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60-407: In 1285, the town's name was written Ystath . Its original meaning is not fully understood, but the y probably is related to an old word for the yew tree , while stad means town or place . After the time of Absalon , Bishop of Roskilde and Archbishop of Lund , peace was brought to the area in the 11th century, fishing families settled at the mouth of the river Vassa as herring fishing became

120-526: A combination of brick and stone. The towers of St Mary's church in Lübeck, the most significant Brick Gothic church of the Baltic Sea region, have corners of granite ashlar. Many village churches in northern Germany and Poland have a Brick Gothic design despite the main constituent of their walls being boulders. In contrast to other styles, the definition of Brick Gothic is based on the material (brick), and

180-469: A geographical area (countries around the Baltic Sea ). In addition, there are more remote regions with brick buildings bearing characteristics of this architectural style further south, east and west—these include Bavaria , and western Ukraine and Belarus , along with eastern England and the southern tip of Norway . In the course of the medieval German eastward expansion , Slavic areas east of

240-438: A single seed 4–7 mm ( 5 ⁄ 32 – 9 ⁄ 32  in) long partly surrounded by a modified scale which develops into a soft, bright red berry -like structure called an aril , 8–15 mm ( 5 ⁄ 16 – 19 ⁄ 32  in) long and wide and open at the end. The arils are mature 6–9 months after pollination, and with the seed contained are eaten by thrushes , waxwings and other birds , which disperse

300-478: A time when ordinary people lived very locally based lives, the groups responsible for these buildings were internationally mobile: the bishops, abbots, aristocrats, and long-distance merchants who commissioned the work, and the highly skilled specialist craftsmen who carried it out. For this reason the Brick Gothic of the countries around the Baltic Sea was strongly influenced by the cathedrals of France and by

360-560: Is a specific style of Gothic architecture common in Northeast and Central Europe especially in the regions in and around the Baltic Sea , which do not have resources of standing rock (though glacial boulders are sometimes available). The buildings are essentially built using bricks . Buildings classified as Brick Gothic (using a strict definition of the architectural style based on the geographic location) are found in Belgium (and

420-548: Is a specific style of Gothic architecture developed in the south of France. It arose in the early 13th century following the victory of the Catholic church over the Cathars , as the church sought to re-establish its authority in the region. As a result, church buildings typically present features drawn from military architecture. The construction material of Southern French Gothic is typically brick rather than stone. Over time,

480-533: Is also relatively distinct with foliage intermediate between Sumatran yew and the other species. The Florida yew, Mexican yew and Pacific yew are all rare species listed as threatened or endangered. Yews typically occur in the understory or canopy of moist temperate or tropical mountain forests. Elevation varies by latitude from 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in tropical forests to near sea level in its northernmost populations. Yews are common in landscape architecture, giving rise to widespread naturalized populations in

540-638: Is found in some of the Gothic buildings of northern Italy, where these highly sophisticated techniques had originally come from, having been developed in the Lombard Romanesque period. There, such brick decorations can even be found on buildings which had been mainly erected in ashlar . Some Italian Gothic brick buildings also have friezes of terracotta . While in central northern Germany and in Greater Poland suitable natural building stone

600-506: Is marked by lack of figurative architectural sculpture , widespread in other styles of Gothic architecture. Typical for the Baltic Sea region is the creative subdivision and structuring of walls, using built ornaments to contrast between red bricks, glazed bricks and white lime plaster. Nevertheless, these characteristics are neither omnipresent nor exclusive. Many historic structures and districts dominated by Brick Gothic have been listed as UNESCO World Heritage sites . The real extent and

660-522: Is not exclusively the case. None of these buildings is exactly the same today as in the Middle Ages. For instance, many of them have had alterations in a Baroque style and have then been re-gothicized in the 19th century (or reconstructed after World War II). Especially in the 19th century, some buildings were purified during restoration. In the city halls of Lübeck and Stralsund, medieval window framings of stone were replaced by new ones of brick. At

