78-458: The Youth International Party ( YIP ), whose members were commonly called Yippies , was an American youth-oriented radical and countercultural revolutionary offshoot of the free speech and anti-war movements of the late 1960s. It was founded on December 31, 1967. They employed theatrical gestures to mock the social status quo , such as advancing a pig called " Pigasus the Immortal " as
156-630: A British Whig Party parliamentarian who in 1797 proposed a 'radical reform' of the electoral system to provide universal manhood suffrage , thereby idiomatically establishing the term ' Radicals ' as a label denoting supporters of the reformation of British Parliament. Throughout the 19th century, the concept of radical politics broadened into a variety of political notions and doctrines. Party politics in England began to favour moderate positions, marginalising other movements into more politically aggressive factions. As open advocacy of republicanism
234-608: A society or political system , often through social change , structural change , revolution or radical reform . The process of adopting radical views is termed radicalisation . The word radical derives from the Latin radix ("root") and Late Latin rādīcālis ("of or pertaining to the root, radical"). Historically, political use of the term referred exclusively to a form of progressive electoral reformism , known as Radicalism , that had developed in Europe during
312-566: A January 2007 article in the Los Angeles Times : We needed a name to signify the radicalization of hippies, and I came up with Yippie as a label for a phenomenon that already existed, an organic coalition of psychedelic hippies and political activists. In the process of cross-fertilization at antiwar demonstrations, we had come to share an awareness that there was a linear connection between putting kids in prison for smoking pot in this country and burning them to death with napalm on
390-490: A black background with a red five pointed star in the center and a green marijuana leaf superimposed over it (same as the YIP flag). The Chicago History Museum shows a different flag for the new nation. It is not the marijuana leaf. It has the word NOW under what looks like the all-seeing eye on a pyramid seen on the back of a dollar bill. The Yippies often paid tribute to rock 'n' roll and irreverent pop-culture figures such as
468-423: A book on the cultivation of cannabis , which he advertised, selling about 500 copies. It was alleged that the book was not a bona fide textbook, but was an incitement to those who bought it to cultivate cannabis. The defence claimed the book as a genuine contribution to the debate on the legalisation of cannabis and said that it only contained general advice which was freely available elsewhere. The judge directed
546-469: A candidate for President of the United States in 1968. They have been described as a highly theatrical, anti-authoritarian , and anarchist youth movement of "symbolic politics". Since they were well known for street theater , protesting against the criminalization of cannabis in the United States with smoke-ins , and politically themed pranks , they were either ignored or denounced by many of
624-532: A celebration of the counterculture and a protest against the state of the nation. This was supposed to counter the "Convention of Death." This promised to be "the blending of pot and politics into a political grass leaves movement – a cross-fertilization of the hippie and New Left philosophies." Yippies' sensational statements before the convention were part of the theatrics, including a tongue-in-cheek threat to put LSD in Chicago's water supply. "We will fuck on
702-406: A course of conduct, but that course of conduct cannot be treated as a crime by the girl. He continued: It is regrettable indeed that a man who importunes his daughter under the age of 16 to have sexual intercourse with him but does not go beyond incitement cannot be guilty of a crime. The Court of Appeal in R v Claydon (2005) EWCA Crim 2817 has repeated this criticism. Claydon had sexually abused
780-413: A crime, even though that person initially had no intention of doing so, are called accessories .They are prosecuted for the crime they encouraged. In New Zealand, every one who incites any person to commit an offence is a party to and guilty of the offence and liable for the same penalty as a person who commits the offence. When a person incites another to commit an offence that is not in fact committed
858-508: A crime. It was abolished in England and Wales on 1 October 2008 when Part 2 of the Serious Crime Act 2007 came into force, replacing it with three new statutory offences of encouraging or assisting crime . The common law is now only relevant to offences committed before that date. The rationale of incitement matches the general justification underpinning the other inchoate offences of conspiracy and attempt by allowing
