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50-519: ZMA may refer to: Science and technology [ edit ] ZMA (supplement) , a bodybuilding supplement Zone Multicast Address Organizations [ edit ] Zavod Malolitrazhnykh Avtomobiley , a Russian small-car maker Zoölogisch Museum Amsterdam , Zoological Museum of the University of Amsterdam Miami Air Route Traffic Control Center (abbreviated ZMA), US Topics referred to by

100-434: A meta-analysis , substitution therapy with testosterone results in a significant reduction of inflammatory markers. These effects are mediated by different mechanisms with synergistic action. In androgen-deficient men with concomitant autoimmune thyroiditis , substitution therapy with testosterone leads to a decrease in thyroid autoantibody titres and an increase in thyroid's secretory capacity (SPINA-GT). Testosterone

150-423: A child is in distress has been found to be indicative of fathering styles. If a father's testosterone levels decrease in response to hearing their baby cry, it is an indication of empathizing with the baby. This is associated with increased nurturing behavior and better outcomes for the infant. Testosterone levels play a major role in risk-taking during financial decisions. Higher testosterone levels in men reduce

200-494: A higher baseline level of testosterone, they have higher increases in sexual arousal levels but smaller increases in testosterone, indicating a ceiling effect on testosterone levels in females. Sexual thoughts also change the level of testosterone but not the level of cortisol in the female body, and hormonal contraceptives may affect the variation in testosterone response to sexual thoughts. Testosterone may prove to be an effective treatment in female sexual arousal disorders , and

250-475: A male and female brain that may be due to different testosterone levels, one of them being size: the male human brain is, on average, larger. Testosterone does not appear to increase the risk of developing prostate cancer . In people who have undergone testosterone deprivation therapy, testosterone increases beyond the castrate level have been shown to increase the rate of spread of an existing prostate cancer. Conflicting results have been obtained concerning

300-477: A model for studying clinical populations among humans with sexual arousal deficits such as hypoactive sexual desire disorder . Every mammalian species examined demonstrated a marked increase in a male's testosterone level upon encountering a novel female. The reflexive testosterone increases in male mice is related to the male's initial level of sexual arousal. In non-human primates, it may be that testosterone in puberty stimulates sexual arousal, which allows

350-510: A product called Z-Mass PM that contained ZMA and additional ingredients Mucuna pruriens and polypodium vulgare. The study found that Z-Mass PM supplementation had no significant effects on total and free testosterone , IGF-1, growth hormone, cortisol, the ratio of cortisol to testosterone , or muscle and liver enzymes in response to training. No significant effects were observed in changes in strength, upper or lower body muscle endurance, or anaerobic sprint capacity. In another study done in 2006,

400-441: A response to previously neutral stimuli when conditioned to become sexual in male rats. This reaction engages penile reflexes (such as erection and ejaculation) that aid in sperm competition when more than one male is present in mating encounters, allowing for more production of successful sperm and a higher chance of reproduction. In men, higher levels of testosterone are associated with periods of sexual activity. Men who watch

450-434: A sexually explicit movie have an average increase of 35% in testosterone, peaking at 60–90 minutes after the end of the film, but no increase is seen in men who watch sexually neutral films. Men who watch sexually explicit films also report increased motivation and competitiveness, and decreased exhaustion. A link has also been found between relaxation following sexual arousal and testosterone levels. Androgens may modulate

500-462: A tablet that is placed in the cheek , or by ingestion. Common side effects from testosterone medication include acne , swelling , and breast enlargement in males . Serious side effects may include liver toxicity , heart disease (though a randomized trial found no evidence of major adverse cardiac events compared to placebo in men with low testosterone ), and behavioral changes. Women and children who are exposed may develop virilization . It

550-540: A team of German scientists measured the effect of ZMA on testosterone levels. The study found that ZMA altered urine color due to increased secretion of zinc. It found no effect on testosterone levels. Testosterone Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and androgen in males . In humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testicles and prostate , as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and

