnieper basin . Due to its location, this region has long been among the least populated in Europe. However, from

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540-619: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow on the other side, caused considerable devastation and depopulation in the area before the rise of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, who periodically sailed down the Dnieper in dugouts from their base at Khortytsia and raided the coast of the Black Sea. The Turks built several fortress towns to defend the littoral, including Kara Kerman and Khadjibey . What made

585-618: The Great Northern War broke out between Russia and Sweden . Mazepa and some Zaporozhian Cossacks allied themselves with the Swedes on October 28, 1708. The decisive battle of Poltava (in 1709) was won by Russia, putting an end to Mazepa's goal of independence, promised in an earlier treaty with Sweden. The Liquidation of the autonomy of the Cossack Hetmanate has begun. During the reign of Catherine II of Russia ,

630-526: The Historical Dictionary of Ukraine , "The population consisted of military colonists from hussar and lancer regiments, Ukrainian and Russian peasants, Cossacks, Serbs, Montenegrins, Hungarians, and other foreigners who received land subsidies for settling in the area." In the 20th century, after the collapse of the USSR, the region was divided among Ukraine, Moldova , and Russia . In 1917,

675-833: The Nogais who were clients of the Ottoman Porte and the Russian -sponsored Zaporizhian Cossacks . In the late 18th century, Imperial Russia under Catherine the Great began to expand into the area. As a result of the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774 , the Ottomans ceded to Russia the region east of the Southern Bug . Through the 1792 Treaty of Jassy (Iaşi) which concluded the Russo-Turkish War of 1787-1792 ,

720-540: The Seversky Donets and 131 kilometres (81 mi) upstream of Rostov-on-Don . It is at 47°34′07″N 40°51′10″E  /  47.56861°N 40.85278°E  / 47.56861; 40.85278 . This facility, with its dam, maintains a navigable head of water locally and into the lowermost stretch of the Seversky Donets. This is presently the last lock on the Don; below it, deep-draught navigation

765-763: The Sich and razed it to the ground. The Russian troops disarmed the Cossacks, and the treasury archives were confiscated. This marked the end of the Zaporozhian Cossacks . After a series of Russo-Turkish wars waged by Catherine the Great , the area formerly controlled by the Ottomans and the Crimean Tatars was incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 1780s, during which nomadic life in these territories ceased to exist in its ancient version. The Russian Empire started active colonization and built many of

810-568: The "wild field" so forbidding were the Tatars. Year after year, their swift raiding parties swept down on the towns and villages to pillage, kill the old and frail, and drive away thousands of captives to be sold as slaves in the Crimean port of Kaffa , a city often referred to by Russians as "the vampire that drinks the blood of Rus'...For example, from 1450 to 1586, eighty-six raids were recorded, and from 1600 to 1647, seventy. Although estimates of

855-577: The 16th and 17th centuries. In a narrow sense, it is the historical name for the demarcated and sparsely populated Black Sea steppes between the middle and lower reaches of the Dniester in the west, the lower reaches of the Don and the Siverskyi Donets in the east, from the left tributary of the Dnipro — Samara , and the upper reaches of the Southern Bug — Syniukha and Ingul in the north, to

900-610: The 17th century, the east part of the Wild Fields had been settled by runaway peasants and serfs , who made up the core of the Cossackdom . During the Bohdan Khmelnytsky Uprising (from 1648 to 1657) the north part of this area was settled by Cossacks from the Dnieper basin and came to be known as Sloboda Ukraine . After a successful uprising of Bohdan Khmelnytsky , in which he allied with Crimean Tatars ,

945-667: The Cossack Hetmanate's autonomy was progressively destroyed. After several earlier attempts, the office of hetman was finally abolished by the Russian government in 1764, and his functions were assumed by the Little Russian Collegium, thus fully incorporating the Hetmanate into the Russian Empire . On May 7, 1775, Empress Catherine II issued a direct order that the Zaporozhian Sich was to be destroyed . On June 5, 1775, Russian artillery and infantry surrounded

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990-567: The Cossacks for the third time in 1653, Khmelnytsky realized he could no longer rely on Ottoman support against Poland, and he was forced to turn to Tsardom of Russia for help. Final attempts to negotiate took place in January 1654 in the town of Pereiaslav between Khmelnytsky with Cossack leaders and the Tsar's ambassador, Vasiliy Buturlin , in which the Pereiaslav agreement was signed. As

