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59-594: In the 16th century, the Yuchi lived in the eastern Tennessee River valley. By the late 17th century, they had migrated south to Alabama , Georgia , and South Carolina , settling near the Muscogee Creek people . Some also migrated to the Florida panhandle. After suffering heavy losses from epidemic diseases and warfare in the 18th century, the remaining Yuchi bands were forcibly relocated to Indian Territory in

118-615: A Native Americans Comprehensive Community Survey and Plan. The grant was used to developed the Tribal History Project, which began in October 2010. The Human Genome Project acknowledged the importance of the Yuchi's distinct culture and language and approached the Yuchi in order to collect genetic data (DNA). The Yuchi tribe declined to participate in the Project due to cultural conflict and uncertainty among members over

177-401: A governor appointed by the king. The warm climate and swampy lands make it perfect for growing crops such as tobacco, rice, sugarcane, and indigo. George Calvert received a charter from King Charles I to found the colony of Maryland in 1632. When George Calvert died, Cecilius Calvert, later known as Lord Baltimore, became the proprietor. Calvert came from a wealthy Catholic family and was

236-526: A large manor and tenants would work in the fields and on other tasks. However, with extremely cheap land prices, many Protestants moved to Maryland and bought land for themselves. They soon became a majority of the population, and in 1642 religious tension began to erupt. Calvert was forced to take control and pass the Maryland Toleration Act in 1649, making Maryland the second colony to have freedom of worship, after Rhode Island . However,

295-657: A large settlement on the Chattahoochee River , was documented from the middle to late 18th century. It was located near Euchee (or Uche) Creek, about ten miles downriver from the Muscogee Creek settlement of Coweta Old Town. The naturalist William Bartram visited Euchee Town in 1778. In his letters he ranked it as the largest and most compact Indian town he had ever encountered, with large, well-built houses. US Indian agent Benjamin Hawkins also visited

354-546: A major highway for riverboats through the South, and today they are frequently used along the river. Major ports include Guntersville, Chattanooga , Decatur , Yellow Creek, and Muscle Shoals . This river has contributed greatly to the economic and industrial development of the Tennessee Valley as a whole. The economies of cities such as Decatur and Chattanooga would not be as dynamic as they are today, were it not for

413-728: A major power in the Southeast . Yuchi towns were later documented in western South Carolina and northern Georgia, where the tribe had migrated to escape pressure from the Cherokee. "Mount Pleasant" was noted as being on the Savannah River in present-day Effingham County, Georgia , from about 1722 to about 1750. To take advantage of trade, the British established a trading post and small military garrison there, which they called Mount Pleasant. "Euchee Town" (also called Uche Town),

472-577: A new charter was issued to a group of eight English noblemen, the Lords Proprietors , on March 24, 1663. Led by Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury , the Province of Carolina was controlled from 1663 to 1729 by these lords and their heirs. Shaftesbury and his secretary, the philosopher John Locke , devised an intricate plan to govern the many people arriving in the colony. The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina sought to ensure

531-739: A publication of the Tennessee Bar Association. In 2008, as a result of a serious drought and resulting water shortage, the Georgia General Assembly passed a resolution directing the governor to pursue its claim in the United States Supreme Court . According to a story aired on WTVC-TV in Chattanooga on March 14, 2008, a local attorney familiar with case law on border disputes, said the U.S. Supreme Court generally will maintain

590-516: A series of civil unrest, Bacon's Rebellion shaped the way that servitude and slavery worked in the South. After a series of attacks on the Susquehannock , attacks that were ensued after the group of natives burnt one of Bacon's farms, Bacon's arrest, along with other arrest warrants, were issued by Governor Berkely , for attacking the natives without his permission. Bacon avoided detainment, though, and then burnt Jamestown , in opposition of

649-663: A shorter trip for river traffic going from the Tennessee to most of the Ohio River, and for traffic going down the Cumberland River toward Tennessee. The Tennessee River and its tributaries host some 102 species of mussel . Native Americans ate freshwater mussels. Potters of the Mississippian culture used crushed mussel shell mixed into clay to make their pottery stronger. A "pearl" button industry

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708-522: A young generation of speakers. The Yuchi people and language are featured in a chapter in Mark Abley 's Spoken Here: Travels Among Threatened Languages (2003), a book on endangered languages . Tennessee River The Tennessee River is the largest tributary of the Ohio River . It is approximately 652 miles (1,049 km) long and is located in the southeastern United States in

