Yên Bái is a province located in Northwest Vietnam . It shares borders with six provinces which are Hà Giang province , Lào Cai province , Lai Châu province , Sơn La province , Phú Thọ province , and Tuyên Quang province . The province covers an area of about 6,893 km (2,661 sq mi) and as of 2022 it had a population of 847,250 people.
126-651: Yên Bái's history is important under the French colony , particularly the subsequent " Yên Bái mutiny ", an uprising of Vietnamese soldiers in the French colonial army on 10 February 1930 in collaboration with civilian supporters who were members of the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (VNQDD, the Vietnamese Nationalist Party). Forestry and farming are the main economic stays of the province. Thác Bà Lake
252-452: A French colony between 1859 and 1883. Initially, military resistance to French rule came through the Cần Vương movement led by Tôn Thất Thuyết and Phan Đình Phùng , which sought to install the boy Emperor Hàm Nghi at the head of an independent nation. However, with the death of Phùng in 1895, military opposition effectively ended. The only other notable incidents after this came in 1917 was
378-611: A border treaty between France and Siam in 1906). France obtained control over northern Vietnam following its victory over China in the Sino-French War (1884–85). French Indochina was formed on 17 October 1887 from Annam , Tonkin , Cochinchina (which together form modern Vietnam ) and the Kingdom of Cambodia ; Laos was added after the Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893 . The federation lasted until 21 July 1954. In
504-598: A capacity of 120 MW, and has an energy generating potential of 400 million kWh/year. The project as built has a dam 48 m high and 657 m long, creating a gross storage capacity of 2.49 cubic kilometres with a live storage of 2.16 cubic kilometres on the Chay River draining a catchment of 6430 km at the dam site. The reservoir is 60 km with a water spread of 235 km at the Full Reservoir Level of +58 m. The project has been designed for
630-590: A disappointment of the promises made by Sarraut. During the early days of the war around 6 million Frenchmen were drafted causing a severe labour shortage in France. In response, the Undersecretary of State for Artillery and Munitions proposed to hire women, European immigrants, and French colonial subjects, these people were later followed with Chinese immigrants. From 1915 onwards, the French war effort's manpower needs started to rise significantly. Initially
756-849: A limited extent in both the Pacific War and the European Theater. Napalm was widely used by the US during the Korean War . The ground forces in North Korea holding defensive positions were often outnumbered by Chinese and North Koreans, but US Air Force and Navy aviators had control of the air over nearly all of the Korean Peninsula . Hence, the American and other UN aviators used napalm for close air support of
882-534: A massacre of around 40,000 Christians. The rebellion was eventually brought down by a French military intervention, in addition to its lack of unity in the movement. Nationalist sentiments intensified in Vietnam, especially during and after World War I , but all the uprisings and tentative efforts failed to obtain sufficient concessions from the French. Territorial conflict in the Indochinese peninsula for
1008-682: A maximum flood discharge of 3,650 m/s. The other ruling levels of the project are: dead storage level in the reservoir +46.0m and maximum flood level of +59.65 for a thousand-year flood . Every year, the Yên Bái Provincial People's Committee arrange the Thác Bà Discovery Festival, supported by Lào Cai, Phú Thọ and Yên Bái provinces. It is held in the vicinity of the Thác Bà Hydroelectric Power Plant. Participants in
1134-750: A monument erected in 1937 in Doc village in Hong Commune is highly revered as an ancestral home. There are 4 ethnic Yao (Dao) branches in Yên Bái province (Nguyễn 2013:12). The area was occupied in ancient times, given the favourable communications along the Hong and Chay Rivers. Several archaeological digs in the province have unearthed ancient temples and other sites. Stone tools have been excavated in Mù Cang Chải District. Vietnam had gradually become
1260-474: A new generation of anti-French resistance emerged, rather than being rooted in the traditional mandarin elites the new anti-French resistance leaders of the early 20th century were more influenced by international events and revolutions abroad to inspire their resistance and the issue of modernisation. Some Vietnamese revolutionaries like Phan Châu Trinh traveled to the Western World ( Đi Tây ) to obtain
1386-471: A new policy of association and a "Franco-Annamese Collaboration" (French: Collaboration franco-annamite ; Vietnamese: Pháp-Việt Đề huề ) for the wartime contribution by the French Indochinese to their colonial masters. However, beside some liberal reforms, the French administration actually increased economic exploitation and ruthless repression of nationalist movements which rapidly resulted in
SECTION 10
#17327823915231512-487: A new vehicle of instruction. The schools offered free courses to anyone who wanted to learn about the modern spirit. The teachers at the school at 59 Hàng Đàn included Phạm Duy Tốn . in the years prior to World War I the French arrested thousands of people with some being sentenced to death and others being imprisoned at the Poulo Condore jail island ( Côn Sơn Island ). Because of this Côn Sơn Island would become
1638-788: A number of secret societies launch rebellions in Cochinchina, the Peace and Duty Society (Nghia Hoa Doan Hoi) was introduced to the region by the Minh Hương refugees following the Manchu conquest of China and the Vietnamese Heaven and Earth Society (天地會, Thiên Địa Hội ). The Peace and Duty Society was also active supporting anti-Qing insurgents in China. The majority of the traditional mandarin elites would continue to operate under
1764-583: A number of historians like Joseph Buttinger and Martin Murray, treated his statement by Nguyễn Ái Quốc as an article of faith and believed that the Vietnamese men who participated in World War I were "forcibly recruited" by means of "terrorism", later historians would claim that the recruitment enterprise employed during this period was only "ostensibly voluntary". While there is some truth to these claims,
1890-637: A number of uprisings in Tonkin and Cochinchina . French Indochina contributed significantly to the French war effort in terms of funds, products and human resources. Prior to World War I the population of French Indochina stood at around 16,395,000 in 1913 with 14,165,000 being Vietnamese (Tonkinese, Annamese and Cochinchinese), 1,600,000 Cambodians, and 630,000 Laotians. These 16.4 million subjects were ruled over by only around 18,000 French civilians, militaries, and civil servants. During this period governor-general of French Indochina Albert Sarraut promised
2016-649: A part of an incendiary weapon , napalm causes severe burns . During combustion , napalm deoxygenates the available air and generates carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide , so asphyxiation , unconsciousness, and death are also possible. Napalm is lethal even for dug-in enemy personnel, as it flows into foxholes , tunnels, and bunkers , and drainage and irrigation ditches and other improvised troop shelters. Even people in undamaged shelters can be killed by hyperthermia , radiant heat , dehydration , asphyxiation , smoke exposure, or carbon monoxide poisoning . Crews of armored fighting vehicles are also vulnerable, due to