1035-465: The Don was influenced by the Byzantine Empire because the river was important for traders from Byzantium. In antiquity, the river was viewed as the border between Europe and Asia by some ancient Greek geographers. In the Book of Jubilees , it is mentioned as being part of the border, beginning with its easternmost point up to its mouth, between the allotments of the sons of Noah , that of Japheth to

1080-568: The Pontic steppes of the Wild Fields — Tanais , Olbia , Borysthenes , Nikonion , Tyras . The rule of Great Khazaria on these lands was replaced by Kievan Rus , and Kievan Rus was replaced by the Mongol Empire . The steppes of the Wild Fields were suitable for the development of agriculture, animal husbandry, and crafts, which led to their colonization as early as the Kievan state. This

1125-649: The Russian frontier was extended to the Dniester River and the takeover of Yedisan was complete. Following the Russian takeover, the city of Odesa was founded in 1794 and the area was settled as part of New Russia by Moldavian , Russian and Ukrainian colonists along with a significant German element. The area came to form parts of the Kherson Governorate and is nowadays part of the Ukrainian Odesa and Mykolaiv oblasts , and of

1170-933: The Russo-Polish war ended with the Treaty of Andrusovo , which split the Cossack Hetmanate along the Dnieper River: Left-bank Ukraine enjoyed a degree of autonomy within the Tsardom of Russia, while Right-bank Ukraine remained part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and was temporarily occupied by the Ottoman Empire in the period of 1672-1699. After the defeat of the Ottomans at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, Poland managed to recover Right-bank Ukraine by 1690, except for

1215-563: The Tanais as Silys . According to an anonymous Greek source, which historically (but not certainly) has been attributed to Plutarch , the Don was home to the legendary Amazons of Greek mythology . The area around the estuary has been speculated to be the source of the Black Death in the mid-14th century. While the lower Don was well known to ancient geographers, its middle and upper reaches were not mapped with any accuracy before

1260-451: The Tsardom of Russia in 1661. In modern literature, the Don region was featured in the work And Quiet Flows the Don by Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov , a Nobel-prize winning writer from the stanitsa of Veshenskaya . At its easternmost point, the Don comes within 100 kilometres (62 mi) of the Volga . The Volga–Don Canal , 101 kilometres (65 mi), connects the two. It

1305-819: The Volga-Don river region was the homeland of the Proto-Indo-Europeans around 4,000 BC. The Don river functioned as a fertile cradle of civilization where the Neolithic farmer culture of the Near East fused with the hunter-gatherer culture of Siberian groups, resulting in the nomadic pastoralism of the Proto-Indo-Europeans. The east Slavic tribe of the Antes inhabited the Don and other areas of Southern and Central Russia . The area around

1350-588: The Wild Fields, when these lands became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . Thus, the Wild Fields were partly inhabited by the Zaporizhian Cossacks , as reflected in works of the Polish theologian and Catholic bishop of Kiev Józef Wereszczyński, who settled there in the 15th century under the condition that they would fight off expansion by the Nogai Horde and the growing danger from attacks by

1395-440: The basin were Slavic nomads. The Don rises in the town of Novomoskovsk 60 kilometres (37 mi) southeast of Tula (in turn 193 kilometres (120 mi) south of Moscow), and flows 1,870 kilometres to the Sea of Azov . The river's upper half meanders subtly south; however, its lower half consists of a great eastern curve, including Voronezh , making its final stretch, an estuary , run west south-west . The main city on

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1440-601: The beginning of the first millennium BC to the middle of the second millennium AD, it became an arena of intense struggle between settled agricultural tribes and steppe nomads. Since ancient times, the nomadic way of life has prevailed in the Wild Fields, and settled life (civilization) was established with great difficulty. For centuries, the region was only sparsely populated by various nomadic groups such as Scythians , Sarmatians , Alans , Huns , Cumans , Khazars , Bulgars , Pechenegs , Kipchaks , Turco-Mongols , Tatars and Nogais . There were Pontic Greek colonies on

1485-470: The cities in the Wild Fields, including Odessa , Yekaterinoslav , and Nikolaev . The definition of Wild Fields does not include the Crimean Peninsula. The area was filled with Russian and Ukrainian settlers, and the name "Wild Fields" became outdated; it was instead referred to as New Russia ( Novorossiya ). At the end of the 18th century, the name "Wild Fields" ceased to be used. According to

1530-456: The city of Kiev , and reincorporated it into their respective voivodeships of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, while all the Hetmanate administration was abolished between 1699 and 1704. The period of the Ruin effectively ended when Ivan Mazepa was elected hetman, serving from 1687 to 1708. He brought stability to the Hetmanate, which was again united under a single hetman. During his reign,

