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56-1020: Yingtian may refer to: Empress Dowager Yingtian , Empress Dowager in Liao Dynasty Yingtian (Song Dynasty) ( 應天府 ), ancient name of Shangqiu, Henan during the Song Dynasty Yingtian (Ming Dynasty) ( 應天府 ), ancient name of Nanjing during the Ming Dynasty Yingtian, Miluo (营田镇), a town in Miluo City , Hunan province . Yingtian Gate (應天門)，ancient city gate of Luoyang , China. Historical eras [ edit ] Yingtian (759), era name used by Shi Siming Yingtian (783–784), era name used by Zhu Ci Yingtian (911–913), era name used by Liu Shouguang Yingtian (1206–1209), era name used by Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia Topics referred to by

112-514: A Turkic tribe that heavily influenced northern Chinese politics from the late ninth century through the tenth century. They are noted for founding three, Later Tang , Later Jin , and Later Han , of the five dynasties and one, Northern Han , of the ten kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . The Northern Han would later be conquered by the Song dynasty . Sometime before

168-757: A banquet for him. During the An Lushan rebellion in the 750s, the Shatuo provided significant military aid to the Tang alongside the Uyghur Khaganate . Yao Runeng (姚如能) mentioned in the 9th-century Deeds of An Lushan , two separate tribes Shatuo 沙陀 and Zhuye (朱耶) ~ Zhuxie 朱邪, among the non-Chinese tribes in the He and Long regions under Turko - Khotanese loyalist superintendent Geshu Han (哥舒翰, d. 757). In 808, 30,000 Shatuo under Zhuye Jinzhong defected from

224-596: A failed attack on the rebellious jiedushi circuit of Chengde . The Shatuo Turks under Zhuye Chixin ( Li Guochang ) served the Tang dynasty in fighting against their fellow Turkic people in the Uyghur Khaganate . In 839, when the Uyghur khaganate (Huigu) general Jueluowu (掘羅勿) rose against the rule of then-reigning Zhangxin Khan , he elicited the help from Zhuye Chixin by giving Zhuye 300 horses, and together, they defeated Zhangxin Khan, who then committed suicide, precipitating

280-401: A head when Guochang's forces suffered a defeat to Tang mercenaries, costing him a loss of 17,000 men. This led the Shatuo to turn north to their "Tartar" friends for support. The son of Li Guochang , Li Keyong , was a very capable warrior. He was said to be capable of "hitting twin flying ducks from a reclining position" and was called the "Dragon with a Single Eye" because he had an eye that

336-526: A late-Tang military commissioner ( jiedushi ), states that his clan's progenitor was "Yidu, Lord of the Xueyantuo state, an unrivaled general" (益度、薛延陀國君、無敵將軍), Xueyantuo was a Tiele tribe. Other Chinese chroniclers traced the Shatuo's origins to a Tiele chief named * Bayar (拔也 Baye ) ~ * Bayïrku (拔也古 Bayegu ) The Song historian Ouyang Xiu rejected the Bayïrku origin of Shatuo; he pointed out that

392-446: A message to the deceased Emperor for me!" After they arrived at Emperor Taizu's tomb, she would execute them. After several hundreds were killed in this way, she sent one Zhao Siwen (趙思溫) to do so. Zhao refused. She stated to him, "You were a close attendant of the deceased Emperor. Why do you refuse to go?" He responded, "No one was closer than you, Empress. If you go, I, your subject, will go next." Apparently impressed, she responded, "It

448-659: A new Liao dynasty , and created Shulü Ping empress. As empress, she was described as brave, resolute, and full of strategies, often participating in Emperor Taizu's military decisions. There was one time when Emperor Taizu were attacking the Dangxiang through the desert. He left Empress Shulü in charge of the headquarters. Hearing that he was away, two Shiwei tribes, the Huangtou (黃頭) and the Choubo (臭泊), decided to raid

