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69-542: The Republican Guard was raised in 1964 by Yemen's Republican and Nasserist regime based on the Egyptian Republican Guard model of a powerful, heavily armored formation defending the capital city against internal threats. The Guard was initially created and trained by Egyptian and Soviet advisors. The Guard was supposed to be a symbol of the Republican State. Recruits were mostly drawn from

138-620: A neutralism in the foreign sphere and socialist measures at the national level. He did not want to participate in the global divide of the time between the USSR and USA at the global sphere as he wanted to prioritise Egypt's national interests through a policy of positive alignment. Throughout his mandate, he passed several reforms, which included the redistribution of land through the abolishment of feudalism, worker laws which ensured their participation into committees which had direct contact with management. He aspired to eventually convert into

207-435: A 65-day mutiny. The mutiny was eventually brought to an end on June 7 after other Republican Guard Brigades managed to disarm the mutinous Brigade. Saleh subsequently relinquished his command and control of the 3rd Brigade, which is regarded as one of the strongest and best equipped brigades in the military, was taken over by General Abdulrahman al-Halili. Another Saleh loyalist, Brigadier General Murad al-Awbali , commander of

276-590: A Jordanian Ba'athist, wrote the Ba'athist classic "Why Socialism Now?" in 1957. In it he takes a "very different" approach on interpreting the meaning of socialism from Aflaq. As he wrote, "Socialism is a way of life, not just an economic order. It extends to all aspects of life— economics , politics , training , education , social life, health , morals , literature , science , history , and others, both great and small." In contrast to official party writings which stressed Arab unity above else, Razzaz tried to demonstrate

345-559: A facet of man's fundamental value." Razzaz ended the article, stating that socialism had been achieved to the same degree as "freedom and unity have been achieved." Arab socialism in Egypt has its roots in pan-Arabism, nationalism, anti-colonialism and Islamic thought. It greatly differentiates itself from communism and other forms of Western socialism, both of which greatly focus on the material conditions, whereas Arab socialism also incorporates religious ideals. These ideas are to be found in

414-426: A form of direct democracy , which he saw necessary for a true socialist state and the well being of every individual. Nasser, in his adoption of Arab socialism, focuses on embracing and encompassing religion within socialism , as he perceives it to be part of Egypt's social fabric, being one of its main constituents. He therefore rejects Marxist historical materialism and historical determinism , which allows for

483-401: A hands-on approach to his conception of history. Although arguments can be made for inspirations or adoptions of Marxist thought in certain instances, like when Nasser came to adopt the communist stance of armed support for Sudanese self-determination. Scholar Rif'at al Sa'id argues the more widespread embrace of socialism in the 1960's would also serve as evidence to this claim. From 1910 to

552-742: A movement or ideology". Vatikiotis elaborates upon Nasser's use of speech as a political tool to sway his constituents despite their deprivation of any participation in their leader's policies. To this end, Nasser frequently addressed masses on both radio and television as well as in huge rallies, with a "repeated hypnotic incantation of "imperialism" and "agents of imperialism", "reactionaries", "revenge", "dignity and self-respect", " Zionism " and " Arabism ". Crowds were galvanized to hysteria as Nasser excited them with hopes and aspirations of strong leadership and Arab unity. In Rethinking Nasserism (2004), Podeh and Winckler discuss another interpretation of Nasserism. According to them, "Western social scientists in

621-547: A political force throughout the Arab world, but in a markedly different manner than in its heyday. Whereas in the 1950s and 1960s Nasserism existed as a revolutionary and dynamic movement with definite political and social goals, by the 1980s it had become a much less pronounced and distinct ideology. Today, many more Arabs are informed by Nasserism in a general sense than actually espouse its specific ideals and objectives. In terms of political organisations within Egypt itself and during

690-403: A populist character. After coming to power, the movement defined itself by the following six principles: One of the most unique properties of Nasserism was its embrace of socialism, an ideology previously deeply unpopular in Egypt. The notion of socialism was treated with hostility in pre-Nasser Egypt, as socialism was considered to be an inherently anti-religious doctrine that sought to displace

759-641: A quintessentially Arab ideology, Nasserism influenced to a degree left-wing movements in other parts of the developing world, particularly Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America . Under Nasser, the Egyptian government gave support both moral and material to Sub-Saharan liberation movements fighting European imperialism. Nelson Mandela , the former South African President and Leader of the African National Congress , remarked that this support