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#1732765847004936-400: A job. But it is not easy to see how in 1969 a HUAC blacklist could terrorize an SDS activist. Witnesses like Jerry Rubin have openly boasted of their contempt for American institutions. A subpoena from HUAC would be unlikely to scandalize Abbie Hoffman or his friends. Yippie theatrics culminated at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. YIP planned a six-day Festival of Life –
1014-410: A letter conveying the incitement is intercepted, there is only an attempt to incite (see R v Banks (1873) 12 Cox CC 393). So merely making suggestions is not enough. There must be actual communication so that the other person has the opportunity to agree, but the actus reus is complete whether or not the incitement actually persuades another to commit an offence. In R v Goldman [2001] Crim LR 822
1092-399: A manner that could harm public safety or public order. . . . The incitement offense is used by the military courts to adjudicate Palestinians in offenses that concern, inter alia , hanging posters or writing slogans against the occupation. The Turkish Penal Code distinguishes between the crimes of abetting (Article 38) and assisting (Article 39). Under paragraph (a) of the second clause of
1170-460: A matter of law] of committing the primary crime." The Court agreed because the focus of the offence of inciting is solely on the acts and intention of the inciter while the intention of the person incited are not relevant when considering whether the offence of incitement has been committed. It further endorsed the views of Smith and Hogan (10th Edition at p 295) who criticised the decision in Curr on
1248-508: A mockery of the proceedings: Rubin came to one session dressed as an American Revolutionary War soldier, and passed out copies of the United States Declaration of Independence to people in attendance. On another occasion, police stopped Hoffman at the building entrance and arrested him for wearing an American flag . Hoffman quipped for the press, "I regret that I have but one shirt to give for my country", paraphrasing
1326-522: A number of statutory offences of incitement, e.g. incitement to racial hatred under the Public Order Act 1986 . Under Israeli law, the classification of an offense as incitement is applied to incidents in which a person publishes something with the aim to incite violence or terrorism , and it is conditional on the concrete possibility that the specific publication might induce the commission of an act of violence or terrorism. The sanction which
1404-923: A radicalized hippie culture would spread until they supplanted the existing system. Many of these ideas/practices came from other (overlapping and intermingling) counter-cultural groups such as the Diggers , the San Francisco Mime Troupe , the Merry Pranksters / Deadheads , the Hog Farm , the Rainbow Family , the Esalen Institute , the Peace and Freedom Party , the White Panther Party and The Farm . There
1482-426: A recording or transcribing device may be used lawfully without breaching copyright , but a device to detect radar signals so as to avoid speed camera/red light infringement systems would have no other purpose than assisting drivers to evade detection. But note that the act incited must be a crime by the person incited so any alleged breach of copyright would have to be criminal, and the defendant would have to know all
1560-472: A self-proclaimed communist whose heroes included Castro, Chairman Mao , and Ho Chi Minh . It's not that the yippies swallowed pop culture uncritically. (Hoffman kept a sign attached to the bottom of his TV that said "bullshit.") It's that they saw the mass media's dream-world as another terrain to fight in. At demonstrations and parades, Yippies often wore face paint or colorful bandannas to keep from being identified in photographs. Other Yippies reveled in
1638-875: A shout for joy (with an exclamation mark to express exhilaration). "What does Yippie! mean?" Abbie Hoffman wrote. "Energy – fun – fierceness – exclamation point!" The Yippies held their first press conference in New York at the Americana Hotel March 17, 1968, five months before the August 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. Judy Collins sang at the press conference. The Chicago Sun-Times reported it with an article titled: "Yipes! The Yippies Are Coming!" Active Defunct Publications Works Progressive Era Repression and persecution Anti-war and civil rights movements Contemporary The Yippie "New Nation" concept called for
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#17327658470041716-541: A statutory offence is designed to protect a particular class of individuals against themselves, they cannot, as the victims, commit such offences against themselves. In Tyrell , the girl was not guilty of inciting the man to have under-age sex with her, since the girl could not herself be guilty of the full offence. If X incites Y to kill Z but, unknown to both of them at the time, Z had already died, it would be impossible to kill Z and so no crime of incitement would have been committed. Apart from simple situations such as this,