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720-594: Is quiet! From fire and thieves may God preserve the town!" The tradition has existed since the eighteenth century. Taxus See text Taxus is a genus of coniferous trees or shrubs known as yews in the family Taxaceae . Yews occur around the globe in temperate zones of the northern hemisphere, northernmost in Norway and southernmost in the South Celebes . Some populations exist in tropical highlands. The oldest known fossil species are from

780-595: Is situated in Division 1 (the second highest league, as of 2008). Several famous handball players have played for these clubs, including Per Carlén . The only newspaper published at present in Ystad is the Ystads Allehanda , which also covers the neighbouring municipalities of Skurup , Tomelilla , Simrishamn and Sjöbo . The newspaper was founded in 1873. One of Sweden's best preserved medieval monasteries,

840-728: The Elbe were settled by traders and colonists from the overpopulated Northwest of Germany in the 12th and 13th centuries. In 1158, Henry the Lion founded Lübeck , in 1160 he conquered the Slavic principality of Schwerin . This partially violent colonisation was accompanied by the Christianisation of the Slavs and the foundation of dioceses at Ratzeburg , Schwerin, Cammin , Brandenburg and elsewhere. The newly founded cities soon joined

900-744: The Greyfriars Abbey , lies in Ystad. The town also has an additional large medieval church, the Church of the Virgin Mary ( Mariakyrkan ). Both are highly influenced by Gothic Hansa architecture (which can also be seen in churches around the Baltic Sea , for instance in Helsingborg , Malmö , and Rostock ) and are among the best examples in Sweden of Brick Gothic . In addition, there are areas of surviving medieval town architecture, like

960-554: The Hanseatic League and formed the " Wendic Circle", with its centre at Lübeck, and the " Gotland - Livland Circle", with its main centre at Tallinn (Reval). The affluent trading cities of the Hansa were characterised especially by religious and secular representative architecture, such as council or parish churches , town halls , Bürgerhäuser , i.e. the private dwellings of rich traders, or city gates . In rural areas,

1020-841: The Northern European Lowlands . Since the German part of that region (the Northern German Plain, except Westphalia and the Rhineland ) is largely concurrent with the area influenced by the Hanseatic League , Brick Gothic has become a symbol of that powerful alliance of cities. Along with the Low German Language , it forms a major defining element of the Northern German cultural area , especially in regard to late city foundations and

1080-537: The Romanesque architecture period. Wooden architecture had long dominated in northern Germany but was inadequate for the construction of monumental structures. Throughout the area of Brick Gothic, half-timbered architecture remained typical for smaller buildings, especially in rural areas, well into modern times . The techniques of building and decorating in bricks were imported from Lombardy . Also some decorative forms of Lombard architecture were adopted. In

1140-505: The Treaty of Roskilde in 1658. By 1866 Ystad had a railway connection and it was established as a garrison town in the 1890s. After World War II , ferry services to Świnoujście Poland and to the Danish island of Bornholm were opened. In 1658, Ystad's population was about 1,600 and, by 1850 it had reached 5,000. The increased importance brought by the railway and the garrison in

1200-889: The Western Himalaya and Taxus sumatrana in Malesia are now generally agreed upon, but overlapping ranges in the Eastern Himalaya , China , and subtropical southeast Asia have led to greater confusion, with the species Taxus chinensis , Taxus mairei , and Taxus wallichiana being elucidated only in the 21st century with the aid of molecular phylogenetics . The most distinct is the Sumatran yew ( T. sumatrana , native to Sumatra and Celebes north to southernmost China ), distinguished by its sparse, sickle-shaped yellow-green leaves. The Mexican yew ( Taxus globosa , native to eastern Mexico south to Honduras )

1260-563: The Ystad Line and Österlen Line railways. Passenger traffic runs between Malmö and Simrishamn (operated by Skåne Commuter Rail ). Until December 2017, a direct train service linked Ystad to Copenhagen via the Øresund Bridge (operated by Danish State Railways ). The most popular sport in Ystad is handball , with two big clubs. Ystads IF is in Elitserien (the highest Swedish men's national league, as of 2008) whilst IFK Ystad