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828-411: A vaguely defined socialism, often distinguished from Eastern Bloc or Western thought by the label "Arab socialism". Though opposed ideologically to Western capitalism , Arab socialism also developed as a rejection of communism , which was seen as incompatible with Arab traditions and the religious underpinnings of Arab society. As a consequence, Nasserists from the 1950s to the 1980s sought to prevent

897-539: Is provided in Political Trends in the Fertile Crescent (1958) by Walid Khalidi, who discusses it as not an ideological movement, rather an "attitude of mind" that is "eclectic, empirical, radical, and yet conservative". According to Walidi, Nasserism was able to attract support in the Arab world because it "transferred, if only partially, to the Arab world itself, the center of decisions concerning

966-494: The Arab Socialist Party . Later, in 1950, Aflaq defined socialism as, "not an aim in itself, but rather a necessary means to guarantee society the highest standard of production with the farthest limit of cooperation and solidarity among the citizens ... Arab society ... needs a social order with deeper foundations, wider horizons, and more forceful realization than moderate British socialism." A Soviet analyst on

1035-645: The Arab world , which predates Arab socialism by as much as fifty years. The term "Arab socialism" was coined by Michel Aflaq , the principal founder of Ba'athism and the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party in Syria , in order to distinguish his version of socialist ideology from the international socialist movement. Socialism was a major component of Ba'athist thought, and it featured in the party's tripartite slogan of "unity, liberty , socialism". However, in using

1104-483: The Corrective Revolution and later his Infitah economic policies. Under the three decade rule of Sadat's successor Hosni Mubarak , most of the remaining Arab-socialist infrastructure of Egypt was replaced by neoliberal policies strongly at odds with Nasserist principles. In the international arena, Mubarak departed almost entirely from traditional Egyptian policy, becoming a steadfast ally of both

1173-689: The Hajjah and 'Amran Governorates. Each Battalion had a Chief Political Commissar with a deputy in every company, squadron and battery for political education of troops. The commissar was responsible only to the Brigade Commander and not to the Battalion commander. On 15 October 2011, Al Arabiya, quoting defected General Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar , reported that 7,000 members of the Republican Guard and other security units had defected to

1242-856: The Nasserist Party styles itself as the successor to Nasser and his Arab Socialist Union , as does its offshoot, the Karama Party of Hamdeen Sabahi . However, as with all opposition parties in Egypt, their activities were severely limited by the Mubarak regime prior to the Egyptian revolution of 2011 . Whilst Nasser governed Egypt through a strictly authoritarian one-party system , with extreme limits on any form of political dissent, present-day Nasserists stress their support for democracy , explaining Nasser's autocratic excesses as necessary to implement his revolutionary policies. Despite being

1311-449: The Qu'ran , which aimed at the distribution of wealth and the caring for all members of society. Socialism had also been introduced at the beginning of the nineteenth century through French thinkers which recognised the particularities of the Egyptian thought towards revolutionary movements. Arab socialism was greatly developed through the influence of Gamal Abd el-Nasser , who came to create

1380-468: The USSR . The same was true for other revolutionary Arab governments, which although repressive of communism within Arab borders, entered into strong longstanding relationships with communist states outside the Arab world. The Egyptian-Soviet alliance continued well into the presidency of Nasser's successor as president, Anwar Sadat, especially with regard to the Arab–Israeli conflict . Nasserism remains

1449-501: The United States government and Israel , the latter still viewed by most Egyptians with enmity and distrust, derived largely from the five wars that Egypt fought against Israel between 1948 and 1973. During Nasser's lifetime, Nasserist groups were encouraged and often supported financially by Egypt to the extent that many became seen as willing agents of the Egyptian government in its efforts to spread revolutionary nationalism in

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1518-462: The corrupt government ; social because it needed to end with oppression between classes. The end of oppression did not mean class abolishment, but class harmony within the state. He wanted to create the conditions for everyone to have equal opportunities to perform whichever role within society, for which he invested in education and public health measures. Nasser's socialism had the goals previously mentioned, and he tried to accomplish them through

1587-464: The 1950s and 1960s, perceived Nasserism as a modernization movement and Nasser as a modernizing leader…Egypt was seen as a typical Third World country undergoing a process of decolonization and, under new revolutionary leadership, aspiring to national prosperity through modernization. Thus, Nasserism was perceived as an attempt to transform Egyptian traditional society through the modernization of its economy and society". Yet another insight into Nasserism