1794-416: A thing by setting out to see that it happens and taking the appropriate steps to produce that happening. We think that there are plenty of instances in which a person may be said to procure the commission of a crime by another even though there is no sort of conspiracy between the two, even though there is no attempt at agreement or discussion as to the form which the offence should take. But secondary liability
1872-585: A tour of the New York Stock Exchange , where they threw fistfuls of real and fake US$ from the balcony of the visitors' gallery down to the traders below, some of whom booed, while others began to scramble frantically to grab the money as fast as they could. The visitors' gallery was closed until a glass barrier could be installed, to prevent similar incidents. On the 40th anniversary of the NYSE event, CNN Money editor James Ledbetter described
1950-614: A violent clash with police that Don McNeill of The Village Voice called a "pointless confrontation in a box canyon ". A month later, Yippies organized a "Yip-Out," a be-in style event in Central Park that went off peacefully and drew 20,000 people. In his book A Trumpet to Arms: Alternative Media in America , author David Armstrong points out that the Yippie hybrid of performance art , Guerilla theater and political irreverence
2028-599: Is created by section 7 of the Official Secrets Act 1920 . Inciting a child under 14 to gross indecency The Indecency with Children Act 1960 provided that it was an offense, amongst other things, to incite a child under the age of fourteen to an act of gross indecency with the inciter or another. Inciting a girl under 16 to commit incest This offense was created by section 54 of the Criminal Law Act 1977 . There are, in England and Wales,
2106-481: Is derivative and dependent on the commission of the substantive offence by the principal offender. This is too late to avert the harm. Thus, the offense of incitement has been preserved to allow the police to intervene at an earlier time and so avert the threatened harm. The inciter must intend the others to engage in the behaviour constituting the offence, including any consequences which may result, and must know or believe (or possibly suspect) that those others will have
2184-549: Is envisaged is 5 years imprisonment. In areas of the West Bank administered by the Israeli Defense Forces , the crime of incitement, is adjudicated by military legislation and carries a prison sentence of up to 10 years, has been described as follows: The “incitement” offense is defined by military law in very broad terms, and includes any incident in which a person attempts to influence public opinion in
2262-416: Is explained by the relatively privileged social status of journalists and privileged institutional position of news organizations in liberal societies, which assign a high value to a free press. Incitement was an offence under the common law of England and Wales . It was an inchoate offence . It consisted of persuading, encouraging, instigating, pressuring, or threatening so as to cause another to commit
2340-525: Is that it is boring, and one of the reasons that the peace movement has not grown into a mass movement is that the peace movement—its literature and its events—is a bore. Good theatre is needed to communicate revolutionary content." The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) subpoenaed Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman of the Yippies in 1967, and again in the aftermath of the 1968 Democratic National Convention . The Yippies used media attention to make
2418-402: Is the destruction of life, the accumulation of profit." The goal was a decentralized, collective, anarchistic nation rooted in the borderless hippie counterculture and its communal ethos. Abbie Hoffman wrote: We shall not defeat Amerika by organizing a political party. We shall do it by building a new nation—a nation as rugged as the marijuana leaf. The flag for the "new nation" consisted of
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2496-719: Is the encouragement of another person to commit a crime. Depending on the jurisdiction, some or all types of incitement may be illegal. Where illegal, it is known as an inchoate offense , where harm is intended but may or may not have actually occurred. The Article 20 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights requires that any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence shall be prohibited by law. That few journalists have been prosecuted for incitement to genocide and war crimes despite their recruitment by governments as propagandists
2574-688: The Democratic convention , Chicago police repeatedly clashed with protesters, as many millions of viewers watched the extensive TV coverage of the events. On the evening of August 28 the police attacked the protesters in front of the Conrad Hilton hotel as the demonstrators chanted " The whole world is watching ". This was a "police riot," concluded the US National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence , stating: "On
2652-614: The Marx Brothers , James Dean and Lenny Bruce . Many Yippies used nicknames which contained Baby Boomer television or pop references, such as Pogo or Gumby . (Pogo was notable for creating the famous slogan: " We have met the enemy and he is us "—first used on a 1970 Earth Day poster.) The Yippies' love of pop-culture was one way to differentiate the Old and New Left, as Jesse Walker writes in Reason magazine: Forty years ago,