767-597: Is derived from the Cherokee town, Tanasi , which was located on the Tennessee side of the Appalachian Mountains. The river appears on French maps from the late 17th century with the names "Caquinampo" or "Kasqui." Maps from the early 18th century call it "Cussate," " Hogohegee ," "Callamaco," and "Acanseapi." A 1755 British map showed the Tennessee River as the "River of the Cherakees." By

826-423: Is projected to have a new lock built, but it has been delayed due to a lack of funding. The river not only has many economic functions, such as the boat building industry and transportation, but it also provides water and natural resources to those who live near the river. Many of the major ports on the river are connected to a settlement that was started because of its proximity to the river. On October 15, 2022,

885-840: Is within the boundaries of present-day Fort Moore , Georgia . In the 1830s, the US government forcibly removed the Yuchi, along with the Muscogee, from Alabama and Georgia to Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma ), west of the Mississippi River. The Yuchi settled in the north and northwestern parts of the Muscogee Nation. Three tribal towns which the Yuchi established there in the 19th century continue today: Duck Creek, Polecat, and Sand Creek. Prior to 1818 some Yuchi moved to near Lake Miccosukee in northern Florida, settling near Muscogee refugees. Andrew Jackson 's invasion of

944-704: The Bureau of Indian Affairs denied the petition. As of 1997, the Yuchi tribe had a formal enrollment of 249 members. Other Yuchi descendants are already enrolled in other tribes, such as the Muscogee. Most Yuchi are of multi-tribal descent; some are citizens of other tribes, such as the Shawnee . The Euchee Tribe of Indians, while not federally recognized, has their headquarters in Sapulpa, Oklahoma . Their tribal chairmen are co-chairs Felix Brown Jr. and Clinton Sago. James Anaya , United Nations (UN) Special Rapporteur on

1003-546: The Dawes Commission considered the Yuchi in Indian Territory to be an autonomous tribe. It registered tribal members preparatory to allotment of communal tribal lands in Indian Territory to individual households of members. Some 1200 tribal members were registered in those years. The Dawes Commission later decided to legally classify the Yuchi as part of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation, in an effort to simplify

1062-709: The Indian Claims Commission in 1950, which was settling compensation claims dating from allotments. The Yuchi continue their important ceremonies, such as the Green Corn Ceremony of late summer. They maintain three ceremonial grounds in Oklahoma. Some members belong to the Native American Church and Methodist congregations. In 2008, the Yuchi tribe received a grant from President George W. Bush 's administration for

1121-509: The Muscle Shoals area, and eventually forms a small part of the state's border with Mississippi , before returning to Tennessee. The river misses Georgia by about 250 feet (76 m). The Tennessee River's route northerly through Tennessee defines the boundary between two of Tennessee's Grand Divisions : Middle and West Tennessee . The Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway , a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers project providing navigation on

1180-820: The Spanish Empire took back Florida . These colonies were the historical core of what would become the Southern United States , or " Dixie ". They were located south of the Middle Colonies , albeit Virginia and Maryland (located on the expansive Chesapeake Bay in the Upper South) were also called the Chesapeake Colonies . The Southern Colonies were overwhelmingly rural, with large agricultural operations, which made use of slavery and indentured servitude extensive. During

1239-696: The Tennessee Valley . The river was once popularly known as the Cherokee River, among other names, as the Cherokee people had their homelands along its banks, especially in what are now East Tennessee and northern Alabama . Additionally, its tributary, the Little Tennessee River , flows into it from Western North Carolina and northeastern Georgia, where the river also was bordered by numerous Cherokee towns. Its current name

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1298-719: The Tombigbee River and a link to the Port of Mobile , enters the Tennessee River near the Tennessee-Alabama-Mississippi boundary. This waterway reduces the navigation distance from Tennessee, north Alabama, and northern Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico by hundreds of miles. The final part of the Tennessee's run is north through western Kentucky , where it separates the Jackson Purchase from

1357-566: The War of 1812 , many Yuchi joined the Red Sticks party, traditionalists opposed to the Muscogee people of the Lower Towns, who had adopted aspects of European-American culture. Euchee Town decayed. The Yuchi tribe became one of the poorest of the Muscogee communities, at the same time gaining a bad reputation. The archaeological site of the town, designated a National Historic Landmark ,

