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55-552: The stone garden was originally built for the 1915–16 Panama–California Exposition . During the 1935–36 California Pacific International Exposition it was the site of Zoro Garden Nudist Colony , which featured mostly-nude performers rather than practicing nudists . Zoro Garden is now planted as a butterfly garden . It is open to the public and can be reserved for special events. 32°43′51.91″N 117°8′52.13″W  /  32.7310861°N 117.1478139°W  / 32.7310861; -117.1478139 This article related to

110-545: A telegraph button in Washington, D.C. to open the expo by turning on the power and lights at the park. In addition, a lit balloon located 1,500 feet above the park further brightened the exposition. Guns at the nearby Fort Rosecrans and on Navy ships in San Diego Bay also were fired to signal the opening. Admission for adults was $ 0.50 ($ 15 today) and $ 0.25 ($ 8 today) for children. Based on varying sources,

165-597: A Navy port. This declaration would gradually result in multiple Navy installations in and around San Diego that continue today. Shortly after the end of the expo, the Army and Marines temporarily used several empty expo buildings until nearby bases were completed. The Exposition was the setting for a 1915 comedy film Fatty and Mabel at the San Diego Exposition starring Roscoe Arbuckle and Mabel Normand . The California Pacific International Exposition at

220-519: A brief three-day appearance in November 1915. At the end of 1915, total visitors reached over two million and the expo had turned a small profit of $ 56,570 ($ 1,703,799 today). Prior to the end of 1915, plans began circulating for extending the exposition for another year. Most of the board of directors, however, were not able to continue into the new year and resigned. Funding for the 1916 addition came from Los Angeles, local businessman, proceeds from

275-531: A design that turned away from the more modest, indigenous, horizontally oriented Pueblo Revival and Mission Revival, towards a more ornate and urban Spanish Baroque . Contrasting with bare walls, rich Mexican and Spanish Churrigueresque decoration would be used, with influences from the Islamic and Persian styles in Moorish Revival architecture . For American world's fairs, this was a novelty. The design

330-643: A garden in the United States is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Panama%E2%80%93California Exposition The Panama–California Exposition was a world exposition held in San Diego, California , between January 1, 1915, and January 1, 1917. The exposition celebrated the opening of the Panama Canal , and was meant to tout San Diego as the first United States port of call for ships traveling north after passing westward through

385-629: A handful of U.S states held exhibits: Kansas , Montana , Nevada , New Mexico , Washington , and Utah . In contrast, the San Francisco Panama-Pacific Exposition featured exhibits from 22 countries and 28 U.S. states. Various countries participated in the exposition's 1916 extension. The United States Marines, Army, and Navy were featured at the expo, with exhibits, onsite tent cities, parades, band concerts, and live mock battles. At midnight on December 31, 1914, President Woodrow Wilson ceremoniously pushed

440-507: A large parking lot, the North gate led to the 'Painted Desert' and 2,500-foot (760 m) long Isthmus street. The Santa Fe Railway -sponsored 'Painted Desert' (called "Indian Village" by guests), a 5-acre (2.0 ha), 300-person exhibit populated by seven Native American tribes including the Apache , Navajo , and Tewa . The 'Painted Desert', which design and construction was supervised by

495-519: A link to the U.S.–Mexico border. Today, only three of the original twenty-four Class 1 streetcars remain in existence. At the beginning of the exposition, 200 small wicker motorized chairs, known as electriquettes , were available for rent by visitors. Constructed by the Los Angeles Exposition Motor Chair Company, these slow-speed transports held two to three people and were used for traveling throughout

550-798: A population nearly 10 times larger and would ultimately be supported by politicians in California and Washington, D.C. for the official Panama Canal exposition, the Panama–Pacific International Exposition . Although representatives from San Francisco urged San Diego to end its planning, San Diego pressed forward for a simultaneous exposition. Several San Franciscans persuaded both members of Congress and President William Howard Taft to deny support for San Diego's exposition in exchange for pledged political support for Taft's campaign against Republicans. With no federal and little state government funding, San Diego's exposition would be on