2730-539: The Old Left . According to ABC News , "The group was known for street theater pranks and was once referred to as the ' Groucho Marxists '." The Yippies had no formal membership or hierarchy . The organization was founded by Abbie and Anita Hoffman , Jerry Rubin , Nancy Kurshan , and Paul Krassner , at a meeting in the Hoffmans' New York apartment on December 31, 1967. According to his own account, Krassner coined
2808-419: The jury that they had to be sure that the book could "encourage or persuade or is capable of encouraging or persuading other people to produce the drug". The Court of Appeal held that there was no misdirection and the conviction was not unsafe. Thus, the incitement may be implied as well as express and may be directed to persons generally. The test is whether there is a lawful use for the device. For example,
2886-411: The 18th and 19th centuries. However, the denotation has changed since its 18th century coinage to comprehend the entire political spectrum , though retaining the connotation of "change at the root". The Oxford English Dictionary traces usage of 'radical' in a political context to 1783. The Encyclopædia Britannica records the first political usage of 'radical' as ascribed to Charles James Fox ,
2964-605: The October, 1967 March on the Pentagon , and a mass protest/mock levitation at the building organized by Rubin, Hoffman and company at the event, helped to set the tone for Yippie when it was established a couple of months later. Another famous prank just before the term "Yippie" was coined was a guerrilla theater event in New York City on August 24, 1967. Abbie Hoffman and a group of future Yippies managed to get into
3042-548: The United States and Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom. The common feature to all radical political forms is a view that some fundamental change is required of the status quo . For an array of anti-capitalist forms, this manifests in anti-establishment reactions to modern neoliberal regimes. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy describes the radical concept of ideology to be that: This view reflects "a consensus among radicals of all stripes on
3120-430: The article 39, incitement is included in the provision regarding assisting. Specifically, the law outlines how aiding a crime involves both encouraging someone to commit a crime and helping them afterward. This includes actions like providing tools for the crime, promising to hide the criminal, or reinforcing someone’s already existing decision to commit the crime, known as incitement. Individuals who abet someone to commit
3198-403: The basis that "...the real question should not have been not whether the women actually had the knowledge, but whether D believed they had." Furthermore, Smith (1994) said that "the court has confused the mens rea of incitement with the mens rea of the offence incited". The inciter is one who reaches out and seeks to influence the mind of another to commit a crime, although where, for example,
Youth International Party - Misplaced Pages Continue
3276-681: The beaches! ... We demand the Politics of Ecstasy! ... Abandon the Creeping Meatball! ... And all the time 'Yippie! Chicago – August 25–30.'" First on a list of Yippie demands: "An immediate end to the war in Vietnam." Yippie organizers hoped that well-known musicians would participate in the Festival of Life and draw a crowd of tens if not hundreds of thousands from across the country. The city of Chicago refused to issue any permits for
3354-651: The commission of the offence incited was irrelevant to guilt. Soliciting to murder The offense of soliciting to murder is created by section 4 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861 . Inciting to commit perjury This offense is created by section 7(2) of the Perjury Act 1911 . Inciting another to commit an offense against the Official Secrets Acts 1911 and 1920 This offense
3432-406: The creation of alternative, counterculture institutions: food co-ops ; underground newspapers and zines ; free clinics and support groups ; artist collectives ; potlatches , "swap-meets" and free stores ; organic farming / permaculture ; pirate radio , bootleg recording and public-access television ; squatting ; free schools ; etc. Yippies believed these cooperative institutions and
3510-415: The current law is difficult. R v Fitzmaurice allows the impossibility defence , but its scope is quite limited. X planned to collect a reward from a security firm by informing the police of the existence of a conspiracy to rob a security van. He recruited the defendant who thought he was engaging men for this robbery. Subsequently, the conspirators were arrested by the police. The Court of Appeal held that
