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56-659: Kibbutz Yiftah was established on 18 August 1948 by demobilised Palmach soldiers who were members of the Yiftach Brigade , after which the kibbutz is named. Metzudat Koach is located nearby. Yiftah is located near Jahula , but on the land belonging to the depopulated Palestinian village of Qadas . During the 2023 war between Hamas and Israel , northern Israeli border communities, including Yiftah, faced targeted attacks by Hezbollah and Palestinian factions based in Lebanon , and were evacuated. On 5 November 2023,

112-662: A dive team for which competences are specified and registration may be required are listed below. Core diving team: Additional member for surface-supplied air diving using a low pressure compressor : Additional member for bell diving : Additional member for dives with a chamber on site: Additional member for surface-supplied mixed gas diving: Additional members for offshore diving : Additional personnel for saturation diving : Additional members for remotely operated underwater vehicle support: Professional diving activities are generally regulated by health and safety legislation, but in some cases may be exempted from

168-407: A dive, and dive only if the conditions are conducive to the task. Public safety divers respond to emergencies at whatever time and place they occur, and may be required to dive at times and in circumstances where conditions and regulations may exempt them from some of the health and safety requirements of other professional divers at times when it appears possible that a living person may be rescued. In

224-448: A driver operating an Israeli water tank for the IDF was killed by an anti-tank missile launched by Hezbollah operatives near the kibbutz. On 19 December, Hezbollah fired artillery shells at the kibbutz. Demobilization Demobilization or demobilisation (see spelling differences ) is the process of standing down a nation's armed forces from combat-ready status. This may be as

280-637: A dry suit, dry hood, and dry gloves at a minimum, usually with a helmet sealed to the suit, or at least a positive pressure full-face mask, thereby keeping the diver completely isolated from the diving environment. A number of factors dictate the type of breathing apparatus used by the diver. Typical considerations include the length of the dive, water contamination, space constraints and vehicle access for support vehicles. Some disciplines will very rarely use surface supplied diving , such as scientific divers or military clearance divers, whilst commercial divers will rarely use scuba equipment . Scuba equipment

336-792: A member of a military grouping of some kind to being a civilian ". Persons undergoing demobilization are removed from the command and control of their armed force and group and the transformation from a military mindset to that of a civilian begins. Although combatants become civilians when they acquire their official discharge documents the mental connection and formal ties to their military command structure still exist. To prevent soldiers from rejoining their armed groups, important preparatory work must be done to ensure that combatants are ready to be reintegrated into society and capable of returning to their civilian lives. Civilians play an important role in supporting combatants to return to civilian life by exposing them to civilian lifestyles and mindsets that combat

392-420: A method to reach their workplace, although some underwater photographers start as recreational divers and move on to make a living from their hobby. Equipment in this field is varied with scuba and surface supplied equipment used, depending on requirements, but rebreathers are often used for wildlife related work as they are normally quiet, release few or no bubbles and allow the diver a lengthy bottom time with

448-461: A point system that favored length and certain types of service. The British armed forces were demobilized according to an "age-and-service" scheme. The phrase demob happy refers to demobilization and is broadly applied to the feeling of relief at imminent release from a time-serving burden, such as a career. In the Russian language , it is known as dembel and has become a certain tradition in

504-494: A professional diver normally requires specific training that satisfies any regulatory agencies which have regional or national authority, such as US Occupational Safety and Health Administration , United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive or South African Department of Employment and Labour . International recognition of professional diver qualifications and registration exists between some countries. The primary procedural distinction between professional and recreational diving

560-494: A reduced risk of frightening off the subject. Military diving is diving carried out by military personnel in the course of their duties. There are a number of different specialisations in military diving; some depend on the branch of the military. Offensive activities include underwater demolition , infiltration and sabotage, this being the type of work done by units such as the UK Special Boat Service or

616-455: A result of victory in war , or because a crisis has been peacefully resolved and military force is no longer necessary. The opposite of demobilization is mobilization , which is the act of calling up forces for active military service. Forceful demobilization of a defeated enemy is called demilitarization . The United Nations defines demobilization as "a multifaceted process that officially certifies an individual's change of status from being

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672-402: A similar meaning and applications. The procedures are often regulated by legislation and codes of practice as it is an inherently hazardous occupation and the diver works as a member of a team . Due to the dangerous nature of some professional diving operations, specialized equipment such as an on-site hyperbaric chamber and diver-to-surface communication system is often required by law, and

728-408: A statutory national occupational health and safety legislation constrains their activities. The purpose of recreational diving is basically for personal entertainment, while the professional diver has a job to do, and diving is necessary to get that job done. Recreational diving instruction and dive leadership are legally considered professional diving in some jurisdictions, particularly when the diver