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1320-580: The gothique tournaisien or Scheldt Gothic of the County of Flanders (where also some important Brick Gothic was erected). One typical expression of the structure of walls, the contrast of prominent visible brick with the plastering of recessed areas, had already been developed in Italy, but became prevalent in the Baltic region. Since the bricks used were made of clay , available in copious quantities in

1380-553: The monastic architecture of monks' orders had a major influence on the development of brick architecture, especially through the Cistercians and Premonstratensians . Between Prussia and Estonia , the Teutonic Knights secured their rule by erecting numerous Ordensburgen (castles), most of which were also brick-built. In the regions along the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, the use of brick arrived almost at

1440-481: The 1890s drove the population above 10,000. In his novel Inferno (1897), August Strindberg describes Ystad like so: The little town to which I now betook myself lies in the extreme south of Sweden, on the seacoast. It is an old pirates' and smugglers' haunt, in which exotic traces of all parts of the world have been left by various voyagers. Ystad is the setting of the Swedish crime drama Wallander . Some of

1500-535: The Baltic Sea. The central and southern regions of Poland also had some important early stone buildings, especially the famous round churches. Many of these buildings were later enlarged or replaced using brick in a Gothic style. Especially in Flanders , the Netherlands, the lower Rhine region, Lesser Poland and Upper Silesia , Brick Gothic buildings often, but not alway, have some elements of stone ashlar. In

1560-475: The Early Cretaceous. They are relatively slow-growing and can be very long-lived, and reach heights of 2.5–20 m (8.2–65.6 ft), with trunk girth averaging 5 m (16 ft). They have reddish bark , lanceolate, flat, dark-green leaves 10–40 mm ( 1 ⁄ 2 – 1 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) long and 2–3 mm ( 3 ⁄ 32 – 1 ⁄ 8  in) broad, arranged spirally on

1620-465: The Gothic brick towers of the churches of Wismar and of St. Nicholas' Church in Stralsund , stone is not used for structural reasons but to provide a contrast of colours. At St. Mary's of Gdańsk , all five lateral portals and some simple but long cornices are of ashlar. Brick architecture is found primarily in areas that lack sufficient natural supplies of building stone . This is the case across

1680-851: The Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Koszalin , Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Kołobrzeg and Church of Our Lady in Sławno and city halls in Stralsund , Szczecin ( Old Town Hall ) and Kamień Pomorski . The most important defensive systems were located in Szczecin and Dąbie (present district of the city of Szczecin) , Pyrzyce , Usedom , Greifswald , Anklam and Stargard with

1740-714: The Latin school (built c.  1500 ) and several townhouses. The city is also included in the European Route of Brick Gothic . From the steeple of the Church of the Virgin Mary the Tower Watchman (tornväktaren or lurblåsaren) sounds his horn every 15 minutes from 21:15 to 01:00 to let the people of Ystad know that the town is safe from fire and enemies. The Tower Watchman also says a special line when sounding his horn: "The clock strikes .... (for example twelve). All

1800-582: The Lower Rhine have more in common with the Dutch Gothic than with the northern German one. In Bavaria, there is a significant number of Gothic brick buildings, some in places without quarries, like Munich , and some in places, where natural stone was available as well, such as Donauwörth . Several of these buildings have both decorations of shaped bricks and of ashlar, often tuff . Also the walls of some buildings are all brick, but in some buildings

1860-456: The Netherlands it was mostly tufa , in Denmark old squared granite and new limestone . On the other hand, in many regions regarded as typical for Brick Gothic, boulders were cheaper than brick, and therefore many buildings were erected using boulders, and only decorated by brick, all through the period of Gothic architecture. Brick building became prevalent in the 12th century, still within