3588-422: The defendant wrote to a Dutch firm (ESV) which had advertised pornography for sale, requesting pornographic material. He was convicted of an attempt to incite another (ESV) to distribute indecent photographs because the offer to buy amounted to an inducement to ESV to commit a crime. In R v Fitzmaurice , it was held that the necessary element of persuasion was satisfied by a "suggestion, proposal or request [that]
3666-481: The degree to which incitement is protected speech is determined by the imminent lawless action test introduced by the 1969 Supreme Court decision in the case Brandenburg v. Ohio . The court ruled that incitement of events in the indefinite future was protected, but encouragement of "imminent" illegal acts was not protected. This "view reflects longstanding law and is shared by the Federalist Society ,
3744-515: The early case of R v Higgins incitement was defined as being committed when one person counsels, procures or commands another to commit a crime, whether or not that person commits the crime. The words, "counsel" and "procure" were later adopted in section 8 of the Accessories and Abettors Act 1861 as two of the four forms of accessory. In AG’s Reference (No. 1 of 1975) , Widgery CJ said: To procure means to produce by endeavour. You procure
3822-454: The environment." This flag is also mentioned in Hoffman's Steal This Book . Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin became the most famous Yippies—and bestselling authors—in part due to publicity surrounding the five-month Chicago Seven Conspiracy trial of 1969. They both used the phrase "ideology is a brain disease" to separate the Yippies from mainstream political parties that played the game by
3900-506: The festival and most musicians withdrew from the project. Of the rock bands who had agreed to perform, only the MC5 came to Chicago to play and their set was cut short by a clash between the audience of a couple thousand and police. Phil Ochs and several other singer-songwriters also performed during the festival. In response to the Festival of Life and other anti-war demonstrations during
3978-519: The ground before guards began removing the group from the building, but news photos had been taken and the Stock Exchange "happening" quickly slid into iconic status. Once outside, the activists formed a circle, holding hands and chanting "Free! Free!" At one point, Hoffman stood in the center of the circle and lit the edge of a $ 5 bill while grinning madly, but an NYSE runner grabbed it from him, stamped on it, and said: "You're disgusting." If
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#17327658470044056-440: The last words of revolutionary patriot Nathan Hale ; meanwhile Rubin, who was wearing a matching Viet Cong flag, shouted that the police were Communists for not arresting him also. According to The Harvard Crimson : In the fifties, the most effective sanction was terror. Almost any publicity from HUAC meant the ' blacklist .' Without a chance to clear his name, a witness would suddenly find himself without friends and without
4134-483: The material facts that would make the incited person's behaviour criminal, but not that the behaviour was a crime (see the public policy ignorantia juris non-excusat which prevents ignorance of the law from being an excuse ). In R v Whitehouse an uncle did not incite his 15-year-old niece to incest because, if the incitement had succeeded and she had submitted to intercourse, she would not have committed an offence. This applied R v Tyrell which stated that where
4212-863: The name. "If the press had created ' hippie ,' could not we five hatch the 'yippie'?" Abbie Hoffman wrote. Other activists associated with the Yippies include Stew Albert , Judy Gumbo , Ed Sanders , Robin Morgan , Phil Ochs , Robert M. Ockene , William Kunstler , Jonah Raskin , Wavy Gravy , Steve Conliff , Jerome Washington, John Sinclair , Jim Retherford, Dana Beal , Betty (Zaria) Andrew, Joanee Freedom, Danny Boyle, Ben Masel , Tom Forcade , Paul Watson , David Peel ,Bill Weinberg, Aron Kay, Tuli Kupferberg , Jill Johnston , Daisy Deadhead, Leatrice Urbanowicz, Bob Fass , Mayer Vishner , Alice Torbush, Patrick K. Kroupa , Judy Lampe, Steve DeAngelo , Dean Tuckerman, Dennis Peron , Jim Fouratt , Steve Wessing, John Penley, Pete Wagner and Brenton Lengel. A Yippie flag
4290-437: The now-famous incident: [The] group of pranksters began throwing handfuls of one-dollar bills over the railing, laughing the entire time. (The exact number of bills is a matter of dispute; Hoffman later wrote that it was 300, while others said no more than 30 or 40 were thrown.) Some of the brokers, clerks and stock runners below laughed and waved; others jeered angrily and shook their fists. The bills barely had time to land on
4368-420: The other side of the planet. Anita Hoffman liked the word, but felt that The New York Times and other "strait-laced types" needed a more formal name to take the movement seriously. That same night she came up with Youth International Party, because it symbolized the movement and made for a good play on words. Along with the name Youth International Party, the organization was also simply called Yippie!, as in