1416-554: The 1830s, alongside their allies, the Muscogee Creek. Today, the Yuchi primarily reside in northeastern Oklahoma , where many are enrolled citizens of the federally recognized Muscogee (Creek) Nation . They continue to maintain a distinct cultural identity, with some members still speaking the Yuchi language , a linguistic isolate . The term Yuchi translated to "over there sit/live" or "situated yonder." Their autonym , or name for themselves, Tsoyaha or Coyaha , means "Children of

1475-450: The 18th century. Among these was Chestowee in present-day Bradley County, Tennessee . In 1714, instigated by two English fur traders from South Carolina , the Cherokee attacked and destroyed Chestowee. The Cherokee were prepared to carry their attacks further to Yuchi settlements south on the Savannah River , but the colonial government of South Carolina did not condone this. The Cherokee destruction of Chestowee marked their emergence as

1534-636: The 19th century, the Tennessee River was considered to start at the mouth of Clinch River (at Kingston ). An 1889 declaration by the Tennessee General Assembly designated Kingsport (on the Holston River ) as the start of the Tennessee, but the following year a federal law was enacted that finally fixed the start of the river at its current location. At various points since the early 19th century, Georgia has disputed its northern border with Tennessee. In 1796, when Tennessee

1593-700: The Act did little to help religious peace. In 1654, Protestants barred Catholics from voting, ousted a pro-tolerance Governor , and repealed the Toleration Act. Maryland stayed Protestant until Calvert again took control of the colony in 1658. The Colony of Virginia (also known frequently as the Virginia Colony or the Province of Virginia , and occasionally as the Dominion and Colony of Virginia )

1652-634: The Cherokee, who were moving into their territory. After the American Revolution , Yuchi people maintained close relations with the Muscogee Creek Confederacy, into which federally recognized members were later absorbed. In the late 18th century, some Yuchi migrated south to Florida along with the Muscogee, where they became part of the newly formed Seminole people. During the Creek War of 1813–1814, which overlapped

1711-630: The Rights of Indigenous Peoples, visited the Yuchi community. Tracie Revis (Yuchi) gave a speech defining the importance of federal recognition. He acknowledged the declaration by the UN on the Rights of Indigenous People that states "that we have the right of self-determination and by virtue of that right- we may freely determine our political status and freely pursue our economic, social and cultural development." An estimated 2,000 persons are ethnically Yuchi. They are descendants of some 1,100 persons recorded by

1770-615: The Sun." Their language is an isolate. The Shawnee called them Tahokale, and the Cherokee call them Aniyutsi. At the time of first European contact, the Yuchi people lived in what is now eastern Tennessee . In 1541, Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto described them as a powerful tribe known as the Uchi, that were also associated with the Chisca tribe. Both historical and archaeological evidence exists documenting several Yuchi towns of

1829-602: The Tennessee River to be more significant than the Mississippi. The Tennessee River begins at mile post 652, where the French Broad River meets the Holston River, but historically there were several different definitions of its starting point. In the late 18th century, the mouth of the Little Tennessee River (at Lenoir City ) was considered to be the beginning of the Tennessee River. Through much of

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1888-429: The Tennessee River. Many companies still rely on the river as a means of transportation for their materials. In Chattanooga, for example, steel is exported on boats, as it is much more efficient than moving it on land. In addition, locks along the Tennessee River waterway provide passage between reservoirs for more than 13,000 recreational craft each year. The Chickamauga Dam , located just upstream from Chattanooga,

1947-523: The University of Tennessee Volunteers football team defeated the University of Alabama Crimson Tide 52–49 at Neyland Stadium in Knoxville, Tennessee, on a game-winning field goal by Chase McGrath as time expired. In celebration of this victory, the fans stormed the field, tore down the goalposts, and threw them into the Tennessee River after an impromptu parade in which fans carried the goalposts around

2006-679: The Virginia Colony was nicknamed "The Old Dominion" by King Charles II for its perceived loyalty to the English monarchy during the era of the Commonwealth of England . While other colonies were being founded, Virginia continued to grow. Tobacco planters held the best land near the coast, so new settlers pushed inland. Sir William Berkeley, the colony's governor, sent explorers over the Blue Ridge Mountains to open up