504-578: A princely title to declare themselves legitimate Tang dynasty emperors. In line with claims of restoring the Tang, Li moved the capital from Kaifeng back to Luoyang , where it had been during the Tang dynasty. The Later Tang controlled more territory than the Later Liang, including the Beijing area, the surrounding Sixteen Prefectures , Shanxi and Shaanxi Province . This was the first of three short-lived Shatuo dynasties. The last Later Tang Emperor

560-476: A thousand meters. Combined with craters and dry riverbeds, the location made attacks from the southeast and northwest hazardous. In the west, the Yellow River made any maneuver costly in time and materiel. Jinyang itself was a fortress city with a wall spanning 20 km with sufficient provisions to last a year. It was seen as "the northern door to the empire" at the time. The Tang dynasty fell in 907 and

616-508: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Empress Dowager Yingtian Shulü Ping was born in 879. Her great-great-grandfather Shulü Nuosi (述律糯思) was said to be of Huigu extraction. Her father was named Shulü Pogu (述律婆姑), who also had the name of Yuewan (月碗), served under the Khitan Yaonian (遙輦) clan. Her mother was said to be a daughter of "King Yundejia" (勻德恝王)—apparently

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672-446: Is not that I am not willing to follow the deceased Emperor below ground. It is that the heir, my son, is young and weak. The state needs a leader, and therefore I cannot go." However, she cut off one of her hands and ordered that it be buried at Emperor Taizu's tomb. After this event, Zhao was spared. (Another account had it that she wanted to die as well at Emperor Taizu's death, but was dissuaded by her relatives, so she then came up with

728-649: The Later Jin dynasty. Shi moved the capital back to Kaifeng , then called Bian. The Later Jin controlled essentially the same territory as the Later Tang except the strategic Sixteen Prefectures area, which had been ceded to the expanding Liao Empire established by the Khitans. Later historians would denigrate the Later Jin as a puppet regime of the powerful Liao to the north. When Shi's successor did defy

784-884: The Tatar people from north of the Ordos in 966, while they were vassals of the Khitan Emperor. The early Shatuo were originally called the Turks of Shatuo circuit (lit. Shatuo Turks/Shatuo Tujue ). Occasional references were made to the three tribes of the Shatuo: Shatuo, Anqing, and Yinge. The Shatuo population was never large but their warriors had a reputation for being brave and aggressive as well as proficient in siege warfare and archery. They participated in Emperor Taizong of Tang 's campaigns against Goryeo in

840-484: The 12th century, the Shatuo disappeared as a distinct ethnic group, many of them having become acculturated and assimilating into the general population around them. The Shatuo tribe were descended mainly from the Western Turkic Chuyue tribe, who in turn belonged to a group of four Chuy tribes, collectively known as Yueban . The Yueban state survived to the end of the 480s when its independence

896-416: The 640s and performed with distinction despite their ultimate failure. At the same time the Shatuo also came into conflict with neighboring tribes, leading them to further depend on the Tang dynasty for support. In 702, Shatuo Jinshan, ancestor of the future late Tang warlord Li Keyong , started sending tribute to the Tang court. In 714, Jinshan was invited to Chang'an where Emperor Xuanzong of Tang hosted

952-475: The 9th century as they became more settled and intermarried with border people and the Han Chinese. Their population also increased. In the early 9th century, reports of 6,000-7,000 Shatuo tents point toward a population of just 30,000 people, including women and children. By the end of the 9th century, the Shatuo had 50,000-60,000 male warriors. In 821, Zhuye Zhiyi, the great-grandfather of Li Keyong , led

1008-644: The Bayïrku were contemporaries, not primordial ancestors, of the Shatuo's reigning clan Zhuxie, and that this Western Turkic kin-group adopted Shatuo as their tribal name and Zhuxie as surname after their chief Jinzhong (盡忠; lit. "Loyal to the Utmost") had moved into Beiting Protectorate , in Tang Dezong 's time (r. 780 - 804). The Chuyue tribe members who remained in the Western Turkic Kaganate , under Onoq leadership, occupied territory east of