1656-440: The 1950s, Egyptian Jews would hold various positions across the political stratum, from active leadership roles to your average "rank-and-file" member, exerting intellectual influence on policy making, founding large movements themselves or otherwise contributing to ground-level activism. It would not be until after the 1948 war that most communist Jews were exiled from Egypt. Post-exile, scholarship and debate dedicated to examining

1725-509: The 62nd brigade, was abducted by soldiers in the unit after withholding pay from those who had broken ranks with the former president Saleh. Awbali's release was later secured by tribal officials. In an effort to try to curb the power of Brig. Gen. Ahmed Saleh , President Hadi announced a restructuring of the Armed Forces in early August 2012. The restructuring particularly hit the strong Republican Guard, and will see units moved from both

1794-423: The Arab leadership have shared fault in the "asphyxiation of Egyptian Jewry", and (3) Jews are integral to Egyptian culture and society as a whole. In contrast to many Jewish Egyptian communists, Haroun would maintain his Jewish identity while in Egypt, building support for nationalist critique of Nasser. The website of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party has an entry dated 1 January 2011, stating: "In 28/10/2003, by

1863-519: The Arab world from the 1950s onward, particularly the Muslim Brotherhood . Nasserists espouse an end to Western interference in Arab affairs, developing world solidarity, international non-alignment, modernisation and industrialisation . Nasser himself was opposed vehemently to Western imperialism , sharing the commonly held Arab view that Zionism was an extension of European colonialism on Arab soil. Particularly central to Nasserism

1932-417: The Arab world, and informs much of the public dialogue on politics in Egypt and the wider region. Prominent Nasserist Hamdeen Sabahi competed in the first round of the 2012 Egyptian presidential election and only narrowly missed out on a position in the run-off against eventual winner Mohamed Morsi . He later competed in the 2014 presidential election as one of only two candidates in a run-off, but lost to

2001-662: The Arab world. In the 1970s, as a younger generation of Arab revolutionaries came to the fore Nasserism outside Egypt metamorphosed into other Arab nationalist and pan-Arabist movements, including component groups of the Lebanese National Movement during the Lebanese Civil War . The main Nasserite movements that continued to be active until today on the Lebanese scene are mainly represented by

2070-708: The Houthis, capturing many areas in Al Hudaydah city. The Yemeni republican guard and the central security forces have joined to form the 'guardians of the republic' which is Tareq Saleh's private army. They are highly experienced veterans and are reportedly the best equipped and trained forces in the Saudi coalition. 30,000 to 100,000 men commanded by Brigadier Ahmed Saleh . The RG command structure in April 2012 The Republican Guard consists of 20 Brigades: This organization

2139-570: The Islamism of Arab socialism, further increasing the weight of the Palestine question. Rami Ginat argues that according to the scholarship at large, Jews played a crucial role in Egyptian socialist nation building, with opinions ranging on Jewish motivations, their stances with regard to Israel, and their level of culpability with regard to the schisms within the movement. Egyptian leftists at large blame repressive state structures in tandem with

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2208-619: The Republican Guard and other units to a new force known as the Presidential Defence Forces , which will be under the direct control of the president. In reaction to these attempts at restructuring, 200 armed members of the Republican Guard protested outside the Defense Ministry, leading to troops being deployed due to worry that the armed protesters might attempt to storm the building. After Saleh's death, Republican Guard forces reportedly started fighting against

2277-516: The Republican Guard under Saleh was counted as one of the most loyal units of the Yemeni Army, the unit has been less reliable for his successor due to parts of it still being commanded by Saleh loyalists. This has led to conflict in the unit between Saleh loyalists and loyalists to the new government. Following an attempt by the new President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi to replace the leader of the 3rd Republican Guard Brigade, Tareq Saleh , Saleh led

2346-618: The Yemeni opposition. On November 21, anti-government forces stormed a Republican Guard barracks situated in Nahm, a town 70 km northeast of the capital Sana'a . The barracks attacked was used by the 63rd Mountain Infantry Brigade of the Republican Guard. Planes loyal to the regime of Saleh launched several retaliatory strikes against the anti-government forces, who returned anti-aircraft fire using captured base equipment. Although