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600-418: Is a steroid hormone from the androstane class containing a ketone and a hydroxyl group at positions three and seventeen respectively. It is biosynthesized in several steps from cholesterol and is converted in the liver to inactive metabolites. It exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor . In humans and most other vertebrates , testosterone is secreted primarily by

650-559: Is a great deal of mutual overlap between them. The relative potency of these effects can depend on various factors and is a topic of ongoing research. Testosterone can either directly exert effects on target tissues or be metabolized by 5α-reductase into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or aromatized to estradiol (E2). Both testosterone and DHT bind to an androgen receptor; however, DHT has a stronger binding affinity than testosterone and may have more androgenic effect in certain tissues at lower levels. Testosterone effects can also be classified by

700-559: Is available as a dermal patch . There is no FDA-approved androgen preparation for the treatment of androgen insufficiency; however, it has been used as an off-label use to treat low libido and sexual dysfunction in older women. Testosterone may be a treatment for postmenopausal women as long as they are effectively estrogenized. Falling in love has been linked with decreases in men's testosterone levels while mixed changes are reported for women's testosterone levels. There has been speculation that these changes in testosterone result in

750-537: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages ZMA (supplement) The ZMA formula is composed of zinc monomethionine aspartate (30 mg), magnesium aspartate (450 mg), and vitamin B 6 as pyridoxine hydrochloride (10.5 mg). The manufacturer recommends that ZMA be taken 30 – 60 minutes before bedtime with an empty stomach to help synchronize absorption with sleep . The product should not be taken with foods or supplements containing calcium because calcium blocks

800-577: Is more relevant to changes in testosterone levels. Men who produce more testosterone are more likely to engage in extramarital sex. Testosterone levels do not rely on physical presence of a partner; testosterone levels of men engaging in same-city and long-distance relationships are similar. Physical presence may be required for women who are in relationships for the testosterone–partner interaction, where same-city partnered women have lower testosterone levels than long-distance partnered women. Fatherhood decreases testosterone levels in men, suggesting that

850-918: Is occurring since no significant changes have been identified in other parts of the body. The male brain is masculinized by the aromatization of testosterone into estradiol , which crosses the blood–brain barrier and enters the male brain, whereas female fetuses have α-fetoprotein , which binds the estrogen so that female brains are not affected. Before puberty, effects of rising androgen levels occur in both boys and girls. These include adult-type body odor , increased oiliness of skin and hair, acne , pubarche (appearance of pubic hair ), axillary hair (armpit hair), growth spurt , accelerated bone maturation , and facial hair . Pubertal effects begin to occur when androgen has been higher than normal adult female levels for months or years. In males, these are usual late pubertal effects, and occur in women after prolonged periods of heightened levels of free testosterone in

900-425: Is particularly beneficial for humans since offspring are dependent on parents for extended periods of time and mothers have relatively short inter-birth intervals. While the extent of paternal care varies between cultures, higher investment in direct child care has been seen to be correlated with lower average testosterone levels as well as temporary fluctuations. For instance, fluctuation in testosterone levels when

950-631: Is recommended that individuals with prostate cancer not use the medication. It can cause harm if used during pregnancy or breastfeeding . 2020 guidelines from the American College of Physicians support the discussion of testosterone treatment in adult men with age-related low levels of testosterone who have sexual dysfunction . They recommend yearly evaluation regarding possible improvement and, if none, to discontinue testosterone; physicians should consider intramuscular treatments, rather than transdermal treatments, due to costs and since

1000-489: Is similar and known as " evolutionary neuroandrogenic (ENA) theory of male aggression". Testosterone and other androgens have evolved to masculinize a brain to be competitive, even to the point of risking harm to the person and others. By doing so, individuals with masculinized brains as a result of pre-natal and adult life testosterone and androgens, enhance their resource acquiring abilities to survive, attract and copulate with mates as much as possible. The masculinization of