605-582: A recapitulated history of Spanish colonial in North America, from Renaissance Europe sources, to Spanish colonial , to Mexican Baroque, to the vernacular styles adopted by the Franciscan missions up the California coast. The Botanical Building was designed by Winslow with help from Allen and Thomas B. Hunter in the style of a Spanish Renaissance greenhouse. This mix of influences is representative of Spanish Colonial Revival architecture , which

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660-475: A smaller scale with fewer states and countries participating. The Panama–California Exposition Company was formed in September 1909 and its board of directors was soon led by president Ulysses S. Grant Jr. and vice president John D. Spreckels . After Grant resigned in November 1911, real estate developer "Colonel" D. C. Collier , was made president of the exposition. He was responsible for selecting both

715-789: The Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition in Seattle, three of which were designed to be reused by the University of Washington , and the San Francisco Civic Auditorium . Howard's influence at the university began to wane after the retirement of president Benjamin Ide Wheeler in 1919, and he was seen as uncooperative by the Board of Regents . In 1922 the commission for the new Hearst Memorial Gymnasium

770-704: The Campanile , California Memorial Stadium , Sather Gate and the Hearst Greek Theatre . In 1904 Howard relocated his office to San Francisco, and after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake formed the firm of Howard & Galloway with engineer John D. Galloway. This partnership was dissolved in 1908. After fifteen more years of private practice he formed the firm of John Galen Howard & Associates, with associates Henry Temple Howard, E. Geoffrey Bangs, Henry C. Collins and Charles F. B. Roeth. Howard's projects during these years include several buildings at

825-609: The Spreckels Organ Pavilion on July 27, 1915 The Exposition left a permanent mark in Balboa Park, which had been mostly open space before the fair. Former President Theodore Roosevelt spoke to San Diegans at the Spreckels Organ Pavilion in July 1915, urging San Diego to keep the exhibition buildings permanently. Even before the end of the first year of the expo, an organization was established to determine how

880-626: The University of California, Berkeley , and as a designer of buildings on the university campus. He is also noted as the first American employer of Julia Morgan from 1902 to 1904, though she did not look on her experience with him fondly. Howard completed many notable projects and was elected a Fellow in the American Institute of Architects in 1901. In 1910 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate Academician. Many of Howard's works are listed on

935-729: The 1915 expo, leftover funding from the Panama–Pacific International Exposition, and chambers of commerce outside of San Diego. On March 18, 1916, Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels pushed a button in Washington, D.C. that sounded a gong in the Plaza de Panama to commemorate "Exposition Dedication Day". The fair was rechristened the Panama–California International Exposition . By this point, international exhibitors from

990-598: The 1935 fair. Four of them were demolished and rebuilt in their original style toward the end of the 20th century; they are now called the House of Charm, the House of Hospitality, Casa del Prado , and Casa de Balboa, and are included in the National Register of Historic Places -listed El Prado Complex . One of the main considerations for San Diego leaders concerning the Panama–California Exposition

1045-757: The 2015 centennial of the Exposition, with numerous events and exhibits. A proposal to remove vehicle traffic and parking from the central plazas proved controversial and was eventually scrapped. John Galen Howard John Galen Howard (May 8, 1864 – July 18, 1931) was an American architect and educator who began his career in New York before moving to California. He was the principal architect at several firms in both states and employed Julia Morgan early in her architectural career. John Galen Howard born May 8, 1864, in Chelmsford, Massachusetts . Howard

1100-430: The Exposition popularized in the United States. Prior to the exposition, San Diego had predominately featured Victorian architecture with some elements of classical styles . The popularity of the expo led to more emphasis on mission architecture within the city. After the Exposition, Goodhue moved on to other national projects, while Winslow stayed on in southern California, continuing to produce his own variations of

1155-648: The Fine Arts Building framed the plaza, which was surrounded on three sides by exhibition halls set behind an arcade on the lower story. Those three sides, following the heavy massiveness and crude simplicity of the California mission adobe style, were without ornamentation. This contrasted with the front facade of the California State Building, 'wild' with Churrigueresque complex lines of mouldings and dense ornamentation. Next to