784-485: A three-pronged approach to conflict management. This includes disarmament , demobilization, and reintegration to take combatants out of conflict situations as well as remove weapons and help former members of armed groups rejoin society. In the final days of World War II , for example, the United States Armed Forces developed a demobilization plan which would discharge soldiers on the basis of

840-449: Is ISO 24801-3 and the equivalent European Standard EN 14153–3. Most recreational diver training agencies have a certification meeting these standards . Diving equipment is equipment used by underwater divers to make diving activities possible, easier, safer and/or more comfortable. This may be equipment primarily intended for this purpose, or equipment intended for other purposes which is found to be suitable for diving use. Depending on

896-471: Is another method of insulation, operating by keeping the diver dry under the suit, and relies on either the suit material, the gas trapped in thermal undergarments, or both, to insulate the diver, and also provides better isolation from environmental contamination. Certain applications require a specific type of dive suit; long dives into deep, cold water normally require a hot water suit or dry suit, whilst diving into potentially contaminated environments requires

952-723: Is carried out mainly on conventional open circuit scuba equipment but with the increasing availability of recreational rebreathers , their use is also taught. Not all recreational diving instructors are professionals; many are amateurs with careers outside the diving industry, but they work to the same training standards as the professionals, and will have the same duty of care for their trainees. Professional underwater dive leaders (also referred to as divemasters) are quite commonly employed by dive centres , live-aboard dive boats and day charter boats to lead certified recreational divers and groups of divers on underwater excursions. These divemasters are generally expected to ensure that

1008-403: Is employed for that purpose. A diving operation is a professional dive and the activity in preparation for, and in support of, the specific dive. The diving operation is controlled by the diving supervisor , is expected to follow the dive plan , is conducted by the diving team , and is recorded in the diving operations record (though the terms may have regional variations). A diving operation

1064-413: Is not commonly used in civilian commercial diving, but is often employed by scientific, media and military divers, sometimes as specialized equipment such as rebreathers , which are closed circuit scuba equipment that recycles exhaled breathing gas instead of releasing it into the water. The recycling of gas makes rebreathers advantageous for long duration dives, more efficient decompression is possible when

1120-413: Is not usually mandatory, providing that any alternative systems used provide a standard of health and safety equal to or better than those recommended by the code of practice. The operations manual is the diving contractor's in-house documentation specifying the procedures authorised for diving operations conducted by the company. It will refer to relevant legislation and codes of practice and will specify

1176-418: Is occasionally used by commercial divers working on sites where surface supplied equipment is unsuitable, such as around raised structures like a water tower , or in remote locations where it is necessary to carry equipment to the dive site. Normally, for comfort and for practicality, a full face mask such as those manufactured by Kirby Morgan will be used to allow dive lights and video cameras to be mounted on

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1232-411: Is over when the last diver has completed decompression and is out of the water. A diving project is a coordinated set of diving operations for a particular purpose, often the responsibility of a diving contractor. This would include mobilisation and setup of the diving spread at the start, and demobilisation at the end of the project. Depending on the size of the project, the project manager may be

1288-516: Is that the recreational diver is responsible primarily for their own actions and safety but may voluntarily accept limited responsibility for dive buddies, whereas the professional diver is part of a team of people with extensive responsibilities and obligations to each other and usually to an employer or client, and these responsibilities and obligations are formally defined in contracts, legislation, regulations, operations manuals, standing orders and compulsory or voluntary codes of practice. In many cases

1344-419: Is the dismantling, packing and transport back to storage of the diving spread, and where relevant, restoring the site to initial condition. Mobilization is the converse process. This military -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Professional diving Professional diving is underwater diving where the divers are paid for their work. Occupational diving has

1400-471: Is the practice of underwater photography and underwater cinematography outside of normal recreational interests. Media diving is often carried out in support of television documentaries, such as the BBC series Planet Earth or movies, with feature films such as Titanic and The Perfect Storm featuring underwater photography or footage. Media divers are normally highly skilled camera operators who use diving as

1456-411: Is the specification for minimum personnel for the diving support team. This typically specifies the minimum number of team members and their appointed responsibilities in the team based on the circumstances and mode of diving, and the minimum qualifications for specified members of the diving team. The minimum team requirements may be specified by regulation or code of practice. Specific appointments within

1512-399: Is the use of diving techniques by scientists to study underwater what would normally be studied by scientists. Scientific divers are normally qualified scientists first and divers second, who use diving equipment and techniques as their way to get to the location of their fieldwork. The direct observation and manipulation of marine habitats afforded to scuba-equipped scientists have transformed

1568-583: The United States Navy SEALs . Defensive activities are centered around countering the threat of enemy special forces and enemy anti-shipping measures, and typically involve defusing mines , searching for explosive devices attached to the hulls of ships, and locating enemy frogmen in the water. Military divers may need equipment which does not reveal their position and avoids setting off explosives, and to this end, they may use rebreathers which produce less noise due to bubbles emitted from