1050-456: Is suggested that these single men with prior experience are in a more competitive state than their non-experienced counterparts. Married men who engage in bond-maintenance activities such as spending the day with their spouse or child have no different testosterone levels compared to times when they do not engage in such activities. Collectively, these results suggest that the presence of competitive activities rather than bond-maintenance activities

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1100-417: Is therefore the challenge of competition among males that facilitates aggression and violence. Studies conducted have found direct correlation between testosterone and dominance, especially among the most violent criminals in prison who had the highest testosterone. The same research found fathers (outside competitive environments) had the lowest testosterone levels compared to other males. The second theory

1150-679: Is used as a medication to treat hypogonadism and breast cancer . Since testosterone levels decrease as men age , testosterone is sometimes used in older men to counteract this deficiency. It is also used illicitly to enhance physique and performance , for instance in athletes . The World Anti-Doping Agency lists it as S1 Anabolic agent substance "prohibited at all times". In general, androgens such as testosterone promote protein synthesis and thus growth of tissues with androgen receptors . Testosterone can be described as having anabolic and androgenic ( virilising ) effects, though these categorical descriptions are somewhat arbitrary, as there

1200-403: Is used as a medication for the treatment of male hypogonadism , gender dysphoria , and certain types of breast cancer . This is known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), which maintains serum testosterone levels in the normal range. Decline of testosterone production with age has led to interest in androgen replacement therapy . It is unclear if

1250-752: The blood . The effects include: Testosterone is necessary for normal sperm development. It activates genes in Sertoli cells , which promote differentiation of spermatogonia . It regulates acute HPA ( hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis ) response under dominance challenge. Androgens including testosterone enhance muscle growth. Testosterone also regulates the population of thromboxane A 2 receptors on megakaryocytes and platelets and hence platelet aggregation in humans. Adult testosterone effects are more clearly demonstrable in males than in females, but are likely important to both sexes. Some of these effects may decline as testosterone levels might decrease in

1300-421: The testicles of males and, to a lesser extent, the ovaries of females . On average, in adult males, levels of testosterone are about seven to eight times as great as in adult females. As the metabolism of testosterone in males is more pronounced, the daily production is about 20 times greater in men. Females are also more sensitive to the hormone. In addition to its role as a natural hormone, testosterone

1350-526: The absorption of zinc. While ZMA is a registered trademark of SNAC Nutrition, a subsidiary of SNAC System Inc., ZMA is not a patented formula and other manufacturers can produce supplements using a similar formula. Variations on the formula include ZMA-5 (ZMA formula with 5-Hydroxytryptophan ), marketed as a sleep enhancer, and ZMA Nightcap, marketed as anabolic mineral support. Like all 5-HTP-containing supplements, serotonin levels may be increased- affecting sleep, appetite and temperature. A 1998 study

1400-499: The age of usual occurrence. For postnatal effects in both males and females, these are mostly dependent on the levels and duration of circulating free testosterone . Effects before birth are divided into two categories, classified in relation to the stages of development. The first period occurs between 4 and 6 weeks of the gestation. Examples include genital virilisation such as midline fusion, phallic urethra , scrotal thinning and rugation , and phallic enlargement; although

1450-736: The brain is not just mediated by testosterone levels at the adult stage, but also testosterone exposure in the womb. Higher pre-natal testosterone indicated by a low digit ratio as well as adult testosterone levels increased risk of fouls or aggression among male players in a soccer game. Studies have found higher pre-natal testosterone or lower digit ratio to be correlated with higher aggression. The rise in testosterone during competition predicted aggression in males, but not in females. Subjects who interacted with handguns and an experimental game showed rise in testosterone and aggression. Natural selection might have evolved males to be more sensitive to competitive and status challenge situations, and that