2415-457: The [fact of] division, difference, and conflict among society's structures and classes." Atassi ended the article by calling for the "oppressed classes" of the workers, peasants and "other strugglers" to join in the effort to overthrow the oppressors to establish a united Arab society. In short, he called for revolutionary struggle. While Aflaq did believe class conflict existed, he believed it to be subordinate to nationalism. Munif al-Razzaz ,

2484-401: The abolition of class and class differences in the future envisaged society. In 1955 Aflaq defined socialism as "the sharing of the resources of the country by its citizens." While Aflaq always found it easier to define socialism as what it was not, one thing he and Salah al-Din al-Bitar were certain of, was that Arab socialism was not communist or related in any way to communism. Part of

2553-460: The agricultural holdings of owners to the amount the owner could cultivate, an economy under some sort of state supervision, workers' participation in management and profit sharing , respected inheritance and the rights of private property . Prominent in Ba'athist writings from the 1940s and the 1950s, was the concern of exploitation of one group of citizens by another. The party forbade exploitation in its constitution. It further called for

2622-587: The attendance of comrade Al-Ahmar and Mr. Ching, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party and the Chinese Communist Party agreed to sign an agreement at the end of the discussions for three years, 2004/2005/2006. The two parties wish to promote and enhance the relations of friendship and cooperation between their two parties and co-ordinate their efforts for embodying their common objectives for the wellbeing of their two friendly peoples". On

2691-449: The definition of Arab socialism. Nasser's socialism was based on a pragmatic and empirical approach which broadly disregarded the theoretical framework of socialism if it had no basis in the real conditions that Egypt was facing. Moreover, he staunchly opposed the internationalism of other Egyptian communists, seeking alliance purely on pragmatic terms until later purging them. After the successful coup d'état of 1952 , where King Farouk

2760-554: The establishment of the United Arab Republic , is moderate and shows little, if any, signs of Marxism . The party's 1947 constitution reads, "socialism is a necessity which emanates from the depths of Arab nationalism .... Socialism constitutes the ideal social order [for] the Arab people ." The Ba'ath Party was founded in 1947 as the Arab Ba'ath Party, becoming the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party in 1952 upon merging with

2829-524: The future of that world". Khalidi asserts that this change inspired self-confidence in the Arab community. In A History of the Modern Middle East (2018), the author also talks about how Nasserism inspired self-confidence in the Arab community. The author states, "Egypt had gained a measure of independence and pride that at that time seemed enviable and worthy of emulation." Nasserism is an Arab nationalist and pan-Arabist ideology, combined with

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2898-440: The greatest men of the 20th century" and has called repeatedly for Arab governments to embrace the tenets of Nasserism in the 21st century. Arab socialism Arab socialism ( Arabic : الإشتِراكيّة العربية , romanized :  Al-Ishtirākīya Al-‘Arabīya ) is a political ideology based on the combination of pan-Arabism and socialism . Arab socialism is distinct from the much broader tradition of socialist thought in

2967-413: The growth of right-wing Islamism for the failure of their socialist project. Arwa Salih, an Egyptian left-revolutionary feminist, would ground her criticism of the Egyptian regime in gender, breaking taboos regarding sex and morality within the male-dominated Egyptian communist movement. Salih draws attention to the ways conservative takes on "emotions, gender relations, moral regimes and sexuality" impeded

3036-421: The growth of the Egyptian left movement. Chehata Haroun was an influential Jewish Egyptian revolutionary whose particular persuasion of socialism butted ideological heads with Nasserism. A Marxist of the international variety, he opposed the exclusive nationalism inherent to Nasser's Arab socialism. His central argument was threefold: (1) his Jewishness does not negate his Egyptian identity, (2) Both Zionism and

3105-444: The interdependent nature of unity, liberty and socialism. He criticized the view that socialism had to come after Arab unity, stating "Socialism, freedom and unity are not different names for different things, ... but different facets of one basic law from which they spring." He further noted that "If I believe in man and in man's worth, then I should believe in unity, nationalism, freedom , and socialism because each of them represents

3174-643: The organization in Sidon of populist Nasserist partisans ( at-Tanzim ash-Sha'bi an-Nassiri ) that are led by Oussama Saad and in Beirut as represented mainly by the Al-Mourabitoun movement. Both groups have been mainly active since the early 1950s among Arabs and they are currently associated politically with the March 8 coalitions in Lebanese politics. Nasserism continues to have significant resonance throughout