2142-672: A political threat; courtesans , for example, an influential faction in the dynastic system, feared for their status in a society influenced by an insistence on monogamy. A brief period of unification under the Nguyễn dynasty ended in 1858 with French military intervention. Under the pretext of protesting the persecution and expulsion of Catholic missionaries, and following Charles de Montigny's failure to secure concessions, Napoleon III ordered Admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly to attack Tourane (present day Da Nang ). Fourteen French gunships, 3,300 men including 300 Filipino soldiers provided by
2268-412: A ruler that many of them had fought and died for), resulted in some sour attitudes. Many of these troops sought out and joined the Vietnamese nationalist movement focused on overthrowing the French. In 1925, communist and anti-French activist Nguyễn Ái Quốc (later known as Hồ Chí Minh) wrote "taken in chains, confined in a school compound... Most of them will never again see the sun of their country" and
2394-449: A solid stream that would carry for distance (instead of the bloomy fireball of pure gasoline ) resulted in widespread adoption in infantry and tank/boat mounted flamethrowers as well. Napalm burns at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1,200 °C (1,470 to 2,190 °F). It burns longer than gasoline, is more easily dispersed, and adheres to its targets. These traits make it both effective and controversial. It has been widely used from
2520-522: A sovereign one here. The State of Vietnam became a South Vietnamese state. The separation of Vietnam would continue until 2 July 1976. French–Vietnamese relations started during the early 17th century with the arrival of the Jesuit missionary Alexandre de Rhodes . Around this time, Vietnam had only just begun its "Southward"—" Nam Tiến ", the occupation of the Mekong Delta , a territory being part of
2646-605: A statement that confirmed U.K. support for U.S. napalm attacks". Napalm became an intrinsic element of US military action during the Vietnam War as forces made increasing use of it for its tactical and psychological effects. Reportedly about 352,000 tonnes (388,000 short tons; 346,000 long tons) of US napalm bombs were dropped in the region between 1963 and 1973. The US Air Force and US Navy used napalm with great effect against all kinds of targets, such as troops, tanks, buildings, jungles, and even railroad tunnels . The effect
SECTION 20
#17327823915232772-553: A training facility for fighter pilots serving in the Vietnam People's Air Force . Dong Cuong and Dai Cai are two temples in the province. Dai Cai Temple has been built amidst a large lush green is approached from riverside roads. Excavations by Archaeologist have found relics of Son Vi culture in the Dong Cuong Temple area. Many festivals are celebrated in the province, as decided by an Organising Board. Some of
2898-548: A varied ecology; an interesting feature in the catchment with its beautiful landscape is thousands of hills and islands which have caves like the Hum, Cau Cuoi and Bach Xa. There is also a temple on the banks of lake known as Thác Bà Temple. The site that the lake now lies in was the historic scene in 1285 AD during the Thu Vat Battle that took place under the command of Trần Nhật Duật against Mongolian invaders. Thác Bà Lake
3024-585: Is a natural asset of the country along with its Thác Bà Hydroelectric Plant . Dong Cuong Festival is an important festival of the province. According to the General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam, the population of Yên Bái province as on 2019 was 821,030 with a density of 119 persons per km over a total land area of 6,887.46 square kilometres (2,659.26 sq mi) of the province. The male population during this period
3150-515: Is about 600 metres (2,000 ft) above sea level and can be divided into two regions: low-lying regions on the left bank of the Red River basin and the high right bank of the Red River and in the plateau between the Red River and Đà River there are many mountains. Besides the two main rivers, the Red and the Đà, the province has about 200 canals, small streams and large lakes and swamps. Thác Bà Lake
3276-400: Is also serviced by National Road 32, which takes a northwesterly direction through Nghĩa Lộ, Nong Truong Lien Son into the mountainous northwest of the province and into neighbouring Lào Cai province. The province lies about 183 km away on the 340 km Lào Cai to Ha Noi road. Yên Bái Airbase ( ICAO : VVYB ) is located about 5 km north of downtown Yên Bái. It is currently used as
3402-653: Is delimited by high mountain ranges—in the north by ranges of 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) in height, on the west by the Con Voi mountain range and on the east and south east by the Tay Con Linh range. The width of the river is wide in its upper reaches and "tapers to an elongated shape in the middle and lower reaches". The basin has an area of 6500 km (1620 km in China) with 60% area below an elevation of 400 m (average elevation of
3528-433: Is located in the lake area. Thác Bà Lake has changed the climatic pattern in the western districts of the province, to a moderate condition from its hot and dry status. The main biomes of the province are rainforest, subtropical and temperate mountainous zones. It experiences a tropical monsoon season. The 20,293 hectares (78.35 sq mi) conservation area Mu Cang Chai Species / Habitat Conservation Area (MCC SHCA)
3654-481: Is now an ecological tourist centre with entertainment, mountain climbing and hiking facilities. The Mong Son Grotto, which housed the Yên Bái Party Committee during the anti-American resistance is located at the centre of this lake. The Yên Bái city is an important transport hub of Northern Vietnam . Yên Bái lies on the railway that runs northwest from the capital and largest city in the north of
3780-626: Is particularly famous for its rubies. The Chay River, the second largest tributary of the Lo River, which in turn joins the Mekong River , rises from the Tay Con Linh mountain range (in Vietnam) at a height of 2,419 metres (7,936 ft). After flowing towards the west, it flows further southeast in the middle and lower reaches, at which point it joins the Lô River at Đoan Hùng . The basin
3906-568: Is situated in the province, an artificial lake which has an area of 23,400 hectares (90 sq mi) and 1,331 islands and hills. It has a capacity of 3 to 3.9 billion cubic meters of water and its original intention was to run the Thác Bà hydroelectric plant, one of the first large hydropower projects in Vietnam. The water in the lake is blue and clear, and reflects the surrounding green forests. The thousands of hills and islands have many caves, including Hum, Cau Cuoi and Bach Xa. A Thác Bà Temple
Yên Bái province - Misplaced Pages Continue