1500-896: The effectiveness and harm of either method is similar. Testosterone treatment for reasons other than possible improvement of sexual dysfunction may not be recommended. No immediate short term effects on mood or behavior were found from the administration of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone for 10 weeks on 43 healthy men. Testosterone levels follow a circadian rhythm that peaks early each day, regardless of sexual activity. In women, correlations may exist between positive orgasm experience and testosterone levels. Studies have shown small or inconsistent correlations between testosterone levels and male orgasm experience, as well as sexual assertiveness in both sexes. Sexual arousal and masturbation in women produce small increases in testosterone concentrations. The plasma levels of various steroids significantly increase after masturbation in men and

1550-479: The effects of this increased level of testosterone. Attention, memory, and spatial ability are key cognitive functions affected by testosterone in humans. Preliminary evidence suggests that low testosterone levels may be a risk factor for cognitive decline and possibly for dementia of the Alzheimer's type, a key argument in life extension medicine for the use of testosterone in anti-aging therapies. Much of

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1600-558: The emotions and behaviour tied to paternal care decrease testosterone levels. In humans and other species that utilize allomaternal care , paternal investment in offspring is beneficial to said offspring's survival because it allows the two parents to raise multiple children simultaneously. This increases the reproductive fitness of the parents because their offspring are more likely to survive and reproduce. Paternal care increases offspring survival due to increased access to higher quality food and reduced physical and immunological threats. This

1650-435: The female gender and reduced heterosexual interest in adulthood. Early infancy androgen effects are the least understood. In the first weeks of life for male infants, testosterone levels rise. The levels remain in a pubertal range for a few months, but usually reach the barely detectable levels of childhood by 4–7 months of age. The function of this rise in humans is unknown. It has been theorized that brain masculinization

1700-435: The femininization or masculinization of the fetus and can be a better predictor of feminine or masculine behaviours such as sex typed behaviour than an adult's own levels. Prenatal androgens apparently influence interests and engagement in gendered activities and have moderate effects on spatial abilities. Among women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia , a male-typical play in childhood correlated with reduced satisfaction with

1750-400: The growth of body hair . It is associated with increased aggression , sex drive , dominance , courtship display , and a wide range of behavioral characteristics. In addition, testosterone in both sexes is involved in health and well-being, where it has a significant effect on overall mood, cognition, social and sexual behavior, metabolism and energy output, the cardiovascular system, and in

1800-773: The importance of testosterone in maintaining cardiovascular health . Nevertheless, maintaining normal testosterone levels in elderly men has been shown to improve many parameters that are thought to reduce cardiovascular disease risk, such as increased lean body mass, decreased visceral fat mass, decreased total cholesterol, and improved glycemic control. High androgen levels are associated with menstrual cycle irregularities in both clinical populations and healthy women. There also can be effects in unusual hair growth, acne , weight gain, infertility, and sometimes even scalp hair loss. These effects are seen largely in women with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ). For women with PCOS, hormones like birth control pills can be used to help lessen

1850-468: The interacting roles of testosterone are the essential ingredient for aggressive behaviour in these situations. Testosterone mediates attraction to cruel and violent cues in men by promoting extended viewing of violent stimuli. Testosterone-specific structural brain characteristic can predict aggressive behaviour in individuals. The Annual NY Academy of Sciences has found anabolic steroid use (which increases testosterone) to be higher in teenagers, and this

1900-504: The later decades of adult life. The brain is also affected by this sexual differentiation; the enzyme aromatase converts testosterone into estradiol that is responsible for masculinization of the brain in male mice. In humans, masculinization of the fetal brain appears, by observation of gender preference in patients with congenital disorders of androgen formation or androgen receptor function, to be associated with functional androgen receptors. There are some differences between

1950-698: The literature, however, suggests a curvilinear or even quadratic relationship between spatial performance and circulating testosterone, where both hypo- and hypersecretion (deficient- and excessive-secretion) of circulating androgens have negative effects on cognition. Testosterone deficiency is associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome , cardiovascular disease and mortality , which are also sequelae of chronic inflammation . Testosterone plasma concentration inversely correlates to multiple biomarkers of inflammation including CRP , interleukin 1 beta , interleukin 6 , TNF alpha and endotoxin concentration, as well as leukocyte count. As demonstrated by