2065-712: The area during the First Seminole War resulted in the Yuchi moving to eastern Florida. They fought alongside the Seminole during the Second Seminole War under their chief Uchee Billy . He was captured in 1837 with his brother Jack by General Joseph Marion Hernandez , who also captured Osceola . The two leaders were imprisoned for years in Fort Marion in St. Augustine, Florida . From 1890 to 1895,

2124-480: The back country of Virginia to settlement. After independence from Great Britain in 1776 the Virginia Colony became the Commonwealth of Virginia , one of the original thirteen states of the United States, adopting as its official slogan "The Old Dominion". The states of West Virginia , Kentucky , Indiana , Illinois , and portions of Ohio , were all later created from the territory encompassed earlier by

2183-722: The city of Knoxville. The river has been dammed numerous times since the 1930s by Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) projects. The construction of TVA's Kentucky Dam on the Tennessee River and the Corps of Engineers' Barkley Dam on the Cumberland River led to the development of associated lakes, and the creation of an area called the Land Between the Lakes . A navigation canal located at Grand Rivers, Kentucky , links Kentucky Lake and Lake Barkley . The canal allows for

2242-469: The colony's stability by allotting political status by a settler's wealth upon arrival - making a semi-manorial system with a Council of Nobles and a plan to have small landholders defer to these nobles. However, the settlers did not find it necessary to take orders from the Council. By 1680, the colony had a large export industry of tobacco, lumber , and pitch . In 1691, dissent over the governance of

2301-792: The colony. This rebellion influenced the view of the Africans, helping create a completely African servitude and workforce in the Chesapeake Colonies, alleviating primarily White servitude, a working-class that could be repugnant at times through disobedience and mischief. This also helped racial superiority in White regions, helping the poor White and wealthy White people, respectively, feel almost equal. It diminished alliances between White and Black people, as had happened in Bacon's Rebellion . The colonies developed prosperous economies based on

2360-417: The cultivation of cash crops , such as tobacco , indigo , and rice . An effect of the cultivation of these crops was the presence of slavery in significantly higher proportions than in other parts of British America. The Province of Carolina , originally chartered in 1608, was an English and later British colony of North America . Because the original charter was unrealized and was ruled invalid,

2419-408: The disputed portion of the river entirely in Tennessee. Georgia made several unsuccessful attempts to correct what Georgia felt was an erroneous survey line "in the 1890s, 1905, 1915, 1922, 1941, 1947 and 1971 to 'resolve' the dispute", according to C. Crews Townsend, Joseph McCoin, Robert F. Parsley, Alison Martin and Zachary H. Greene, in their May 12, 2008, article for the Tennessee Bar Journal ,

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2478-442: The first individual (rather than a joint-stock company) to receive a grant from the Crown. He received a grant for a large tract of land north of the Potomac river and on either side of Chesapeake Bay . Calvert planned on creating a haven for English Roman Catholics, many of whom were well-to-do nobles such as himself who could not worship in public. He planned on creating an agrarian manorial society where each noble would have

2537-401: The governor previously denying him land in fear of native attacks, however Bacon hadn't believe his policies were entirely conventional, saying that they didn't ensure protection to the English settlers , as well as the exclusion of Bacon from Berkeley's social clubs and friend groups. The rebellion dissolved sometime in 1676, following Charles II's initial sending of troops to restore order in

2596-406: The issue once and for all. The Atlantic Wire , in commenting on Georgia's actions stated: "The Great Georgia-Tennessee Border War of 2013 Is Upon Us Historians, take note: On this day, which is not a day in 1732, a boundary dispute between two Southern states took a turn for the wet. In a two-page resolution passed overwhelmingly by the state senate, Georgia declared that it, not its neighbor to

2655-417: The language in recent years and are continuing to do so. Yuchi language classes are being taught in Sapulpa, Oklahoma , in an effort led by Richard Grounds and the Euchee Language Project. As of 2011, the Administration for Native Americans awarded the Yuchi tribe a grant for the years 2011 to 2014 in an effort to provide after-school programs for youth to improve proficiency in their native language and develop

2714-431: The late 18th century, it had come to be called "Tennessee," a name derived from the Cherokee village named Tanasi . The Tennessee River is formed at the confluence of the Holston and French Broad rivers in present-day Knoxville, Tennessee . From Knoxville, it flows southwest through East Tennessee into Chattanooga before crossing into Alabama . It travels through the Huntsville and Decatur area before reaching