4032-587: The Battle of the Vosges and the Battle of Verdun . French Indochinese battalions were also used in various logistics functions such as serving as drivers to transport soldiers to the front lines, stretcher bearers ( brancardiers ), or road crews. Vietnamese soldiers were also used to "sanitise" battle fields at the end of the war, where they would perform these duties in the middle of the cold European winters without being provided with warm clothes, in order to let
4158-546: The Bolaven Plateau , who demanded the restoration of the "old order" and led an armed insurrection against the French until as late as 1936. The Phu Mi Bun Revolt revolt erupted in 1901 and was not suppressed until 1907. It was a "major rebellion by local Lao Theung tribes (the Alak , Nyaheun , and Laven) against French domination". Though there is not extensive literature on these particular revolutionary revolts in
4284-666: The Duy Tân Hội would establish a network of commercial enterprises to both gain capital to finance their activities and to hide their true intentions. A number of other anti-French organisations would support the Duy Tân Hội such as the Peace and Duty Society and the Heaven and Earth Society. The Tonkin Free School ( Đông Kinh Nghĩa Thục ), which was created in Hanoi in 1907 by the supporters of both Phan Châu Trinh and Phan Bội Châu
4410-693: The First Indochina War and the Algerian War . At first, the canisters were simply pushed out the side doors of Ju 52 planes that had been captured in Germany, later mostly B-26 bombers were used. Peruvian forces employed napalm throughout the 1960s against both communist insurgents and the Matsés indigenous group; four prominent Matsés villages were bombed during the 1964 Matsés massacres [ es ] . A variant of napalm
4536-523: The Front Populaire administration in Paris, France had agreed to repatriate Angkor Wat , Angkor Thom , Siem Reap , Siem Pang , and the associated provinces (approximately 13) to Siam. Meanwhile, Siam took over control of those areas, in anticipation of the upcoming treaty. Signatories from each country were dispatched to Tokyo to sign the treaty repatriating the lost provinces. Although during
4662-561: The Khmer Empire and to a lesser extent, the kingdom of Champa which they had defeated in 1471. European involvement in Vietnam was confined to trade during the 18th century, as the remarkably successful work of the Jesuit missionaries continued. In 1787, Pierre Pigneau de Behaine , a French Catholic priest, petitioned the French government and organised French military volunteers to aid Nguyễn Ánh in retaking lands his family lost to
4788-692: The Kingdom of Laos and Kingdom of Cambodia proclaimed their respective independences. On 4 June 1954, France signed the Accords in the Hôtel Matignon to grant complete independence to the State of Vietnam. French Indochina legally became invalid. Following the Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954 , French Indochina was completely no more when the French were forced to militarily withdraw from North Vietnam and politically recognize Việt Minh's state as
4914-756: The Pacific War . Napalm was often deployed against Japanese fortifications on Saipan , Iwo Jima , the Philippines , and Okinawa , where deeply dug-in Japanese troops refused to surrender. Following a shortage of conventional thermite bombs, General Curtis LeMay , among other high-ranking servicemen, ordered air raids on Japan to start using napalm instead. A 1946 report by the National Defense Research Council claims that 40,000 tons of M69s were dropped on Japan throughout
5040-655: The Russo-Japanese War and its lasting impression on the East as it was considered to be the first victory of "a yellow people over the white ", as well as the fall of the Manchu -led Qing dynasty to the Xinhai Revolution which established the Republic of China . These events all had significant influence on nationalist sentiments in the territories of French Indochina. The early 20th century saw
5166-519: The Tonkin campaign , the various protectorates were consolidated into one union in 1887. Two more entities were incorporated into the union: the Laotian protectorate and the Chinese territory of Guangzhouwan. The French exploited the resources in the region during their rule, but also contributed to improvements of the health and education system in the region. Nevertheless, deep divides remained between
Yên Bái province - Misplaced Pages Continue
5292-584: The Tây Sơn . Pigneau died in Vietnam but his troops fought on until 1802 in the French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh . The French colonial empire was heavily involved in Vietnam in the 19th century; often French intervention was undertaken in order to protect the work of the Paris Foreign Missions Society in the country. For its part, the Nguyễn dynasty increasingly saw Catholic missionaries as
5418-588: The Vietnamese regions of Tonkin in the north, Annam in the centre, and Cochinchina in the south. The capital from 1902 to 1945 was Hanoi , Saigon was the capital from 1887 to 1902 and again from 1945 to 1954. The Second French Empire annexed Cochinchina in 1862 and established a protectorate in Cambodia in 1863. After the French Third Republic took over northern Vietnam through
5544-493: The indigenous population of French Indochina to "study educational issues related to each place separately". According to researcher Nguyễn Đắc Xuân, in 1907, the imperial court of the Nguyễn dynasty sent Cao Xuân Dục and Huỳnh Côn, the Thượng thư of the Hộ Bộ , to French Cochinchina to "hold a conference on education" ( bàn nghị học chính ) with the French authorities on the future of
5670-456: The musculature , where it would continue to burn day after day." On 4 July 1942, the first test occurred on the football field near the Harvard Business School . Tests under operational conditions were carried out at Jefferson Proving Ground on condemned farm buildings and subsequently at Dugway Proving Ground on buildings designed and constructed to represent those to be found in German and Japanese towns . This new mixture of chemicals
5796-446: The "Yen Bai Uprising of 1930" against the French colonial rule, many French army officers were killed. To putdown the uprising, the French resorted to aerial bombardment and even napalm bombs were used. The rebellion was put down ruthlessly by the French within a day; many Vietnamese soldiers and 12 VNQDĐ leaders were executed. Following this repressive action by the French, there were frequent anti-colonialist strikes and riots throughout
5922-533: The "keys" to modernity and hope to bring these back to Vietnam. While others like the revolutionary leader Phan Bội Châu made the "Journey to the East" ( Đông Du ) to the Japanese Empire which they saw as the other role-model of modernisation for Vietnam to follow. The Đông Du school of revoluties was supported by Prince Cường Để , a direct descendant of the Gia Long Emperor. Prince Cường Để hoped that by financing hundreds of young ambitious Vietnamese people to go get educated in Japan that this would contribute to
6048-453: The (White) French soldiers return to their homes earlier. The financial expenses of the 93,000 French Indochinese labourers and soldiers sent to France during the war – salaries, pensions, family allocations, the levy in kind (mostly rice), and even the functioning of the Indochinese hospital – were entirely financed from the budget of French Indochina itself and not from France. One of the effects of World War I on French Indochinese society