1064-474: The Han Chinese general Yang Ye and adopted him as a brother. Under the protection of the Khitan Liao dynasty , the tiny kingdom survived until 979 when it was finally incorporated into the Song dynasty . Shatuo Turks that remained on the steppes were eventually absorbed into various Mongolic or Turkic tribes. From the 10th to 13th centuries, Shatuo remnants possibly joined Tatar confederation in

1120-522: The Khitan chieftains, remembering how she had slaughtered many upon Emperor Taizu's death, decided to support Yelü Bei's son Yelü Ruan the Prince of Yongkang instead, and Yelü Ruan declared himself emperor at Heng Prefecture (as Emperor Shizong). He continued north, heading toward Linhuang. Empress Dowager Shulü sent troops under her to resist Emperor Shizong's progress. Yelü Lihu, in command of these troops,

1176-468: The Khitan headquarters. She heard of their plans, however, and put her army on an ambush posture, crushing them upon their arrival. Her reputation among the nomadic people thereafter became prominent. It was said that she refused to bow to her mother and her mother-in-law , but rather received their bows, stating, "I only bow to Heaven, not to people." As, at that time, the Shatuo prince of Jin , Li Cunxu ,

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1232-440: The Later Jin general Du Wei with an army to attack Liao, with the intent to recapture the territory Shi Jingtang previously ceded to Liao. Emperor Taizong, however, was able to have Du's army surrounded, and Du surrendered. He then attacked south toward Later Jin's capital Kaifeng . With the capital defenceless because the army had been given to Du, Shi Chonggui surrendered, ending Later Jin. Emperor Taizong initially claimed to be

1288-615: The Liao, a Khitan invasion resulted in the end of the dynasty in 946. The death of the Khitan emperor on his return from the raid on the Later Jin left a power vacuum that was filled by Liu Zhiyuan , another Shatuo who founded the Later Han in 947. The capital was at Bian (Kaifeng) and the state held the same territories as its predecessor. Liu died after a single year of reign and was succeeded by his teenage son, in turn unable to reign for more than two years, when this very short-lived dynasty

1344-451: The Liao, refusing to submit to Emperor Taizong as a subject, only referring to himself as "grandson." He also had Liao merchants arrested, and their assets seized. As a result, war erupted between the states. Empress Dowager Shulü was not in favor of waging war against Later Jin. As a result, Emperor Taizong entered into some peace negotiations with Shi Conggui in 945 that, however, were ultimately fruitless. In 946, Shi Chonggui commissioned

1400-572: The Tibetans to Tang China and the Tibetans punished them by killing Zhuye Jinzhong as they were chasing them. The Uyghurs also fought against an alliance of Shatuo and Tibetans at Beshbalik. In 809, the Tang resettled several Shatuo tribes in Hedong (modern northern Shanxi ), also called Jin based on the region's ancient name. The Shatuo there were semi-pastoralists who traded in horse, sheep, and cattle. However their way of life gradually changed over

1456-706: The Uyghur khaganate, which granted their leaders various titles and rewards. After a defeat of the Chuy by Tibetans in 808, the Chuy Shatuo branch asked China for protection, and moved into Inner China. After aiding in the suppression of the Huang Chao uprising in 875–883, and establishing three out of five short-lived dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907-960), their number in China fell down to between 50 and 100 thousand. A detailed analysis of

1512-479: The deceased Emperor?" They responded, "The deceased Emperor has shown us much grace. Of course we miss him." She responded, "If you miss him, then go see him." She then slaughtered them. She then, leaving Emperor Taizu's younger brother Yelü Anduan (耶律安端) temporarily in charge at Dongdan, returned to the Khitan capital Linhuang (臨潢, in modern Chifeng , Inner Mongolia ) with Yelü Bei, escorting Emperor Taizu's casket. Once then returned to Linhuang, she wanted to divert

1568-466: The emperor for the former Later Jin territory as well. To congratulate him for this great victory, Empress Dowager Shulü sent wine, delicacies, and fruits from Khitan lands to Kaifeng. Whenever he drank the wine that she sent, he stood up and stated, "This was bestowed by the Empress Dowager. I do not dare to drink it sitting down." Soon, however, faced with many rebellions against Liao rule in