2000-464: The physiology of vaginal tissue and contribute to female genital sexual arousal. Women's level of testosterone is higher when measured pre-intercourse vs. pre-cuddling, as well as post-intercourse vs. post-cuddling. There is a time lag effect when testosterone is administered, on genital arousal in women. In addition, a continuous increase in vaginal sexual arousal may result in higher genital sensations and sexual appetitive behaviors. When females have

2050-456: The prevention of osteoporosis . Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty, accumulation of adipose fat tissue within the body, anxiety and depression, sexual performance issues, and bone loss. Excessive levels of testosterone in men may be associated with hyperandrogenism , higher risk of heart failure , increased mortality in men with prostate cancer , and male pattern baldness . Testosterone

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2100-486: The primate to increasingly seek out sexual experiences with females and thus creates a sexual preference for females. Some research has also indicated that if testosterone is eliminated in an adult male human or other adult male primate's system, its sexual motivation decreases, but there is no corresponding decrease in ability to engage in sexual activity (mounting, ejaculating, etc.). In accordance with sperm competition theory, testosterone levels are shown to increase as

2150-573: The relationship between more general aggressive behavior, and feelings, and testosterone. About half of studies have found a relationship and about half, no relationship. Studies have found that testosterone facilitates aggression by modulating vasopressin receptors in the hypothalamus . There are two theories on the role of testosterone in aggression and competition. The first is the challenge hypothesis which states that testosterone would increase during puberty, thus facilitating reproductive and competitive behavior which would include aggression. It

2200-666: The risk of becoming or staying unemployed. Research has also found that heightened levels of testosterone and cortisol are associated with an increased risk of impulsive and violent criminal behavior. On the other hand, elevated testosterone in men may increase their generosity, primarily to attract a potential mate. Most studies support a link between adult criminality and testosterone. Nearly all studies of juvenile delinquency and testosterone are not significant. Most studies have found testosterone to be associated with behaviors or personality traits linked with antisocial behavior and alcoholism . Many studies have been undertaken on

2250-524: The role of testosterone is far smaller than that of dihydrotestosterone . There is also development of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles . During the second trimester, androgen level is associated with sex formation. Specifically, testosterone, along with anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) promote growth of the Wolffian duct and degeneration of the Müllerian duct respectively. This period affects

2300-402: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title ZMA . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ZMA&oldid=940900278 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

2350-529: The temporary reduction of differences in behavior between the sexes. However, the testosterone changes observed do not seem to be maintained as relationships develop over time. Men who produce less testosterone are more likely to be in a relationship or married, and men who produce more testosterone are more likely to divorce. Marriage or commitment could cause a decrease in testosterone levels. Single men who have not had relationship experience have lower testosterone levels than single men with experience. It

2400-409: The testosterone levels correlate to those levels. Studies conducted in rats have indicated that their degree of sexual arousal is sensitive to reductions in testosterone. When testosterone-deprived rats were given medium levels of testosterone, their sexual behaviours (copulation, partner preference, etc.) resumed, but not when given low amounts of the same hormone. Therefore, these mammals may provide

2450-489: The use of testosterone for low levels due to aging is beneficial or harmful. Testosterone is included in the World Health Organization's list of essential medicines , which are the most important medications needed in a basic health system . It is available as a generic medication . It can be administered as a cream or transdermal patch that is applied to the skin, by injection into a muscle , as

2500-548: Was performed on NCAA football players during an 8-week spring training program. Those who took the ZMA capsules experienced greater increases in muscle strength. However, the study was funded by SNAC Systems Inc, which controls the trademark for ZMA. One of the study's authors, Victor Conte , has ownership equity in SNAC System Inc. In 2004, supplement company Cytodyne funded a study on 42 resistance-trained males using

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