6174-407: The 4th Regiment of Tonkinese Rifles stationed at Yên Bái mutinied against their French officers but were suppressed by loyal troops from the same unit. The attack was the largest disturbance against the colonisation of Vietnam since the Cần Vương monarchist movement of the late 19th century. The aim of the revolt was to inspire a wider uprising among the general populace in an attempt to overthrow
6300-410: The Annamese education system. This meeting was also recorded in the work Hoàng Việt Giáp Tý niên biểu written by Nguyễn Bá Trác. The creation of a ministry of education was orchestrated by the French to reform the Nguyễn dynasty's educational system to match French ambitions in the region more. As explained by the Resident-Superior of Annam Ernest Fernand Lévecque "Its creation is to better suit
6426-409: The Archaeological Museum in Yên Bái City. The archaeological antiquaries found are; a large cylindrical jar in Dao Thinh Commune depicting scene of human cohabitation, a skeleton of an ancient Viet and another bronze jar containing the remnants of a six-year-old girl in Hum Cave in Luc Yen. Yên Bái is subdivided into 9 district-level sub-divisions and 173 commune-level sub-divisions: The total area of
SECTION 50
#17327823915236552-440: The Balkans and the Middle Eastern front . This exceptional human mobility offered the French Indochinese, mostly Vietnamese, the unique opportunity of directly access to social life and political debates that were occurring in contemporary France and this resulted in their aspirations to become "masters of their own destiny" to increase. Exposed to new political ideals and returning to a colonial occupation of their own country (by
6678-406: The Bolaven Plateau, one can see that the native communities desired to rid the region of the extensive and overpowering influence of their colonisers. On 16 May 1906 the governor-general of French Indochina Jean Baptiste Paul Beau issued a decree establishing the Councils for the Improvement of Indigenous Education. These organisations would oversee the French policies surrounding the education of
6804-449: The French maintained a racial hierarchy where they believed in "martial races" making the early recruitment fall onus primarily on North Africa and French West Africa , but soon the need for additional manpower forced the French to recruit men from the Far East and Madagascar . Almost 100,000 Vietnamese were conscripts and went to Europe to fight and serve on the French battlefront, or work as labourers. Vietnamese troops also served in
6930-406: The French protectorate being loyal to their new rulers, but as early period of the Pháp thuộc saw an influx of French enterprises significant changes to the social order of the day inspired new forms of resistance against French rule that differed from the earlier Cần Vương Movement. The new social circumstances in French Indochina were brought about by the establishment of industrial companies by
7056-495: The French sphere of influence in China, these places would now become hosts of anti-French revolutionary activities due to their borders with Tonkin and Laos, being the primary places of operation for both Chinese and Vietnamese revolutionaries. This allowed for members of the Duy Tân Hội to perform border raids on both Tonkin and Laos from their bases in China. In March 1913 the mystic millenarist cult leader Phan Xích Long organised an independence demonstration in Cholon which
7182-424: The French such as the Union commerciale indochinoise , the Est Asiatique français shipping company, the Chemin de fer français de l'Indochine et du Yunan railway company, as well as the various coal exploitation companies operating in Tonkin, these modern companies were accompanied by an influx of French tea, coffee, and rubber plantation magnates. Following the defeat of the Nguyễn loyalist Cần Vương Movement
7308-555: The French viewed Japanese women as clean, they were highly popular. Images of the Japanese prostitutes in Vietnam were put on French postcards by French photographers. The Japanese government tried to hide the existences of these Japanese prostitutes who went abroad and did not mention them in books on history. Beginning in the 1880s there was a rise of an explicitly anti-Catholic French administration in French Indochina. The administration would try to reduce Catholic missionary influence in French Indochinese society, as opposed to
7434-423: The Giang Spring. French Indochina French Indochina (previously spelled as French Indo-China ), officially known as the Indochinese Union and after 1941 as the Indochinese Federation , was a grouping of French colonial territories in Mainland Southeast Asia until its end in 1954. It comprised Cambodia , Laos (from 1899), the Chinese territory of Guangzhouwan (from 1898 until 1945), and
7560-644: The Kingdom of Annam there are no longer two governments, but only one" (meaning that the French government completely took over the administration). While the French were trying to establish control over Cambodia, a large scale Vietnamese insurgency – the Cần Vương movement – started to take shape, aiming to expel the French and install the boy emperor Hàm Nghi as the leader of an independent Vietnam. Between 1885 and 1889, insurgents, led by Phan Đình Phùng , Phan Chu Trinh , Phan Bội Châu , Trần Quý Cáp and Huỳnh Thúc Kháng , targeted Vietnamese Christians as there were very few French soldiers to overcome, which led to
7686-464: The Mekong Delta fell under French control. In 1863, the Cambodian king Norodom had requested the establishment of a French protectorate over his country. In 1867, Siam (modern Thailand ) renounced suzerainty over Cambodia and officially recognised the 1863 French protectorate on Cambodia, in exchange for the control of Battambang and Siem Reap provinces which officially became part of Thailand. (These provinces would be ceded back to Cambodia by
SECTION 60
#17327823915237812-451: The No. 1 Weapon in Korea". British Prime Minister Winston Churchill privately criticized the use of napalm in Korea, writing that it was "very cruel", as US/UN forces, he wrote, were "splashing it all over the civilian population", "tortur[ing] great masses of people". He conveyed these sentiments to U.S. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Omar Bradley , who "never published the statement". Publicly, Churchill allowed Bradley "to issue
7938-424: The Saigon campaign, advanced out of the city and began to capture cities in the Mekong Delta. On 5 June 1862, the Vietnamese conceded and signed the Treaty of Saigon whereby they agreed to legalize the free practice of the Catholic religion; to open trade in the Mekong Delta and at three ports at the mouth of the Red River in northern Vietnam; to cede the provinces of Biên Hòa , Gia Định and Định Tường along with
8064-453: The Siamese who had ruled over them for a century before the establishment of the French protectorate. Both the traditional elite and the Laotian peasantry seemed largely content with French rule during this period. Despite this, sporadic revolts occurred in Laos during the late 19th century and early 20th century. During the late 19th century Southern Laos saw upland minority communities rising up in revolt, these were led by Bac My and Ong Ma on