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1210-1243: The Hotel Colon in Panama. Some of his specific stylistic sources for San Diego are the Giralda Tower at the Seville Cathedral , the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral , and the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption, Oaxaca . Goodhue personally designed the largest and most ornate building on the site, the California Building , with its historical iconography; he sketched two other buildings, provided Winslow and Allen with his photographs and drawings from examples in Spain and Mexico, and reviewed their developed designs. The original ensemble of buildings featured various stylistic and period references. Taken together, they constituted something like

1265-591: The Southwestern archeologist Jesse L. Nusbaum , had the appearance of a rock structure but was actually wire frames covered in cement. The Isthmus was surrounded by concessions, amusement rides and games, a replica gem mine, an ostrich farm, and a 250-foot (76 m) replica of the Panama Canal. One of the concessions along the isthmus was a "China Town". From the start, the Cabrillo Bridge,

1320-525: The canal. The fair was held in San Diego's large urban Balboa Park . The park held a second Panama-California exposition in 1935. In 1909, San Diego's Chamber of Commerce president and local businessman Gilbert Aubrey Davidson proposed an exposition to commemorate the completion of the Panama Canal. San Diego's population in 1910 was 37,578, and it would be the least populated city to ever host an international exposition. In contrast, San Francisco had

1375-732: The commission outright, in 1901 Howard dissolved his partnership when he was chosen by the Regents of the university to execute the accepted plan, known as the Hearst Plan. In 1902 he reestablished his practice at Berkeley, and in 1903 formally established the School of Architecture, now part of the College of Environmental Design . As supervising architect of the University of California, Howard built extensively. His most famous buildings are

1430-410: The domed-and-towered California State Building and the low-lying Fine Arts Building were intended to be permanent additions to the park; the latter two are now part of the National Register of Historic Places -listed California Quadrangle . The Botanical Building would protect heat-loving plants, while the Spreckels Organ Pavilion would assist open-air concerts in its auditorium. The Botanical Building

1485-480: The expo included Vice President Thomas R. Marshall , Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan , Secretary of the Navy and future President Franklin D. Roosevelt , former presidents William Howard Taft and Theodore Roosevelt , inventor Thomas Edison , and automobile businessman Henry Ford . The attempt to "put San Diego on the map" with national attention was successful. Even Pennsylvania's Liberty Bell made

1540-626: The exposition only, but for a permanent contribution to the world's progress." The exposition's leadership changed again in early March 1914, when Collier encountered personal financial issues and resigned. He was replaced by Davidson, who was also joined by several new vice presidents. By March 1910, $ 1 million ($ 32,700,000 today) was raised for the expo by the Panama–California Exposition Company through selling subscriptions . A bond measure later that year provided an additional $ 1 million solely for improving permanent fixtures in

1595-468: The fabric of a dream—not to endure but to produce a merely temporary effect. It should provide, after the fashion that stage scenery provides—illusion rather than reality." The "temporary buildings" were formally and informally set on either side of the wide, tree-lined central avenue. El Prado extended along the axis of the bridge and was lined with trees and streetlights , with the front of most buildings lined with covered arcades or portales . The Prado

1650-560: The firm of Howard & Cauldwell with engineer Samuel M. Cauldwell. In 1899 they were joined by Lewis Henry Morgan, and the firm became known as Howard, Cauldwell & Morgan. Works in the east included the Electric Tower, the centerpiece of the 1901 Pan-American Exposition . They also submitted an unsuccessful entry in the competition to design the Master Plan for the University of California, Berkeley . Despite not winning

1705-601: The frontispiece, at one corner of the dome, rose the 200 feet (61 m) tower of the California Building, which was echoed in the less prominent turrets of the Southern California counties and the Science and Education buildings. The style of the frontispiece was repeated around the fair. The architecture of the "temporary buildings" was recognized, as Goodhue described, as "being essentially of

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1760-475: The location in the city park and the Pueblo Revival and Mission Revival architectural styles. Collier was tasked with steering the exposition in "the proper direction," ensuring that every decision made reflected his vision of what the exposition could accomplish. Collier once stated "The purpose of the Panama–California Exposition is to illustrate the progress and possibility of the human race, not for

1815-497: The majority of the exhibition. Electriquette replicas returned for the centennial celebration in 2015. Additional elements of the exposition included an aviary, rose gardens, and animal pens. Throughout the exposition grounds there were over two million plants of 1,200 different types. Peacocks and pheasants freely wandered through the fairgrounds, and pigeons were frequently fed by guests. The exposition did not initially feature any buildings representing foreign countries, though