1624-539: The Soviet and post-Soviet Armed Forces. A United States equivalent is "short-timer's disease", comparable to " senioritis " among United States high school students. The United Nations Peacekeeping Operational Manual lists two different approaches to demobilization. These approaches are the semi-permanent demobilization sites (cantonment) or the mobile method which means demobilization at the sites where ex-combatants are gathered. In professional diving , demobilization

1680-704: The UK is growing in popularity in the U.S. Most scientific dives are relatively short duration and shallow, and surface supplied equipment is cumbersome and relatively expensive. The safety record of scuba for scientific diving has been good, and it is considered acceptable for most scientific diving by several national and international codes of practice. Not all scientific divers are professionals; some are amateurs who assist with research or contribute observations on citizen science projects out of personal interest. Scientific diving organizations include: Standard references for scientific diving operations include: Media diving

1736-722: The US Navy using versions of the Kirby Morgan helmets and full-face masks amongst other equipment. Typical tasks include: Some armies have their own diving personnel for inland water operations. Experimental diving may be conducted by special units like the US Navy's Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) which involves meeting military needs through the research and development of diving practices and diving equipment, testing new types of equipment and finding more effective and safer ways to perform dives and related activities. The US NEDU

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1792-420: The US Navy. Police divers are normally police officers who have been trained in the use of diving techniques to recover evidence and occasionally bodies from underwater. They may also be employed in searching shipping for contraband attached to the outside of hulls to avoid detection by internal searches. The equipment they use depends on operational requirements, but a requirement for communications with

1848-455: The US, many public safety divers are volunteers, but career law enforcement or fire rescue personnel also often take on these additional responsibilities as part of their occupation. Aquarium divers normally hold some form of professional qualification, either as a commercial diver or a recognised recreational certification indicating sufficient competence. The work is varied but is centred around

1904-463: The competence of recreational divers to agency standards. Recreational dive instructors teach a wide variety of skills from entry-level diver training for beginners, to diver rescue for intermediate level divers and technical diving for divers who wish to dive in higher risk environments. They may operate from dedicated dive centres at coastal sites, or through hotels in popular holiday resorts or simply from local swimming pools . Initial training

1960-409: The customer is usually obliged to sign a waiver exonerating the dive guide for ordinary negligence. Not all recreational dive leaders are professionals; many are amateurs with careers outside the diving industry, and lead groups of friends or club members without financial reward. The internationally recognised minimum standard for a person professionally leading a group of certified recreational divers

2016-416: The customers are briefed on the conditions to be expected, the known hazards other than those inherent in the activity, and what the customer can reasonably expect to see during a dive. They are underwater tour guides , and as such are expected to know the level of certification and fitness needed for the planned dive, but are not generally considered responsible for ensuring that the customers are competent to

2072-412: The equipment, and few or no bubbles on the surface, and which contain no magnetic components, and the face-mask may be fitted with anti-reflective glass. Naval diving is the military term for what civilians would call commercial diving. Naval divers work to support maintenance and repair operations on ships and military installations. Their equipment is derived from commercially available equipment, with

2128-434: The gas mix is adjustable, and observation of animals in the wild is facilitated due to the lack of noisy exhaust bubbles. These characteristics also make rebreathers ideal for military use, such as when military divers are engaged in covert action where bubbles would alert the opposition to their presence, or when performing mine clearance where bubble noise could potentially trigger an explosion. Open circuit scuba equipment

2184-406: The level of certification they hold, or for the personal safety of the customers during the dive. If the dive leader allocates dive buddies, they may thereby make themselves legally responsible for ensuring that the buddy pairs they allocate are appropriate. Any instruction given by the dive leader may make them liable for the reasonably foreseeable consequences of carrying out that instruction, though

2240-562: The maintenance of the tank, livestock and public entertainment. This includes: Instructors for the professional classes of diving are generally qualified and experienced as divers, diving supervisors, and adult educators operating under the auspices of a governmental agency. Standards for instruction are authorized by those agencies to ensure safety during training and competence in the workplace. Commercial diving instructors are normally required to have commercial diving qualifications. They typically teach trainee commercial divers how to operate

2296-834: The marine sciences generally, and marine biology and marine chemistry in particular. Underwater archeology and geology are other examples of sciences pursued underwater. Some scientific diving is carried out by universities in support of undergraduate or postgraduate research programs. Government bodies such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the UK Environment Agency carry out scientific diving to recover samples of water, marine organisms and sea, lake or riverbed material to examine for signs of pollution. Equipment used varies widely in this field, but surface supplied equipment though quite uncommon in