8190-467: The Spanish attacked the port of causing significant damage and occupying the city. After fighting the Vietnamese for three months and finding himself unable to progress further in land, de Genouilly sought and received approval of an alternative attack on Saigon. Sailing to southern Vietnam, de Genouilly captured the poorly defended city of Saigon on 17 February 1859. Once again, however, de Genouilly and his forces were unable to seize territory outside of
8316-415: The Thái Nguyên rebellion. The lack of militant activity changed in the late 1920s with the formation of the VNQDĐ, or Vietnamese Nationalist Party. The VNQDĐ attempted clandestine activities to undermine French rule, which resulted in French scrutiny of their activities. This led to their leadership group taking the risk of staging a large scale military attack in the Red River Delta in Northern Vietnam . It
8442-451: The UN Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) in 1980. Protocol III of the CCW restricts the use of all incendiary weapons , but a number of countries have not acceded to all of the protocols of the CCW. According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), countries are considered a party to the convention, which entered into force as international law in December 1983, as long as they ratify at least two of
8568-583: The acceleration of socio-economic development in rural areas. A reorganization of farming economy is planned through the establishment of centralized commodities production zones to enhance rural income, value of the land and levels of farming household income through agricultural extension services. In terms of agricultural products, main crops in the province include tea, cinnamon , glutinous rice , grapefruit, orange, taro and fish. About 700 farms are reportedly engaged in growing trees for pulp production, tea, cinnamon trees, breeding poultry, cattle and pigs. In
8694-430: The air and from the ground, the largest use having been via airdropped bombs in World War II in the incendiary attacks on Japanese cities in 1945. It was used also for close air support roles in the Korean War , the Vietnam War , and various others. Napalm has also fueled most of the flamethrowers (tank-, ship-, and infantry-based) used since World War II, giving them much greater range. The development of napalm
8820-428: The basin is 858 m). The annual rainfall in the basin varies from 1,500 mm to 3,000 mm with rains concentrated (75–85%) during May to October. Water from the Chay River that flows through the Yên Bái district has been tapped for hydropower generation, irrigation water supply in the downstream area, aquaculture and river navigation. The Thác Bà Hydropower Plant is a major hydropower project located within
8946-402: The best school for political prisoners, nationalists, and communists, as they were gathered together in large, common cells which allowed them to exchange their ideas. In March 1908, mass demonstrations took place in Annam and Tonkin demanding a reduction of the high taxes. In June 1908, the Hanoi Poison Plot took place where a group of Tonkinese indigenous tirailleurs attempted to poison
9072-517: The brutality of modern warfare and many would change their perception about many social norms and beliefs at home because of their experiences abroad. Of the 93,000 French Indochinese soldiers and workers who came to Europe, most were from the poorest parts of Annam and Tonkin, which had been badly hit by famine and cholera , a smaller number (1,150) of French Indochinese soldiers and workers came from Cambodia. In Northeast France around 44,000 Vietnamese troops served in direct combat functions at both
9198-567: The colonial regime and establish independence. The Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (VNQDĐ, the Vietnamese Nationalist Party) had previously attempted to engage in clandestine activities to undermine French rule, but increasing French scrutiny on their activities led to their leadership group taking the risk of staging a large scale military attack in the Red River Delta in northern Vietnam. This incident led to widespread disturbances against French rule across northeastern Vietnam during 1930–31. In
9324-567: The constituents of the original thickening and gelling agents: coprecipitated aluminium salts of na phthenic acid and palm itic acid . A team led by chemist Louis Fieser originally developed napalm for the US Chemical Warfare Service in 1942 in a secret laboratory at Harvard University . Of immediate first interest was its viability as an incendiary device to be used in fire bombing campaigns during World War II ; its potential to be coherently projected into
9450-468: The country, Hanoi , to the border town of Lào Cai and into Yunnan in China. The railway also passes through the towns of Mau A and Co Phuc. The railway has been a major freight corridor between China and Vietnam since its construction, and runs approximately along the Red River . National Route 70 is the highway that goes from Lào Cai southeast into Yên Bái province, through Yên Bình just north of
9576-711: The country, which were all put down ruthlessly. This resulted in breaking the backbone of the VNQDD and the Communist Party in North Vietnam for a considerable period. The French maintained control of their colonies until World War II, when the Japanese war in the Pacific triggered the invasion of French Indochina in 1941. In 1961, a large bronze cylindrical jar was discovered with carved images of males and females in copulation. In 1964 an 80,000-year-old skeleton
9702-571: The defensive perimeter of the city. De Genouilly was criticised for his actions and was replaced by Admiral Page in November 1859 with instructions to obtain a treaty protecting the Catholic faith in Vietnam while refraining from making territorial gains. Peace negotiations proved unsuccessful and the fighting in Saigon continued. Ultimately in 1861, the French brought additional forces to bear in
9828-598: The earlier decades where missionaries played an important role in both administration and society in French Cochinchina. From 1 January 1898, the French directly took over the right to collect all taxes in the protectorate of Annam and to allocate salaries to the Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty and its mandarins. In a notice dated 24 August 1898, the Resident-Superior of Annam wrote: "From now on, in
9954-465: The early 20th century calm was supposed to reign as the French had "pacified" the region, constant uprisings contesting French rule characterised French Indochina this period. "There is ample evidence of the rural populations' involvement in revolts against authority during the first 50 years of the French colonial presence in Cambodia." The French Sûreté was worried about the Japanese victory during
10080-458: The entire French colonial army's garrison in the Citadel of Hanoi . The aim of the plot was to neutralise the French garrison and make way for Commander Đề Thám 's rebel army to capture the city of Hanoi. The plot was disclosed, and then was suppressed by the French. In response the French proclaimed martial law . The French accused Phan Châu Trinh and Phan Bội Châu of the plot, Phan Châu Trinh