3243-424: The other candidate, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi , in a significant landslide victory for the latter. "Nasserism", the broad term used in literature to describe the aspects of Nasser's rule and his legacy, can be interpreted in many ways. P. J. Vatikiotis in his book Nasser and his Generation (1978) argues that Nasserism had the limited political connotation of a phenomenon of "personal charismatic leadership, not to

3312-570: The people’s control of their own resources, and the democracy of the peoples working forces." Many other Arab countries have adopted Nasserist forms of government during the 20th century, most being formed during the 1960s, including Algeria under the FLN and the Libyan Arab Republic under Muammar Gaddafi . The Nasserist ideology is also similar in theory to the Ba'athist ideology which

3381-499: The presidency of former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, Nasserism's scope was confined generally to writers, intellectuals and minor opposition parties. Nasserist movements were largely overshadowed by Islamic political organisations, especially the Muslim Brotherhood. This was a part of an overall trend within Egypt and the Arab world of Arab nationalism being overshadowed, and even eclipsed by political Islam. In Egypt,

3450-541: The reason for this was the French Communist Party 's support for lengthening the French Mandate of Syria . In a published shortly after that decision was made, Aflaq wrote "If I am asked to define socialism, I shall not look for it in the works of [Karl] Marx and [Vladimir] Lenin ." The main cardinal difference between Arab socialism and communism, according to Aflaq and Ba'athists in general,

3519-438: The rise of communism in the Arab world and advocated harsh penalties for individuals and organizations identified as attempting to spread communism within the region. Though mindful of the spiritual heritage of the Arab world, as with Ba'athism , Nasserism is largely a secular ideology. Just as with other manifestations of Arab nationalism, this led to direct conflict with ideologically Islamic-oriented political movements in

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3588-541: The role of Jewry in Egyptian socialism would focus on the question of whether or not "ex-comrades of Jewish origin" could be blamed for its failure. But division on a number of points would proliferate. As the Arab-Israeli conflict would unfold, these debates became much more antagonistic and tended to view the Jewish role with more pessimism. A significant portion of Jewish communists were atheists, in stark contrast to

3657-451: The same coin. The goal of the Arab liberation struggle was to fight imperialism , opposing the ruling classes and to fight for social justice . He further noted that "the social economic question is the issue of prime importance in our life, but it is directly related to the wider issue of nationalism" and "we want socialism to serve our nationalism." The socialism envisaged in the party's constitution of 1947 and in later writings up to

3726-445: The sanctification of the past.". In a written statement from 1946, Aflaq wrote "The Arab nationalists are socialists", hence "there is neither incompatibility nor contradiction nor war between nationalists and socialists." Socialism in his mind was subservient to the Arab unity project and liberty, however, he did believe that fighting for Arab liberation and unity was the same as fighting for socialism, believing they were two sides of

3795-506: The self-styled Bolivarian Revolution , cited Nasserism as a direct influence on his own political thinking by stating: "Someone talked to me about his pessimism regarding the future of Arab nationalism. I told him that I was optimistic, because the ideas of Nasser are still alive. Nasser was one of the greatest people of Arab history. To say the least, I am a Nasserist, ever since I was a young soldier". Left-wing British politician George Galloway has referred to Gamal Abdel Nasser as "one of

3864-503: The subject of the Ba'athist movement noted "The concept of socialist structure [as it] appeared in the articles and speeches ... [in] the period of the birth of the new movement [the Ba'ath] ... was just a hazy outline on a barely developed ideological negative." The party constitution of 1947 called for a "just redistribution of wealth ", state ownership of public utilities , natural resources , large industry, and transport , state control over foreign and domestic trade , limiting

3933-514: The term "Arab socialism," Aflaq was not referring to the internationalist strain of socialism; his conception resolved socialism with Arab nationalism . Aflaq believed that classical international socialism of nineteenth century Europe is not suited to the Arab world, on the basis that Western socialism was "forced to stand up not only against capitalism but also against nationalism, which protected capitalism, against religion, which defended it, and against every concept which called for conservatism and

4002-468: The traditions and religion of Egypt. However, Nasserism adopted the term of socialism, implementing several meanings to it - while at first the Nasserite commitment to socialism was ambiguous and often included contradictory concept, the movement never wavered in promoting it. As a result, Nasser "made it very popular among the Arab masses". In world politics, Nasser's Egypt, along with Yugoslavia under Josip Broz Tito and India under Jawaharlal Nehru ,