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1920-614: The Northern German Plain, they quickly became the normal replacement for building stone. The so-called monastic format became the standard for bricks used in representative buildings. Its bricks measure circa 28 x 15 x 9 cm to 30 x 14 x 10 cm, with mortar joints of about 1.5 cm. In contrast to hewn-stone Gothic, the bricks and shaped bricks were not produced locally by lodges ( Bauhütten ), but by specialised enterprises off-site. The use of shaped bricks for tracery and friezes also can be found in some buildings of northwestern Gothic brick architecture. Masterly use of these elements

1980-956: The Pomeranian Dukes in Darłowo , remnants of Löcknitz Castle , St. Nicholas collegial church in Greifswald , St. Nicholas' Church in Stralsund , St. Mary's Church in Stralsund , St. Mary and St. Nicholas churches in Anklam , St. Mary's Church in Stargard , St. Nicholas Church in Wolin , St. Peter's Church in Wolgast , Cathedral Basilica of St. James the Apostle in Szczecin , Cathedral of

2040-798: The Scythians used its wood to make their bows. All of the yews are very closely related to each other, and some botanists treat them all as subspecies or varieties of just one widespread species; under this treatment, the species name used is Taxus baccata , the first yew described scientifically. Taxus species appear similar. Attempts at taxonomy vary from describing all yews as subspecies of T. baccata , as did RKF Pilger in 1903, to splitting species by even very small morphological differences, as did R. W. Spjut in 2007 with 25 species and over 50 varieties. Some species have traditionally been recognized by geographic distribution, but Asian species have been more difficult to classify. Taxus contorta in

2100-568: The United States. There, both T. baccata and Taxus cuspidata are common ornamental shrubs. T. baccata appears throughout Europe and into western Asia. T. cuspidata occurs over much of East Asia, in China, Japan, Korea, and Sakhalin . Taxus brevifolia ranges in the United States from California to Montana and Alaska, while Taxus canadensis appears in the northeastern United States and southeast Canada. Plants of

2160-1086: The World Online recognizes 12 confirmed species: Fossil (extinct) species Commonly reported hybrids Below are cladograms showing the evolutionary relationships between yew species and their global distribution. Austrotaxus Pseudotaxus T. brevifolia T. globosa T. floridana T. canadensis T. cuspidata T. contorta T. baccata T. wallichiana T. Huangshan type           T. chinensis T. phytonii T. calcicola T. mairei T. brevifolia T. floridana T. globosa T. wallichiana T. chinensis      T. florinii T. calcicola T. phytonii T. sumatrana T. canadensis T. cuspidata T. baccata T. mairei T. contorta T. fuana All species of yew contain highly poisonous taxine alkaloids , with some variation in

2220-594: The areas dominated by the Welfs , the use of brick to replace natural stone began with cathedrals and parish churches at Oldenburg (Holstein) , Segeberg , Ratzeburg , and Lübeck . Henry the Lion laid the foundation stone of the Cathedral in 1173. In the Margraviate of Brandenburg , the lack of natural stone and the distance to the Baltic Sea (which, like the rivers, could be used for transporting heavy loads) made

2280-647: The areas of colonisation north and east of the Elbe . In the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period , that cultural area extended throughout the southern part of the Baltic region and had a major influence on Scandinavia . The southernmost Brick Gothic structure in Germany is the Bergkirche (mountain church) of Altenburg in Thuringia . In the northwest, especially along Weser and Elbe , sandstone from

2340-715: The base of the wall is of stone. Most of the churches share a common distinctive Bavarian Brick Gothic style. The Frauenkirche of Munich is the largest (gothic and totally) brick church north of the Alps . Examples include St. Martin's and two other churches at Landshut and the Herzogsburg (Duke's Castle) in Dingolfing . Brick Gothic in Poland is sometimes described as belonging to the Polish Gothic style. Though,