10206-423: The epithet "drizzle centre of the country". April to December are summer months and the rainy period. The mean temperature is stable for the district as a whole and is in the range of 18 °C (64 °F) to 28 °C (82 °F). Many archaeological findings have been unearthed in the provinces in places, which date human settlement between hoary 8000 years to the recent 2000 years; these have been preserved in
10332-667: The expansion of French Indochina led to the Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893 . In 1893 the French authorities in Indochina used border disputes, followed by the Paknam naval incident , to provoke a crisis. French gunboats appeared at Bangkok, and demanded the cession of Lao territories east of the Mekong River . King Chulalongkorn appealed to the British, but the British minister told the king to settle on whatever terms he could get, and he had no choice but to comply. Britain's only gesture
10458-724: The farmers In all, 33 ores and minerals are currently mined in the numerous quarries in Lục Yên District , out of which 23 are valid minerals, including gemstones . Among these ores and minerals are: apatite , biotite , calcite , chlorite group , chondrodite , corundum , danburite , elbaite , fluor-cannilloite , graphite , humite , lepidolite , varieties of microcline such as amazonite , muscovite , olivine , orthoclase , paragonite , pargasite , phlogopite , pyrite , quartz and smoky quartz , rossmanite , rutile , schorl , spinel , titanite and tourmaline ; gemstones such as rubies , spinel , and tourmaline . Lục Yên
10584-459: The festival typically visit the lake and take part in a boat race that is held there. A village festival showcasing ethnic minorities, a trade fair, a costume show, sports and traditional art competitions are also held. The water resource development of the province is thus centred on artificial Thác Bà Lake, which was created for hydropower development. The lake has an area of 23,400 hectares (234 km) and has 1,331 islands. The hill catchment has
10710-462: The festival, a ritual is done at the ancient tree by the head of the village as a symbolic representation of the history and culture of the land. Khen dancing, Pao throwing and the tug of war and other cultural events are also held, as part of this festival. Other places of interest to visit are the Mu Cang Chai species and bio-landscape reserve, the western region of white Bauhilia flower and
10836-576: The five protocols. Approximately 25 years after the General Assembly adopted it, it was reported that the US signed it on 21 January 2009, Barack Obama 's first full day in office as president. Its ratification is subject to a reservation that says that the treaty can be ignored if it would save civilian lives. The UN has also acknowledged that the US had ratified the CCW in March 1995, 13 years after
10962-523: The four protectorates, the French formally left the local rulers in power, who were the emperors of Vietnam , kings of Cambodia , and kings of Luang Prabang , but in fact gathered all powers in their hands, the local rulers acting only as figureheads. Japanese women called Karayuki-san migrated or were trafficked to cities like Hanoi, Haiphong and Saigon in colonial French Indochina in the late 19th century to work as prostitutes and provide sexual services to French soldiers who were occupying Vietnam. Since
11088-422: The ground troops. Napalm was used most notably at the beginning of the Battle of Outpost Harry . Eighth Army chemical officer Donald Bode reported that, on an "average good day", UN pilots used 260,000 liters (70,000 US gal; 58,000 imp gal) of napalm, with approximately 230,000 liters (60,000 US gal; 50,000 imp gal) of this thrown by US forces. The New York Herald Tribune hailed "Napalm,
11214-521: The help of the British. An all-out resistance war, known as the First Indochina War , broke out in late 1946 between French and Viet Minh forces. To counter the Viet Minh, the State of Vietnam , led by former Emperor Bảo Đại , was proclaimed by the French in 1949. French efforts to retake Vietnam were unsuccessful, culminating in defeat at the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ . On 22 October and 9 November 1953,
11340-638: The important festivals are: Dong Cuong Temple Festival is held in the Dong Cuong commune, Van Yen district, where the temple is located. The festival rites performed present an array of events starting with an invitation to the living and the dead, royal offerings, a procession of the palanquins of the Tutelary God and Holy Mother. The festival features traditional cultural and sport activities such as xoe dance , con throwing , en playing and traditional opera singing. The Muong Lo Cultural Week held in
11466-409: The intense heat conducted through the armor. Even in the case of a near miss, the heat can be enough to disable a vehicle. One firebomb released from a low-flying plane can damage an area of 2,100 square meters (2,500 sq yd). International law does not specifically prohibit the use of napalm or other incendiaries against military targets, but use against civilian populations was banned by
11592-433: The islands of Poulo Condore to France; and to pay reparations equivalent to one million dollars. In 1864 the aforementioned three provinces ceded to France were formally constituted as the French colony of Cochinchina. Then in 1867, French Admiral Pierre de la Grandière forced the Vietnamese to surrender three additional provinces, Châu Đốc , Hà Tiên and Vĩnh Long . With these three additions all of southern Vietnam and
11718-429: The liberation of his country from French domination. The Duy Tân Hội was founded in 1904 by Phan Bội Châu and Prince Cường Để. The group in a broader sense was also considered a Modernisation Movement. This new group of people consisted only of a few hundred people, with most of its members being either students or nationalists. Notable members of the society included Gilbert Trần Chánh Chiêu . The members of
11844-431: The military, and the execution of a number of Nguyễn dynasty mandarins that were accused of working together with the French government. Another revolt also broke out in Cochinchina in 1913 where prisons and administrative hubs were attacked by crowds of hundreds of peasants using sticks and swords to fight the French, as the French were armed with firearms a large number of protesters ended up dying by gunshot wounds causing
11970-682: The ministry was according to the plans and the command of the French Director of Education of Annam . The French administration in Annam continuously revised the curriculum to be taught in order to fit the French system. The French entry into World War I saw thousands of volunteers, primarily from the French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin, enlist for service in Europe, around 7 ⁄ 8 of all French Indochinese serving in Europe were Annamese and Tonkinese volunteers. This period also saw
12096-708: The month of October in Nghia Lo town marks the anniversary of the liberation of Nghia Lo. Festivities lasting one week include sports competitions, Tây Bắc (North West) Fair and a food and drink competition. The Suoi Giang Panpines Festival held in June in Suoi Giang commune, Van Chan district, features dances, visit to Suoi Giang tea tree followed by a tea ceremony of the Mong ethnic minority people. Visits to traditional cultural villages and to Tap Plang Waterfall are also part of