1624-545: The era were expected to wield their influence behind the scenes. However, Khitan women held a far higher status than their Han counterparts in the tenth century. Empress Shulü openly wielded her influence in the court of her husband as well as that of her son as empress dowager. Shatuo ( Tokhara Yabghus , Turk Shahis ) The Shatuo , or the Shatuo Turks ( Chinese : 沙陀突厥 ; pinyin : Shātuó Tūjué ; also transcribed as Sha-t'o , Sanskrit Sart ) were

1680-531: The former Later Jin lands, Emperor Taizong decided to return north to Liao proper. However, he became ill on the way and died near Heng Prefecture (恆州, in modern Shijiazhuang , Hebei ). Upon receiving his casket, Empress Dowager Shulü did not weep. Instead, she, apparently sensing that her power would be challenged, stated, "When all of the tribes are peaceful, I will then bury you." In fact, Empress Dowager Shulü's will would soon be challenged. She had intended that Emperor Taizong be succeeded by Yelü Lihu. However,

1736-410: The grandfather of her eventual husband Yelü Abaoji , Yelü Yundeshi (耶律勻德實)—which would make her and Yelü Abaoji cousins. Eventually, she married Yelü Abaoji as his wife, but it is not known when that occurred. She bore Yelü Abaoji three sons— Yelü Bei , Yelü Deguang , and Yelü Lihu . In 916, Yelü Abaoji, having consolidated the power over the Khitan tribes into his hands, declared himself emperor of

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1792-469: The imperial family. They had tense relations with the Later Liang, and cultivated good relations with the emerging Khitan power to the north. The son of Li Keyong, Li Cunxu , succeeded in destroying the Later Liang in 923, declaring himself the emperor of the “Restored Tang”, officially known as the Later Tang , using the fact that his family was granted the imperial Li surname of the Tang dynasty and

1848-476: The lake Barkul , and were called, in Chinese, Shatuo (literally "sandy slope" or "gravel sands", i.e. desert). Shatuoji is also the name of a desert in northern Xinjiang . The Shatuo consisted of three sub-tribes: Chuyue (處月), Suoge (娑葛), and Anqing (安慶), the last of whom were of Sogdian origins. The Shatuo participated in wars on behalf of the Tang dynasty, including against other Turkic people like

1904-456: The operation. The Khitan army was subsequently defeated by the Jin army, and forced to withdraw. In 926, Emperor Taizu launched a major attack on Balhae , conquering it. He converted it to a kingdom named Dongdan , creating his and Empress Shulü's oldest son Yelü Bei its king, with the title of "Imperial King Ren" (人皇王, Ren Huangwang)—while their second son Yelü Deguang was, at the same time, given

1960-460: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Yingtian . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yingtian&oldid=1215889732 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Chinese-language text Short description

2016-421: The slaughter of Uyghur forces at Shahu mountain. The Shatuo ruling family started using Zhuye as their surname. Zhuye Chixin (d. 888) abandoned it after he was bestowed the name Li Guochang by the Tang emperor for his role in the suppression of Pang Xun 's rebel general, Wang Hongli, in 869. Guochang later upset the Tang court by slaying the governor of Datong , Duan Wenchu, in 872. In 880, tensions came to

2072-419: The solution of cutting off one of her hands.) In 936, the Later Tang general Shi Jingtang , with military assistance from Emperor Taizong, overthrew then-Later Tang emperor Li Congke and established a new state of Later Jin , subservient to the Liao. When one of the Later Tang generals that Emperor Taizong captured, Zhao Dejun the military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing ),

2128-498: The subsequent collapse of the Uyghur Khaganate. In the next few years, when Uyghur Khaganate remnants tried to raid Tang borders, the Shatuo participated extensively in counterattacking the Uyghur Khaganate with other tribes loyal to Tang. In 843, Zhuye Chixin, under the command of the Han Chinese officer Shi Xiong with Tuyuhun, Tangut and Han Chinese troops, participated in a raid against the Uyghur khaganate that led to