2400-471: The core building material used to erect walls and cap ceilings. This limited use of stone, as a supplementary building material, was most prevalent in Lesser Poland and was made possible by an abundance of limestone in the region—further north in the regions of Greater Poland , Silesia , Mazovia , and Pomerania the use of stone was virtually nonexistent. Much of the coast of the Baltic Sea in

2460-491: The exact formula of the alkaloid between the species. All parts of the tree except the arils contain the alkaloid. The arils are edible and sweet, but the seed is dangerously poisonous ; unlike birds, the human stomach can break down the seed coat and release the toxins into the body. This can have fatal results if yew 'berries' are eaten without removing the seeds first. Grazing animals, particularly cattle and horses , are also sometimes found dead near yew trees after eating

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2520-406: The exception of the yew berries (which however contain a toxic seed); additionally, male and dioecious yews in this genus release cytotoxic pollen, which can cause headaches, lethargy, aching joints, itching, and skin rashes; it is also a trigger for asthma. These pollen granules are extremely small, and can easily pass through window screens. Male yews bloom and release abundant amounts of pollen in

2580-475: The hard seeds undamaged in their droppings; maturation of the arils is spread over 2–3 months, increasing the chances of successful seed dispersal. Taxus is the Latin word for this tree and its wood that is used to make javelins . The Latin word is probably borrowed, via Greek τόξον tóxon , from taxša , the Scythian word used for "yew" and "bow" (cognate of Persian تخش Taxš meaning bow) because

2640-627: The latter's style and repertoire into the new material. The decorative techniques to suit the new material were imported form northern Italy, where they had been developed as part of the Lombard Style . Among these techniques was the use of moulded brick to realize delicate ornament. Brick Gothic drew on Romanesque building (in stone and in brick) of its region, but in its core area Romanesque stone buildings were rare and often humble In character. In most regions of Brick Gothic, boulders were available and cheaper than brick. In some regions, cut stone

2700-413: The leaves, though deer are able to break down the poisons and will eat yew foliage freely. In the wild, deer browsing of yews is often so extensive that wild yew trees are commonly restricted to cliffs and other steep slopes inaccessible to deer. The foliage is also eaten by the larvae of some Lepidopteran insects including the moth willow beauty . All parts of a yew plant are toxic to humans with

2760-626: The main industries of the town are trade, handicraft and tourism, derived from being one of the best-preserved medieval towns in the Scania province and its association with the Wallander detective novels. The ferry port has services to the Danish island of Bornholm , to Sassnitz in Germany, and to Świnoujście in Poland , the latter forming part of the E65 road route south from Malmö. Ystad connects

2820-431: The main source of trade. Ystad was not mentioned in documents until 1244, in a record of King Eric 's visit to the town with his brother, Abel . A Franciscan monastery , Gråbrödraklostret , was founded in 1267, and Ystad joined the Hanseatic League in the 14th century. The charter of 1599 gave the town the right to export oxen. Ystad, together with all of Scania , was transferred from Denmark to Sweden following

2880-460: The mountains of Central Germany could be transported with relative ease. This resulted in a synthesis of the styles from east of the Elbe with the architectural traditions of the Rhineland. Here, bricks were mainly used for wall areas, while sandstone was employed for plastic detail. Since the brick has no aesthetic function per se in this style, most of the northwest German structures are not part of Brick Gothic proper. The Gothic brick buildings near

2940-450: The need for alternative materials more pressing. Brick architecture here started with the Cathedral of Brandenburg , begun in 1165 under Albert the Bear . Jerichow Monastery (then a part of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg ), where construction started as early as 1149, was a key influence on Brick Gothic in Brandenburg. Romanesque brick architecture remained closely connected with contemporary stone architecture and often simply translated

3000-499: The period from the 12th century to 1637 belonged to the Griffins' Duchy of Pomerania . Nowadays its territory is divided into two parts—middle and eastern in Poland and westernmost in Germany. The most outstanding Gothic monuments in this area are Romanesque-Gothic Cathedral of St. John the Baptist in Kamień Pomorski , Cistercian abbey in Kołbacz , ruins of Jasienica Abbey in Police , ruins of Eldena Abbey (a Danish foundation) in Greifswald , St. Mary's Church in Usedom , Castle of