12222-471: The mountainous northern region, non-timber forest products in an area of 5,000,000 hectares (50,000 km) are planned under a reforestation program, which includes about 40,000 hectares (400 km) under cinnamon; 15,000 hectares (150 km) have been developed. The Centre for Agricultural and Forestry Extension offices of the Yên Bái province takes care of agricultural and forestry extension work in more than 1,000 villages in 180 communes and precincts in
12348-622: The native population and the colonists, leading to sporadic rebellions by the former. After the Fall of France during World War II , the colony was administered by the Vichy government and was under Japanese occupation until March 1945, when the Japanese overthrew the colonial regime . After the Japanese surrender , the Viet Minh , led by Hồ Chí Minh , declared Vietnamese independence , but France subsequently sought to restore their control with
12474-402: The press which fostered a public sphere of oppositional political activism. Although these developments occurred throughout French Indochina they were more strongly felt in Cochinchina due to its more open society. Napalm Napalm is an incendiary mixture of a gelling agent and a volatile petrochemical (usually gasoline or diesel fuel ). The name is a portmanteau of two of
12600-756: The production of black tea (manufacturing and processing), farm and forestry, fertilizers, transportation, electric supply in rural areas, and so forth. A survey of the economic situation in Yên Bái carried out in 2006 indicated that living standards had increased substantially. For the period 1990 to 2004, Gross domestic product (GDP) tripled with an average increase of 7.5% per year. Poverty index decreased from 58% in 1993 to 16% in 2006 (as per General Statistics Office, 2006). However, underemployment, unstable income, inadequate childcare, limited access to health, child labour, social issues related to old people and social evils, gender inequality needed to addressed. Farming, in particular, has been adopted as an important means for
12726-645: The programme. The Grapefruit flower festival is held in September at Kha Linh communal house, Dai Minh commune, Yên Bình District , featuring the Kha Linh Communal House, grapefruit flower offerings, community tours to the Ngoi Tu cultural village and traditional sports. The Nam Cuong Temple Festival is held sometime in March in Nam Cường commune, Yên Bái city, when pigeons are released by
12852-460: The protests to break up ending the revolt. During the early 20th century the French protectorate over Cambodia was challenged by rebels, just before it saw three separate revolts during the early reign of King Norodom , who had little authority outside Phnom Penh . During the early 20th century Laos was considered to be the most "docile" territory as it saw relatively few uprisings. The French attributed this to them being more stable rulers than
12978-704: The province is 689,900 hectares (6,899 km), out of which the agricultural area is 78,600 hectares (786 km), forest land forms major part of 453,600 hectares (4,536 km), homestead land accounts for 4,000 hectares (40 km) and land used for special purposes is 30,200 hectares (302 km). The per capita production of cereals in 2008 was 289 kg. Yên Bái is home to 281 cooperatives , which are considered an effective way of generating employment to thousands of workers. These cooperatives are engaged in fields such as agricultural services, industrial services, construction, commerce, transportation, People's Credit Funds and health care. Cooperatives services include
13104-647: The province on the Chay River , built between 1964 and 1971 with assistance from the Soviet Union. Construction began on August 19, 1964. Despite frequent air strikes by the United States Air Force during this period, the first unit of the power plant was commissioned on October 5, 1971; the second unit followed in August 1972, and the third unit on May 19, 1972. The power plant currently has
13230-1141: The province. For this purpose a strong agricultural extension system from the provincial to grassroots levels has been established. The dissemination work carried out by the Extension Offices have involved: knowledge transfer of technological advances; shifting in the structure of plants, animals and crops; intensive farming of hybrid rice strains; changing one-crop rice fields to two-crop ones; cultivation on sloping soil; raising high-quality chickens and so forth. 25 key agricultural extension programmes have been developed to meet different growing periods in different terrains namely low lying and mountainous land. Further, more than 50 planting and husbandry models have been adopted envisaging new farming methods, centred on developing food, industrial plants and stock breeding for trading. Intensive farming of winter maize on two-rice-crop fields, intensive farming of hybrid rice strains in mountainous district of Mu Cang Chai, planting high-quality rice, sugar cane, coffee strains, raising chickens, planting forests have also been adopted by
13356-588: The times as more opportunities to study" opened up in the South to which this new ministry was best suited to help this transition. While the Nguyễn dynasty's Ministry of Education was nominally a part of the Nguyễn dynasty's administrative apparatus, actual control was in the hands of the French Council for the Improvement of Indigenous Education in Annam , which dictated its policies. All work done by
13482-401: The town of Yên Bái, and joins up with National Road 2—which leads to Hanoi—at Đoan Hùng . Running parallel to and a few kilometres to the southwest of National Road 70 is National Road 32, which goes from Hanoi northwest to the town of Yên Bái through Sơn Tây , Lâm Thao and Phú Thọ province . National Road 37 connects the town of Yên Bái to Nong Truong Tran Phu to the south. The latter town
13608-476: The valleys. The Hoàng Liên Sơn mountain range runs through the province. The Red (or Thao) River and Chay River flow the province. Their origin is in Yunnan, China. The valley created by these two river systems in the Yên Bái province is fertile, though an uneven territory; Muong Lo plain is the rice bowl of the province. The topography is steep, rising from east to west and from south to north. The average elevation
13734-422: The vast majority of the men who volunteered for service in Europe were indeed volunteers. Among the motivations of volunteering were both personal and economic ambitions, some French Indochinese volunteers wished to see what the world looked like "beyond the bamboo hedges in their villages" while others preferred the money and the opportunity to see what France actually looks like. Their service would expose them to
13860-620: The villagers seeking peace; boat race in Nam Cuong lake and a tug-of-war competition are also part of the festival. Prosperity to the local the Hmong people centred on an ancient tea tree in Suot Giang in this province. The tree gradually helped them to raise their standard of living. To commemorate this tree, the Hmong ethnic cultural festival is held to glorify the value of this tree. During