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2352-566: The mask. The benefit of full-face masks is that they can normally also be used with surface supplied equipment, removing the need for the diver or the company to have two sets of expensive equipment. This is, perhaps, the most common type of equipment used in professional diving, and the one most recognised by the public. Surface-supplied equipment can be used with full face masks or diving helmets . Helmets are normally fitted with diver to surface communication equipment, and often with light sources and video equipment. The decision between wearing

2408-554: The mode of diving for some applications may be regulated. There are several branches of professional diving, the best known of which is probably commercial diving and its specialised applications, offshore diving , inshore civil engineering diving, marine salvage diving, hazmat diving , and ships husbandry diving. There are also applications in scientific research , marine archaeology , fishing and aquaculture , public service , law enforcement , military service , media work and diver training . Any person wishing to become

2464-461: The national or state diving regulations for specific diving applications, such as scientific diving or public safety diving, when they operate under a recognised code of practice for that application. A code of practice for professional diving is a document that complements occupational health and safety laws and regulations to provide detailed practical guidance on how to comply with legal obligations, and should be followed unless another solution with

2520-612: The organisation of the company and the chain of responsibility. Standard operating procedures for the activities normally conducted by the company may be described in sufficient detail that all affected parties can understand how the organisation operates, or may refer to other documents such as the manufacturer's maintenance instructions for details. Professional diving operations are generally required to be documented for legal reasons related to contractual obligations and health and safety. Divers are required to keep their personal diving logbooks up to date, supervisors are required to record

2576-634: The organisation of the diving contractor. This distinction may not exist in other jurisdictions. In South Africa , any person who dives under the control and instructions of another person within the scope of the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 , is within the scope of the Diving Regulations, 2009 . In the UK, the Diving at Work Regulations, 1997 , apply. Major applications of commercial diving include: Scientific diving

2632-428: The requirements of regulations. A workplace inspector can refer to a code of practice when issuing an improvement or prohibition notice, and they may be admissible in court proceedings. A court may use a code of practice to establish what is reasonably practicable action to manage a specific risk. Equivalent or better ways of achieving the required work health and safety may be possible, so compliance with codes of practice

2688-400: The rigid military mindset soldiers acquire during their time of service. Demobilization can be partial or complete depending on the number of units removed from the command structure. The process is often a symbolic and significant part of the peace process during which the conflicting sides acknowledge their intent to consolidate peace. The United Nations identifies demobilization as part of

2744-417: The same or better health and safety standard is in place, or may be a document for the same purpose published by a self-regulating body to be followed by member organisations. Codes of practice published by governments do not replace the occupational health and safety laws and regulations, and are generally issued in terms of those laws and regulations. They are intended to help understand how to comply with

2800-455: The senior supervisor, or the diving superintendent. A diving contractor is the legal entity responsible for the execution of diving operations for a client . The diving contractor is responsible for ensuring that the diving operations are safe, that a competent diving team is appointed, and the contracted work is done to specifications. A diving team is a group of people who conduct a diving operation. A characteristic of professional diving

2856-520: The specifics of a diving operation on the diving operations record. The dive plan is generally documented, and includes a description of the planned work, specification of the equipment to be used, the expected dive profile , and the outcome of the relevant risk assessment . Commercial diving may be considered an application of professional diving where the diver engages in underwater work for industrial, construction, engineering, maintenance or other commercial purposes which are similar to work done out of

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2912-417: The surface team would necessitate the use of full-face masks with voice communication equipment, either with scuba or surface-supplied equipment. Public safety diving is the underwater work conducted by law enforcement, fire rescue, and search & rescue/recovery dive teams. Public safety divers differ from recreational, scientific and commercial divers who can generally plan the date, time, and location of

2968-508: The types of diving equipment and typical underwater tools they will use in the course of their work as well as the skills required for diving safely with the relevant equipment. Recreational diving instructors differ from other types of professional divers as they normally don't require registration as commercial divers, but a relevant recreational qualification from a recognised certification agency and in-date membership or registration with that agency which permits them to teach and assess

3024-399: The water temperature, depth and duration of the planned dive, the diver will either use a wetsuit , dry suit or hot water suit . A wetsuit provides thermal insulation by layers of foam neoprene but the diver gets wet. Hot water diving suits are similar to a wetsuit but are flooded with warm water from a surface water heater that is then pumped to the diver via an umbilical. A dry suit

3080-399: The water, and where the diving is usually secondary to the work. In some legislation, commercial diving is defined as any diving done by an employee as part of their job, and for legal purposes this may include scientific, public safety, media, and military diving. That is similar to the definition for professional diving, but in those cases the difference is in the status of the diver within

3136-564: Was responsible for much of the experimental diving work to calculate and validate decompression tables and algorithms, and has since worked on such developments as heated diving suits powered by radioactive isotopes and mixed gas diving equipment, while the British equivalent (The Admiralty Experimental Diving Unit) developed the Mark 10 submarine escape suits used by both the Royal Navy and

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