4446-407: The part of the police there was enough wild club swinging, enough cries of hatred, enough gratuitous beating to make the conclusion inescapable that individual policemen, and lots of them, committed violent acts far in excess of the requisite force for crowd dispersal or arrest." Radical politics Radical politics denotes the intent to transform or replace the fundamental principles of
4524-534: The person is liable for the same penalty as a person who attempts to commit an offence that is not in fact committed. The penalty for inciting the commission of an offence that is not in fact committed is 10 years imprisonment if the maximum penalty for the offence is imprisonment for life and in other cases up to half the maximum penalty of the primary offence. The First Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees free speech , and
4602-457: The police to intervene before a criminal act is completed and the harm or injury is actually caused. There is considerable overlap, particularly where two or more individuals are involved in criminal activity. The plan to commit crime may exist only in the mind of one person until others are incited to join in, at which point the social danger becomes more real. The offence overlaps the offences of counselling or procuring as an accessory . Indeed, in
4680-414: The prank accomplished nothing else, it helped cement Hoffman's reputation as one of America's most outlandish and creative protestors ... the "Yippie" movement quickly became a prominent part of America's counterculture. There was a clash with police on March 22, 1968, where a large group of countercultural youths led by the Yippies descended into Grand Central Station for a "Yip-In". The night erupted into
4758-549: The relevant mens rea . In R v Curr , the defendant allegedly incited women to commit offences under the Family Allowances Act 1945 but, because the prosecution did not prove that the women had the mens rea to constitute the offence, the conviction was quashed. Fenton Atkinson J explained that: In our view, the argument for the prosecution here gives no effect to the word "knowing" in [the relevant statutory provision], and in our view could only be guilty. if
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#17327658470044836-681: The role of law as a dissembling force to safeguard the unjust relations of the status quo." This radical critique of ideology is especially prominent within post-leftism . In addressing specific issues, some radical politics may completely forgo any overarching ideological plan. Astrid Bötticher identifies several differences between radicalism and extremism , among them in goals (idealistic vs. restorative , emancipatory vs. anti-democratic), morals (particular vs. universal), approach towards diversity (acceptance vs. disdain), and use of violence (pragmatic and selective vs. legitimate and acceptable). Incitement In criminal law , incitement
4914-453: The rules. Hoffman and Rubin were arguably the most colorful of the seven defendants accused of criminal conspiracy and inciting to riot at the August 1968 Democratic National Convention . Hoffman and Rubin used the trial as a platform for Yippie antics—at one point, they showed up in court attired in judicial robes. The term Yippie was invented by Krassner, as well Abbie and Anita Hoffman, on New Year's Eve 1967. Paul Krassner wrote in
4992-441: The spotlight, allowing their stealthier comrades the anonymity they needed for their pranks. One cultural intervention that misfired was at Woodstock , with Abbie Hoffman interrupting a performance by The Who , trying to speak against the incarceration of John Sinclair , sentenced to 10 years in prison in 1969 after giving two joints to an undercover narcotics officer. Guitarist Pete Townshend used his guitar to bat Hoffman off
5070-672: The stage. The Yippies were the first on the New Left to make a point of exploiting mass media. Colorful, theatrical Yippie actions were tailored to attract media coverage and also to provide a stage where people could express the "repressed" Yippie inside them. "We believe every nonyippie is a repressed yippie," Jerry Rubin wrote in Do it! "We try to bring out the yippie in everybody." Yippies were famous for their sense of humor. Many direct actions were often satirical and elaborate pranks or put-ons. An application to levitate The Pentagon during
5148-747: The styles of Andy Warhol and Fidel Castro . Jerry Rubin dedicated Do it! not just to his girlfriend but to "Dope, Color TV, and Violent Revolution." Even when praising a form of mass culture that had earned some grudging respect from the late-'60s left— rock 'n' roll —Rubin's list of musicians who "gave us the life/beat and set us free" included not just raucous originals like Jerry Lee Lewis and Bo Diddley but Fabian and Frankie Avalon , commercial confections that most lefty rock intellectuals disdained as insufficiently authentic. In one chapter, Rubin complained that if "the white ideological left" took over, "Rock dancing would be taboo, and miniskirts , Hollywood movies and comic books would be illegal." All this from