3060-414: The real variety of this brick architecture is yet to be fully distinguished from the views published in the late 19th and early 20th century, especially the years around the end of World War I, when the style was politically instrumentalized. Indeed, about a quarter of medieval Gothic brick architecture is standing in the Netherlands , in Flanders and in French Flanders . Some of these buildings are in

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3120-408: The same time as the art of masonry. But in Denmark , especially Jutland , in the Frisian regions, in present-day Netherlands and in the Lower Rhine region, many high-quality medieval stone buildings were built before the first medieval brick was burnt there. Nevertheless, these regions eventually developed a density of Gothic brick architecture as high as in the regions near the southern coast of

3180-436: The spring; completely female yews only trap pollen while producing none. Yews in this genus are primarily separate-sexed, and males are extremely allergenic, with an OPALS allergy scale rating of 10 out of 10. Completely female yews have an OPALS rating of 1, and are considered "allergy-fighting". Brick Gothic Brick Gothic ( German : Backsteingotik , Polish : Gotyk ceglany , Dutch : Baksteengotiek )

3240-411: The stem, but with the leaf bases twisted to align the leaves in two flat rows either side of the stem. The male cones are globose, 3–6 mm ( 1 ⁄ 8 – 1 ⁄ 4  in) across, and shed their pollen in early spring. Yews are mostly dioecious , but occasional individuals can be variably monoecious , or change sex with time. The seed cones are highly modified, each cone containing

3300-516: The style came to influence secular buildings as well as churches and spread beyond the area where Catharism had flourished. In the 19th century, the Gothic Revival—Neogothic style led to a revival of Brick Gothic designs. 19th-century Brick Gothic "Revival" churches can be found throughout Northern Germany, Scandinavia, Poland, Lithuania, Finland, the Netherlands, Russia, Britain and the United States. Important churches in this style included St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham (1841) by Augustus Pugin ,

3360-488: The vast majority of Gothic buildings within the borders of modern Poland are brick-built, the term also encompasses non-brick Gothic structures, such as the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków , which is mostly stone-built. The principal characteristic of the Polish Gothic style is its limited use of stonework to complement the main brick construction. Stone was primarily utilized for window and door frames, arched columns, ribbed vaults, foundations and ornamentation, while brick remained

3420-454: The very north of France ), Netherlands , Germany , Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , Estonia , Kaliningrad (former East Prussia ), Switzerland , Denmark , Sweden and Finland . As the use of baked red brick arrived in Northwestern and Central Europe in the 12th century, the oldest such buildings are classified as the Brick Romanesque . In the 16th century, Brick Gothic was superseded by Brick Renaissance architecture. Brick Gothic

3480-427: The water gate on Ina river called Stargard Mill Gate . Even the Westhoek region in the very north of France , situated between Belgium and the Strait of Dover has instances of northern Brick Gothic, with a high density of specific buildings. For example, there is a strong similarity between the Belfry of Dunkirk  [ fr ] and the tower of St Mary's Church in Gdańsk . Southern French Gothic

3540-424: Was available as well. Therefore, besides all-brick buildings, there are buildings begun in stone and completed using brick, or built of boulders and decorated with brick, or built of brick and decorated with cut stone, for instance in Lesser Poland and Silesia . Brick Gothic buildings are often of monumental size, but simple as regards their external appearance, lacking the delicacy of areas further south, but this

3600-451: Was unavailable, trading cities could import it by sea. Therefore, St. Mary's Church in Lübeck , generally considered the principal example of Brick Gothic, has two portals made of sandstone , and the edges of its huge towers are built of ashlars, as normal for Gothic brick buildings in the Netherlands and the (German) Lower Rhine region . And the very slim pillars of its Briefkapelle ( letters chapel ) are of granite from Bornholm . In

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