2184-607: The succession away from Yelü Bei, as she had favored Yelü Deguang. However, formally, she called an assembly of the chieftains, along with Yelü Bei and Yelü Deguang, and stated to them, "I love both of my sons, and I do not know which one to make emperor. You can decide which one you wish to support by holding his rein." The chieftains, knowing that she favoured Yelü Deguang, rushed to him and held to his rein. She thereafter declared him emperor (as Emperor Taizong). Yelü Bei, angry over this turn of events, took several hundred soldiers and wanted to flee to Later Tang (Jin's successor state), but

2240-678: The term Shatuo (Sanskrit Sart ) is given by Chjan Si-man. Their social and economic life was studied by W. Eberhard. In "Tanghuyao" the Shato tamga is depicted as [REDACTED] Shatuo nobles established the Later Tang dynasty of China (923-956). During the Mongol period the Shatuo fell under the Chagatai Khanate , and after its demise remained in its remnant in Zhetysu and northern Tian Shan . The Shatuo received tribute from

2296-606: The territory of the modern Mongolia , and became known as Ongud or White Tatars branch of the Tatars . Contemporary records of the Shatuo describes some Shatuo men as having deep set eyes and whiskers as well as lithe bodies and a light complexion. Centuries later, the Mongols referred to the descendants of the Shatuo as "White Tartars." The early Shatuo seem to have practiced some aspects of Manichaeism alongside their reverence for spirits and divination. They also believed in

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2352-492: The title of "General Crown Prince". It was said that this campaign was conducted with Empress Shulü's strategies. Soon after conquering Balhae, Emperor Taizu died. Empress Shulü, at that time with Yelü Bei at Dongan, apparently to destroy potential dissent, gathered the wives of many generals and officials that she considered difficult to control, and stated to them, "I am now a widow. You should be like I am." Then, she gathered their husbands and, weeping, asked them, "Do you miss

2408-566: Was a Han Chinese, Li Congke , originally surnamed Wang, who was adopted by the Shatuo Later Tang Emperor Li Siyuan , granted the imperial surname Li and made the Prince of Lu. The Later Tang was brought to an end in 936 when Shi Jingtang (posthumously known as Gaozu of Later Jin ), also a Shatuo, successfully rebelled against the Han Chinese Later Tang emperor Li Congke and established

2464-412: Was arguably second to none." Despite arguably saving the Tang dynasty, the Shatuo sacked Chang'an in 885. Keyong was appointed prefect of Daizhou and governor of Yanmen . From there, he expanded his territory to Jinyang , Zezhou , and Liaozhou. In 890, the Shatuo took Zhaoyi . Jinyang became the Shatuo capital. It was strategically located between two hills more akin to mountains, rising as high as

2520-427: Was assassinated and his adoptive son Zhang Wenli seized control of the domain, and Yiwu's military governor Wang Chuzhi was overthrown by his adoptive son Wang Du . Zhang sought aid from Khitan. Wang Chuzhi's biological son Wang Yu (王郁) fled to Khitan, also encouraging Emperor Taizu to aid Zhang and use the chance to take control of both domains. Emperor Taizu agreed, and launched his army south. Empress Shulü opposed

2576-438: Was buried with Emperor Taizu. While Empress Shulü dominated the court in the first succession, she also made other contributions to Khitan culture. Most importantly regards the expectations of widows. In traditional Khitan society, women were expected to sacrifice themselves. Obviously, she did not do that, providing an example for other women, at least within the elite strata, of Khitan society. Ethnic Han empress dowagers of

2632-462: Was delivered to Empress Dowager Shulü, she pointed out Zhao's hypocrisy in claiming to want to defend the Later Tang emperor while actually engaging in negotiations with Emperor Taizong to have his support for the throne instead. When Zhao offered his properties at Lulong's capital You Prefecture (幽州) to her, she pointed out that Shi, as part of his agreement with Emperor Taizong to cede 16 prefectures to Khitan, had already been ceded to her, and therefore