1870-492: The ongoing construction before the exposition's official opening were charged admission of $ 0.25 ($ 8 today). The layout of the 640-acre (260 ha) expo was contained by three entrances on the west, north, and east. The East Gateway was approached by drive and San Diego Electric Railway trolley cars winding up from the city through the southern portion of the park. From the west, the Cabrillo Bridge 's entrance

1925-436: The opening day's attendance was between 31,836 and 42,486. By the end of the first month, daily attendance decreased, with an average number of attendees at 4,783 a day, which decreased to 4,360 by February. However, the expo made ($ 1,204,737 today) profit in its first three months. By May, the average daily attendance had increased to 5,800 and in July the total attendance had reached a million visitors. Notable visitors to

1980-488: The organ spelled "WORLD PEACE–1917". The total attendance for the second year was just under 1.7 million people. Over the two years a slight profit was earned over the total cost of organizing and hosting the expo. "It is so beautiful that I wish to make an earnest plea ... I hope that not only will you keep these buildings running for another year but you will keep these buildings of rare, phenomenal taste and beauty permanently." — Theodore Roosevelt , speaking at

2035-562: The park buildings. They convinced the City Council to require new buildings to be built in Spanish Colonial Revival Style and worked with various government agencies to have the remaining buildings declared National Historic Landmarks in 1977. In the late 1990s, the most deteriorated buildings and burned buildings were rebuilt, preserving the original style. The City of San Diego held a major observation for

2090-506: The park was home to bobcats, rattlesnakes, coyotes, and other wildlife. Numerous proposals, some altruistic, some profit-driven, were brought forward for the development and use of the land during this time. During construction of the exposition facilities in 1910, a contest was held that renamed the park after Vasco Núñez de Balboa , the first European to cross Central America and see the Pacific Ocean. Goodhue and Winslow advocated

2145-454: The park. Funding for the California State Building was provided through appropriation bills totaling $ 450,000 ($ 14,715,000 today) signed by Governor Hiram Johnson in 1911 and 1913. Fair officials first sought architect John Galen Howard as their supervisory architect. With Howard unavailable, on January 27, 1911, they chose New York architect Bertram Goodhue and appointed Irving Gill to assist him. By September 1911 Gill had resigned and

2200-524: The prior year were repurposed for new exhibits. In November 1916, Gilbert Davidson asked the Park Board for an additional three-month extension into 1917, but the expo was concluded on January 1, 1917. Events on the final day included a military parade in the Plaza de Panama, a mock military battle, and an opera ceremony at the organ pavilion. At midnight, the lights were turned off and pyrotechnics above

2255-479: The recently closed San Francisco exhibition had arrived in San Diego, and the expo had exhibits from Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Russia, and Switzerland. Some of these exhibitors were unable to return to Europe due to World War I which had been raging since 1914. Additional exhibits included an ice rink, an alligator farm, and performance shows. Some of the original buildings from

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2310-450: The same site in 1935 was so popular that some buildings were rebuilt to be made more permanent. Many buildings (original or reconstructed) remain in use today, and are used by several museums and theaters in Balboa Park. In the early 1960s destruction of a few of the buildings and replacement by modern, architecturally clashing buildings created an uproar in San Diego. In 1967, citizens formed A Committee of One Hundred to protect and preserve

2365-633: The style at the Bishop's School in La Jolla and the 1926 Carthay Circle Theatre in Los Angeles. Winslow was also instrumental in persuading the city of Santa Barbara to adopt Spanish Colonial Revival as the officially mandated civic style after its 1925 earthquake . The temporary installations, decoration, and landscapes of Balboa Park were created with some large spaces and numerous paths, small spaces, and courtyard Spanish gardens . The location

2420-538: The temporary buildings could be developed for museum use. The exposition also led to the eventual establishment of the San Diego Zoo in the park, which grew out of abandoned exotic animal exhibitions from the Isthmus portion of the expo. Buildings from the exposition still standing include: During the expo, Franklin D. Roosevelt, then Assistant Secretary of the Navy, told reporters that San Diego would become