2773-433: The mouth of the Tennessee River upstream. Southern Colonies The Southern Colonies within British America consisted of the Province of Maryland , the Colony of Virginia , the Province of Carolina (in 1712 split into North and South Carolina ), and the Province of Georgia . In 1763, the newly created colonies of East Florida and West Florida would be added to the Southern Colonies by Great Britain until

2832-413: The north, controls part of the Tennessee River at Nickajack . Georgia doesn't want Nickajack. It wants that water.". The Tennessee River is an important part of the Great Loop , the recreational circumnavigation of Eastern North America by water. The main channel is accessible to recreational watercraft at over 200 public access points along the river's course. The Tennessee River has historically been

2891-411: The original borders between states and avoid stepping into border disputes, preferring the parties work out their differences. The Chattanooga Times Free Press reported on March 25, 2013, that Georgia senators approved House Resolution 4 stating that if Tennessee declines to settle with them, the dispute will be given to the state attorney general, to take Tennessee before the Supreme Court to settle

2950-475: The process of land allotment. But this decision interrupted the autonomy of the people and their record of historical continuity as a recognized tribe. The Yuchi people are enrolled in federally recognized tribes , particularly the Muscogee (Creek) Nation , who host the Euchee Language Program. In the 1990s, the Yuchi Tribal Organization based in Sapulpa, Oklahoma , petitioned the US federal government to gain federal recognition as an independent tribe. In 2000,

3009-490: The province led to the appointment of a deputy governor to administer the northern half of Carolina. After nearly a decade in which the British government sought to locate and buy out the proprietors, both Carolinas became royal colonies . The British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12, 1733. The colony was administered by the Georgia Trustees under a charter issued by and named for King George II . The Trustees implemented an elaborate plan for

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3068-442: The rest of the state. It flows into the Ohio River at Paducah, Kentucky . The river valley was once home to several Native American tribes. At Painted Bluff , in northeast Alabama, painted glyphs dating to ca. 1400 A.D. have been discovered among cliffs overlooking the river. The first major battles of the American Civil War occurred along the river in 1862. The commander in the western theater, General Henry Halleck , considered

3127-407: The settlement of the colony, known as the Oglethorpe Plan , which envisioned an agrarian society of Yeoman farmers and prohibited slavery. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins' Ear . In 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the Crown , and Georgia became a Crown colony , with

3186-497: The town and described the Yuchi as "more orderly and industrious" than the other tribes of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy . The Yuchi began to move on, some into the Florida panhandle. In the late 18th century, English colonists noted Patsiliga, a settlement on the Flint River . Other Yuchi settlements may have been those villages noted on the Oconee River near Uchee Creek in Wilkinson County, Georgia , and on Brier Creek in Burke or Screven counties, also in Georgia. A Yuchi town

3245-402: The uses of government ownership of tribal DNA. The Yuchi language is a linguistic isolate , not known to be related to any other language. In 2000 the estimated number of fluent Yuchi speakers was 15, but this number dwindled to 7 by 2006. According to a 2011 documentary on the Yuchi language, the number of first-language speakers had declined to five by 2011. Young Yuchi people have learned

3304-418: Was admitted to the Union, the border was originally defined by United States Congress as located on the 35th parallel, thereby ensuring that at least a portion of the river would be located within Georgia. As a result of an erroneously conducted survey in 1818 (ratified by the Tennessee legislature, but not Georgia), however, the actual border line was set on the ground approximately one mile south, thus placing

3363-403: Was an English colony in North America which existed briefly during the 16th century, and then continuously from 1607 until the American Revolution (as a British colony after 1707 ). The name Virginia was first applied by Sir Walter Raleigh and Queen Elizabeth I in 1584. Jamestown was the first town created by the Virginia colony. After the English Civil War in the mid 17th century,

3422-405: Was established in the Tennessee Valley beginning in 1887, producing buttons from the abundant mussel shells. Button production ceased after World War II when plastics replaced mother-of-pearl as a button material. Mussel populations have declined drastically due to dam construction, water pollution, and invasive species . Tributaries and sub-tributaries are listed hierarchically in order from

3481-455: Was known to exist from 1746 to 1751 at the site of present-day Silver Bluff in Aiken County, South Carolina , which developed in the later 18th century. During the 18th century, the Yuchi established an alliance with white settlers in the Southern Colonies , trading deerskins and Indian slaves with them. The Yuchi population plummeted during the 18th century due to Eurasian infectious diseases , to which they had no immunity, and to war with

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