2688-541: Was destroyed by the Tiele people . After the fall of the state, the people of Yueban formed four tribes - Chuyue, Chumi, Chumuhun and Chuban. These tribes became major players in the later First Turkic Khaganate and thereafter. The Chuyue and Chumi did not belong to the dominant Onoq (Ten Arrows) Union, while Chumukun and Chuban did. Other sources claim the Shatuo originated from the Tiele. The epitaph of Shatuo Li Keyong ,

2744-670: Was ended by the Later Zhou . The remnants of the Later Han returned to the traditional Shatuo Turk stronghold of Shanxi and established the Northern Han Kingdom. The Last Northern Han Emperor, Liu Jiyuan was originally surnamed He but was adopted by his maternal grandfather, the Northern Han Emperor Liu Chong and granted the imperial surname Liu. Liu Jiyuan granted the imperial surname to

2800-521: Was however defeated by Emperor Shizong's forward commanders Yelü Anduan and Yelü Liuge (耶律留哥), and she then negotiated a peace agreement accepting Emperor Shizong as emperor. Emperor Shizong then put her under house arrest at Emperor Taizu's tomb at Zu Prefecture (祖州, in modern Chifeng). She died there in 953, during the reign of Emperor Muzong , a son of Emperor Taizong's. Both Shizong and Muzong resented her for supporting Lihu, so neither lifted her house arrest, nor honored her as grand empress dowager . She

2856-423: Was intercepted by Khitan border guards. Empress Shulü did not punish him, but sent him to Dongdan. Emperor Taizong honored Empress Shulü as empress dowager , and it was said that she made the key decisions for the state. She also had him marry her niece ( Xiao Wen ) as empress. (The reason why Empress Xiao, and other members of her clan, were from this point referred to with the surname of Xiao rather than Shulü,

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2912-445: Was locked in a war against archrival Later Liang , he sought an alliance with the Khitan, and he honoured Emperor Taizu as an uncle and Empress Shulü as an aunt. In 921, the general Lu Wenjin , who had defected from Jin to Khitan, urged Emperor Taizu to attack Jin. About the same time, two coups occurred within the domains of Jin allies Zhao and Yiwu Circuit (義武, headquartered in modern Baoding , Hebei )—as Zhao's prince Wang Rong

2968-426: Was no longer Zhao's, causing Zhao to be distressed and subsequently dying in Khitan captivity. Shi Jingtang honoured Emperor Taizong and Empress Dowager Shulü faithfully and often offered them gifts, and in fact referred to himself as "Son Emperor" and Emperor Taizong as "Father Emperor." However, after Shi Jingtang's death and succession by his nephew Shi Chonggui , Shi Chonggui took a confrontational stance against

3024-480: Was noticeably larger than the other. He led Shatuo forces to defeat Huang Chao , who had rebelled against the Tang and taken Chang'an in 881. The Shatuo victory in 883 forced Huang Chao to retreat from Chang'an. The then 28-year old Keyong, in charge of the Shatuo after his father's retirement, celebrated in Chang'an the following year. According to Sima Guang , "Keyong’s contribution to the suppression of Huang Chao

3080-598: Was replaced by the Later Liang . The Shatuo had their own principality Jin (Later Tang precursor) under the Tang dynasty, in the area now known as Shanxi , which was granted to them as a fief in 883 by the Tang emperors, and survived the fall of the Tang dynasty in 907. The Tang dynasty emperor's had granted the Shatuo Zhuye chieftain Li Keyong the imperial surname of Li and title Prince of Jin, adopting him into

3136-673: Was that Emperor Taizu had the several clans that produced consorts for his line change their names to Xiao.) It was said that Emperor Taizong was filially pious, such that if she were unable to eat due to an illness, he would not eat either. She commissioned the ethnic Han official Han Yanhui as a chancellor . She also allowed the Later Tang emissary Yao Kun (姚坤), whom Emperor Taizu had detained, to return to Later Tang, and sent an emissary herself to Later Tang to report Emperor Taizu's death. Meanwhile, Empress Dowager Shulü continued to carry out killings of those she considered difficult to control. She would often tell such killing targets, "Deliver

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