2475-400: The west gateway was part of the Fine Arts Building, the east gateway was designed to be the formal entrance for the California State Building. The East or State Gateway carried the California state coat-of-arms over the arch. The spandrels over the arch were filled with glazed colored tile commemorating the 1769 arrival of Spain and the 1846 State Constitutional Convention at Monterey. Near

2530-646: Was also moved from a small hillock to a larger and more open area, most of which was intended to be reclaimed by the park as gardens. The groundbreaking ceremony for the site of the expo was held on July 19, 1911. To make room for the exposition planned layout, several city buildings, machine shops, and a gunpowder magazine were moved offsite. The first building to begin construction was the Administration Building, which started in November 1911 and completed in March 1912. Visitors interested in watching

2585-431: Was an architect who worked with his father; Robert Boardman Howard (1896–1983), became a sculptor and married another noted Bay Area sculptor, Adaline Kent (1900–1957); other children included Charles Houghton Howard (1899–1978), John Langley Howard (1902–1999) both were known artists of the time, and Jeanette Howard Wallace (1905–1998). Howard's primary legacy is as the founder of the formal School of Architecture at

2640-463: Was an intentional contrast to most previous Eastern U.S. and European expositions, which had been done in neoclassical and Beaux-Arts styles, with large formal buildings around large symmetric spaces; San Francisco's Panama–Pacific International Exposition was largely Beaux-Arts style. Goodhue had already experimented with Spanish Baroque in Havana, at the 1905 La Santisima Trinidad pro-cathedral, and

2695-430: Was awarded to Julia Morgan and Bernard Maybeck without his input, and in 1924 his contract as supervising architect was not renewed. In 1927 he resigned as director of the School of Architecture and retired from his architecture practice, though he continued to teach at the university until his death in 1931. He married Mary Robertson Bradbury on August 1, 1893. They had five children; Henry Temple Howard (1894–1967)

2750-462: Was completed for $ 53,400 ($ 1,624,353 today). The Cabrillo Bridge was built to span the canyon, and its long horizontal stretch ending in a great upright pile of fantasy buildings would be the crux of the whole composition. The focus of the fair was the Plaza de California ( California Quadrangle ), an arcaded enclosure often containing Spanish dancers and singers, where both the approach bridge and El Prado terminate. The California State Building and

2805-497: Was intended to become the central path of a great and formally designed public garden. The fair's pathways, pools, and watercourses were supposed to remain while the cleared building sites would become garden. Goodhue emphasized that "only by thus razing all of the Temporary Buildings will San Diego enter upon the heritage that is rightfully hers". However, many of the "temporary" buildings were retained and reused for

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2860-476: Was marked with blooming giant century plants and led straight to the dramatic West Gate (or City Gate), with the city's coat-of-arms at its crown. The archway was flanked by engaged Doric orders supporting an entablature, with figures symbolizing the Atlantic and Pacific oceans joining waters together, in commemoration of the opening of the Panama Canal. These figures were the work of Furio Piccirilli . While

2915-539: Was replaced by Carleton Winslow of Goodhue's office. The original landscape architects, the Olmsted Brothers , likewise left the project, and were replaced by fair official Frank P. Allen Jr. The exposition was held in Balboa Park , which spanned 1,400 acres (570 ha). For the first few decades of its existence, "City Park" remained mostly open space; lacking trees and covered in native wildflowers,

2970-702: Was son of physician, Dr. Levi Howard and Lydia Jane Hapgood, a homemaker and he had four brothers. Howard was educated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1882 to 1885) and the École des Beaux-Arts (1891 to 1893). He worked for H. H. Richardson in Brookline , for his successors Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge in Boston and for McKim, Mead & White in New York City . Howard began professional practice in 1893, when he formed

3025-557: Was transportation. At the request of John D. Spreckels and his San Diego Electric Railway Company, the park's layout design incorporated an electric railway that ran near the east gate of the park. To service the large number of people that were to attend the exposition, streetcars were built that could handle the traffic of the event as well as the growing population of San Diego. The routes ultimately spanned from Ocean Beach , through Downtown , Mission Hills , Coronado , North Park , Golden Hill , and Kensington , even briefly serving as

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