13986-630: The war, damaging 64 cities and causing more deaths than the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . German fortifications and transportation hubs were targeted with napalm during both Operation Overlord and the Battle of the Bulge , sometimes in conjunction with artillery. During the Allied siege of La Rochelle , napalm was dropped on the outskirts of the Royan pocket , inadvertently killing French civilians. The Royal Air Force (RAF) used napalm to
14112-467: The western part of Chantaburi . In 1904, to get back Chantaburi, Siam had to give Trat and Koh Kong to French Indochina. Trat became part of Thailand again on 23 March 1907 in exchange for many areas east of the Mekong like Battambang , Siam Nakhon and Sisophon . In the 1930s, Siam engaged France in a series of talks concerning the repatriation of Siamese provinces held by the French. In 1938, under
14238-482: Was 412,977 while the female population was 408,053. There are many ethnic groups in Yên Bái province. The Kinh people, who form the majority population of the country, settled here a long time ago and in union with the local minority tribes established themselves in the region and developed cultivation practices. The Kinh people's ancestry is traced to the Hải Dương Pham Ba Luc for nine generations till date and
14364-581: Was an agreement with France guaranteeing the integrity of the rest of Siam. In exchange, Siam had to give up its claim to the Thai-speaking Shan region of north-eastern Burma to the British, and cede Laos to France . The French continued to pressure Siam, and in 1902 they manufactured another crisis. This time Siam had to concede French control of territory on the west bank of the Mekong opposite Luang Prabang and around Champasak in southern Laos, as well as western Cambodia. France also occupied
14490-517: Was attended by 600 peasants dressed in white robes. Phan Xích Long claimed descent of the deposed Hàm Nghi Emperor and the Ming dynasty's emperor and declared himself to be the "Emperor of the Ming Dynasty". The year 1913 also saw the Duy Tân Hội's second insurrection campaign, this campaign resulted in the society's members murdering two French Hanoi police officers, attacks on both militia and
14616-621: Was closed in the year of its founding by the French authorities because it was perceived as being anti-French. The Tonkin Free School stemmed from the movement of the same name, which aimed to modernise Vietnamese society by abandoning Confucianism and adopting new ideas from both the Western world and Japan. In particular, it promoted the Vietnamese version of the Latin script for writing Vietnamese in place of classical Chinese by publishing educational materials and newspapers using this script, as
14742-510: Was established in 2004 to protect the endangered mountain wildlife in Cang Chai district on the border of Lào Cai province . The mean temperature in the province at elevations above 1500m is about 20 °C (68 °F) and drops to 0 °C (32 °F) with frost and snow in some parts. December–January are winter months when the climate is dry. Frequent drizzle is experienced during late winter months; this type of rain has earned Yên Bái
14868-457: Was first approved for use on the front lines in 1943. The first use of napalm in combat was in August 1943 during the Allied invasion of Sicily , when American troops, using napalm-fueled flamethrowers , burned down a wheat field where German forces were believed to be hiding. Napalm incendiary bombs were first used the following year, although the exact date and battle are disputed. Two-thirds of napalm bombs produced during WWII were used in
14994-546: Was not always purely physical as napalm had psychological effects on the enemy as well. During the Greek Civil War , after the capture of Mount Vitsi during Operation Pyrsos , the Hellenic Air Force bombed Mount Grammos —a stronghold for the opposing Democratic Army of Greece —with US-supplied napalm. The French Air Force regularly used napalm for close air support of ground operations in both
15120-541: Was only on 10 February 1931 that VNQDĐ could, in collaboration with civilian supporters, launch the Yên Bái mutiny , an uprising of Vietnamese soldiers in the French colonial army. Thus, Yên Bái was the first of the battles during the First Indochina War . Yên Bái and Thái Nguyên were key military posts of the Việt Minh , which were supplied with arms from China to fight the French during this War. On 9 February 1930 part of
15246-781: Was precipitated by the use of jellied gasoline mixtures by the Allied forces during World War II . Latex , used in these early forms of incendiary devices, became scarce, since natural rubber was almost impossible to obtain after the Japanese army captured the rubber plantations in Malaya , Indonesia , Vietnam , and Thailand . This shortage of natural rubber prompted chemists at US companies such as DuPont and Standard Oil of New Jersey , and researchers at Harvard University , to develop factory-made alternatives: artificial rubber for all uses, including vehicle tires, tank tracks, gaskets, hoses, medical supplies and rain clothing. A team of chemists led by Louis Fieser at Harvard University
15372-900: Was produced in Rhodesia for a type of ordnance known as Frantan from 1968–1978 and was used by the Rhodesian Air Force during the Rhodesian Bush War . At around the same time, the South African Air Force targeted guerrilla bases in Angola with napalm during the South African Border War . In 2018, Turkey was accused of using napalm in Operation Olive Branch against Kurdish nationalist groups. When used as
15498-609: Was sent to Poulo Condor, and Phan Bội Châu fled to Japan and thence, in the year 1910, he went to China. In the years 1912 and 1913 Vietnamese nationalists organised attacks in Tonkin and Cochinchina. Using diplomatic pressure the French persuaded the Japanese to banish the Duy Tân Hội in 1909 from its shores causing them to seek refuge in Qing China, here they would join the ranks of Sun Yat-Sen 's Tongmenghui . While places like Guangdong , Guangxi , and Yunnan were earlier in
15624-438: Was the first to develop synthetic napalm during 1942. "The production of napalm was first entrusted to Nuodex Products, and by the middle of April 1942 they had developed a brown, dry powder that was not sticky by itself, but when mixed with gasoline turned into an extremely sticky and flammable substance." One of Fieser's colleagues suggested adding phosphorus to the mix which increased the "ability to penetrate deeply [...] into
15750-508: Was the introduction of a vibrant political press both in French and in the indigenous languages that led to the political radicalisation of a new generation of nationalists. Because most of the indigenous people that served in France and the rest of Europe during the War were Vietnamese these social and political developments affected the Vietnamese more. Because French Cochinchina was a direct French colony it enjoyed favourable legislation concerning
15876-503: Was unearthed in Hum Cave in Lục Yên District . In 1996, another bronze jar was discovered along with the 2000-year-old remains of a 6-year-old girl on Choi Mountain in the commune of Hợp Minh , Trấn Yên District . Yên Bái covers an area of 6,899.5 km (2,663.9 sq mi), and the Red River passes through the province. Yên Bái is a mountain province, characterised by rugged mountainous scenery and green rice paddy fields in
#522477