4071-574: The two principal leaders of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 , and Egypt 's second President . Spanning the domestic and international spheres, it combines elements of Arab socialism , republicanism , secularism, nationalism , anti-imperialism , developing world solidarity , Pan-Arabism , and international non-alignment . According to Mohamed Hassanein Heikal , Nasserism symbolised "the direction of liberation, socialist transformation,

4140-576: Was a major proponent of the Non-Aligned Movement , which advocated developing countries remaining outside the influence of the superpower blocs. However, notwithstanding this policy and government suppression of communist organisations within Egypt, Egypt's deteriorating relations with Western powers, particularly following the Tripartite Aggression of 1956, made Egypt heavily dependent on military and civil assistance from

4209-551: Was also notably practiced under Saddam Hussein 's Ba'athist Iraq (1968–2003) and under Hafez al-Assad and now Bashar al-Assad 's Syrian Arab Republic (1971–present). In the 1950s and 1960s, Nasserism was amongst the most potent political ideologies in the Arab world . This was especially true following the Suez Crisis of 1956 (known in Egypt as the Tripartite Aggression), the political outcome of which

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4278-631: Was anti-imperialism - Nasser was one of the main founders of the Non-Alignment Movement . The secularist nature of the movement can be seen through its policies, which neutralised the Al-Azhar Mosque through the imposition of non-religious education, regulation of Islamic endowments, and abolition of Shari'ah courts. However, the secularism of Nasserism was milder in comparison to the ideology of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk . The slogans adopted by Nasser and his movement gave Nasserism

4347-508: Was changed in 2015, just before the outbreak of the Yemeni Civil War . Nasserist President (1956–1970) Prime Minister (1954–(March)1954,(April)1954–1962,1967–1970) Deputy prime minister (1953–1954) [REDACTED] Nasserism ( Arabic : التيار الناصري at-Tayyār an-Nāṣirī ) is an Arab nationalist and Arab socialist political ideology based on the thinking of Gamal Abdel Nasser , one of

4416-723: Was crucial in helping sustain the morale of such movements, including in South Africa. Similar sentiments have been expressed by Fidel Castro , the former Cuban President , with regard to the Cuban Revolution and Cuba's later adversities with the United States Government . Both men stated that Egypt's resistance under Nasser against the joint British, French and Israeli invasion of Egypt in 1956 proved to be inspirational for their own movements. Hugo Chávez , late President of Venezuela and leader of

4485-460: Was deposed bloodlessly, Nasser was only guided by six main tenets: the end of imperialism , the end of the government of capital, social justice (end of domination), creation of a strong national army, creation of a fully operational democratic system and the end of the feudal system . Guided by these, he also stressed the importance of a double revolution , a revolution which had to be political and social. Political as it needed to end feudalism and

4554-430: Was not communism, the party could learn from the experience of the socialist countries of how to construct a socialist society. It was around this time communist-inspired terms such as "masses of the people" and "people's organization" began to be heavily used in Ba'athist literature, while at the same time emphasizing class conflict more than before. He wrote that "Socialism cannot realize its goals unless it starts from

4623-673: Was seen as a validation of Nasserism and a tremendous defeat for Western imperial powers. During the Cold War , its influence was also felt in other parts of Africa and the developing world, particularly with regard to anti-imperialism and non-alignment. The scale of the Arab defeat in the Six-Day War of 1967 damaged the standing of Nasser and the ideology associated with him. Though it survived Nasser's death in 1970, certain important tenets of Nasserism were revised or abandoned totally by his successor Anwar Sadat during what he termed

4692-403: Was the cardinal role given to nationalism . Since everything in Ba'athist thought was somehow linked to Arab nationalism, Aflaq could not bridge the gap between nationalism and communist internationalism . However, he did note Josip Broz Tito 's policy of self-determination while governing Yugoslavia . Another difference was that Aflaq did not support the communist idea that class struggle

4761-437: Was the central piece throughout human history, given that role instead to nationalism. Arab socialism rejected communism based on the belief that it was deceitful, as it sought to tie "the Arab destiny to the destiny of another state, namely Russia". However, in the 1950s, changing attitudes of socialism within the Ba'ath Party began to be apparent. Jamal al-Atassi , in a writing dating to 1956, wrote that while Arab socialism

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