1575-427: The gradual conquest of the area by the Tsardom of Russia in the 16th century. The Don Cossacks , who settled the fertile valley of the river in the 16th and 17th centuries, were named after the river. The fort of Donkov was founded by the princes of Ryazan in the late 14th century. The fort stood on the left bank of the Don, about 34 kilometres (21 mi) from the modern town of Dankov , until 1568, when it

1620-580: The khan of the Golden Horde. After the devastation of these lands by the Tatar-Mongols , the Black Sea steppes were called the "Wild Field" (wilderness) for a long time. In 1441, the western section of the Wild Fields, Yedisan , came to be dominated by the Crimean Khanate , a political entity controlled by the expanding Ottoman Empire from the 16th century onward. The 14th and 15th centuries were particularly favorable for Ukrainians to settle

1665-529: The leadership of its Hetman with supreme power in the new Ruthenian state, and he unified all the spheres of Ukrainian society under his authority. This involved building a government system and a developed military and civilian administration out of Cossack officers and Ruthenian nobles, as well as the establishment of an elite within the Cossack Hetman state. After the Crimean Tatars betrayed

1710-618: The north and that of Shem to the south. During the times of the old Scythians it was known in Greek as the Tanaïs ( Τάναϊς ) and has been a major trading route ever since. Tanais appears in ancient Greek sources as both the name of the river and of a city on it, situated in the Maeotian marshes . Greeks also called the river Iazartes ( Ἰαζάρτης ). Pliny gives the Scythian name of

1755-523: The number of captives taken in a single raid reached as high as 30,000, the average figure was closer to 3000...In Podilia alone, about one-third of all the villages were devastated or abandoned between 1578 and 1583. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the government of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth considered the Ukrainian lands to the east and south of Bila Tserkva to be the Wild Fields, and distributed them to magnates and nobility as private property as uninhabited, although Ukrainians lived there. By

1800-405: The river is Rostov-on-Don . Its main tributary is the Seversky Donets , centred on the mid-eastern end of Ukraine, thus the other country in the overall basin. To the east of a series of three great ship locks and associated ponds is the 101-kilometre (63 mi) Volga–Don Canal . The name Don could stem from the Avestan word dānu- ("river, stream"). According to the Kurgan hypothesis ,

1845-417: The southern breakaway Transnistria (de jure part of Moldova). Wild Fields The Wild Fields is a historical term used in the Polish–Lithuanian documents of the 16th to 18th centuries to refer to the Pontic steppe in the territory of present-day Eastern and Southern Ukraine and Western Russia, north of the Black Sea and Azov Sea . It was the traditional name for the Black Sea steppes in

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1890-552: The world's first anarchist state was formed on the territory of Wild Fields — Makhnovia . The territory of Wild Fields is located in the modern Dnipro , Donetsk , Zaporizhzhia , Kirovohrad , Luhansk , Mykolaiv , Odesa , Poltava , Kharkiv and Kherson oblasts of Ukraine . Don (river) [REDACTED]   Ryazan Oblast , [REDACTED]   Lipetsk Oblast , [REDACTED]   Voronezh Oblast , [REDACTED]   Volgograd Oblast , The Don ( Russian : Дон , romanized :  don )

1935-404: Was a part of historic Podolia , sometime in the 17th century it was occupied by the Ottomans partitioning between Podolia Eyalet and Silistra Eyalet . The area at times was incorporated into the Ottoman administrative structure as part of Silistra (Özi) Eyalet with the fortresses of Khadjibey (Odesa) and Özi (Ochakiv) as major centers. It was also part of a larger nomadic conflict between

1980-451: Was destroyed by the Crimean Tatars , but was soon restored at a better fortified location. It is shown as Donko in Mercator 's Atlas (1596). Donkov was again relocated in 1618, appearing as Donkagorod in Joan Blaeu 's map of 1645. Both Blaeu and Mercator follow the 16th-century cartographic tradition of letting the Don originate in a great lake, labeled Resanskoy ozera by Blaeu. Mercator follows Giacomo Gastaldo (1551) in showing

2025-403: Was hindered by the raids of steppe nomads that roamed these lands in waves. After the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' , the territory was ruled by the Golden Horde until the Battle of Blue Waters (1362), which allowed Algirdas to claim it for the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . As a result of the Battle of the Vorskla River in 1399, his successor Vytautas lost the territory to Temür Qutlugh ,

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