5226-708: The term is used pejoratively among conservatives and moderates to denote political extremism , with the 19th-century Cyclopaedia of Political Science describing it as "characterized less by its principles than by the manner of their application". During the 20th century, radical politicians took power in many countries across the world. Such radical leaders included Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin in Russia, Mao Zedong in China, Adolf Hitler in Germany, as well as more mainstream radicals such as Ronald Reagan in
5304-407: The test was to decide what sort of conduct was incited, attempted or the subject of a conspiracy. If the evidence shows incitement in general terms, e.g. to rob a security van, this is always possible, whereas if the subsequent agreement relates to a specific but fictitious crime, there might be an acquittal. In DPP v Armstrong [2000] Crim LR 379, 1999 EWHC 270 (QB) it was held that impossibility of
5382-416: The thirteen-year-old son of his partner in the 1980s, and was tried twenty years later on an indictment containing counts of sexual offences, including two counts of incitement to commit buggery . At that time, there was an irrebuttable presumption that a boy under the age of fourteen years was incapable of sexual intercourse (applying R v Waite (1892) 2 QBD 600–601 and R v Williams [1893] 1 QB 320–321). It
5460-403: The woman solicited that, that is, the woman agent sent to collect the allowance, knew that the action she was asked to carry out amounted to an offence. In R v Whitehouse , a father was charged with inciting his fifteen-year-old daughter to have sexual intercourse with him. At this age, she would have been excused from liability for committing the offence of incest with her father. The conviction
5538-483: The yippies seemed unusual because they fused the political radicalism of the New Left with the long-haired, grass-smoking lifestyle of the counterculture. Today that combination is so familiar that many people don't even realize that the protesters and the hippies initially distrusted each other. What seems most curious about the yippies today is the way they mixed hard left politics with a deep appreciation for pop culture. Abbie Hoffman announced that he wanted to combine
5616-410: Was accompanied by an implied promise of reward". In Race Relations Board v Applin , Lord Denning stated that a person may incite another to do an act by threatening or by pressure, as well as by persuasion. The incitement can take any form (words or deeds). It may be addressed to a particular person or group or to the public at large. In R v Marlow [1997] Crim LR 897 the defendant wrote and published
5694-594: Was argued by the Crown that, although the boy could not in law have committed the act incited, it was nevertheless quite possible for the defendant to incite him. Having considered R v Whitehouse and R v Pickford , the Court of Appeal felt obliged to reject that argument. As Laws J said in Pickford , "it is a necessary element of the element of incitement that the person incited must be capable [by which he meant capable as
5772-605: Was illegal in France following the Napoleonic Wars , Radicals emerged under similar reformist ideals as their British counterparts, though they later branched out to form the Radical-Socialist movement with a focus on proletarian solidarity. With the rise of Marxism , the notion of radical politics shifted away from reformism and became more associated with revolutionary politics. In United States politics ,
5850-439: Was much overlap, social interaction and cross-pollination within these groups and the Yippies, so there was much crossover membership, as well as similar influences and intentions. "We are a people. We are a new nation," YIP's New Nation Statement said of the burgeoning hippie movement. "We want everyone to control their own life and to care for one another ... We cannot tolerate attitudes, institutions, and machines whose purpose
5928-472: Was often in direct conflict with the sensibility of the 60s American Left/peace movement: The Yippies' unorthodox approach to revolution, which emphasized spontaneity over structure, and media blitz over community organizing, put them almost as much at odds with the rest of the left as with mainstream culture. Wrote (Jerry) Rubin in the Berkeley Barb , "The worst thing you can say about a demonstration
6006-448: Was often seen at anti-war demonstrations. The flag had a black background with a five-pointed red star in the center, and a green cannabis leaf superimposed over it. When asked about the Yippie flag, an anonymous Yippie identified only as "Jung" told The New York Times that "The black is for anarchy. The red star is for our five point program . And the leaf is for marijuana, which is for getting ecologically stoned without polluting
6084-399: Was quashed on appeal and Scarman LJ explained that: ... we have therefore come to the conclusion, with regret, that the indictment does not disclose an offence known to the law because it cannot be a crime on the part of this girl aged 15 to have sexual intercourse with her father, though it is of course a crime and a very serious crime, on the part of the father. There is here incitement to
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