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85-591: The Zazas ( Zazaki : Zaza, Kırd, Kırmanc, Dımili or Şarê Ma , 'Our people') are a people in eastern Turkey who traditionally speak the Zaza language , a western Iranian language written in the Latin script . Their heartland consists of Tunceli and Bingöl provinces and parts of Elazığ , Erzincan and Diyarbakır provinces. Zazas generally consider themselves Kurds , and are often described as Zaza Kurds by scholars. According to Encyclopædia Iranica

170-449: A " genocide ." She shared that many members of her family were killed, including her grandfather, her father's wife and children, while her grandmother barely escaped. These events shaped Hozat's consciousness, creating feelings of hatred and anger towards the state. Hozat's interest in the PKK grew during her high school years, influenced in part by Abdullah Ocalan's articles published under

255-699: A group of Zaza-speaking authors gathered in Stockholm and established a common alphabet and orthographic rules which they published. Some authors nonetheless do not abide by these rules as they do not apply the orthographic rules in their oeuvres. In 2009, Zaza was classified as a vulnerable language by UNESCO . The institution of Higher Education of Turkey approved the opening of the Zaza Language and Literature Department in Munzur University in 2011 and began accepting students in 2012 for

340-604: A national survey conducted by KONDA Research and Consultancy in 2019 around 1.5% of the population state "Zaza" as their ethnic identity , thus forming the fourth largest ethnic identity in the country. According to a 2015 survey conducted in Turkish Kurdistan among voting-age adults, the majority of the Zazaki-speakers ethnically identified as "Zaza" in contrast to other options such as Kurdish, Turkish and Arabic. Many Zaza politicians are also to be found in

425-508: A palato-alveolar fricative /ʃ/ . Vowels /ɑ/ , /ɨ/ , or /ə/ become nasalized when occurring before /n/ , as [ɑ̃] , [ɨ̃] , and [ə̃] , respectively. /n/ becomes a velar [ŋ] when following a velar consonant. Zaza texts written during the Ottoman era were written in Arabic letters . The works of this era had religious content. The first Zaza text, written by Sultan Efendi, in 1798,

510-640: A referendum in 2017 that proposed to change Turkey from a parliamentary system to an executive system, Bese Hozat condemned the Constitutional referendum as a power grab by Erdogan and the far-right Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). Bese Hozat said in an interview with Haaretz that changing Turkey to an executive system would embolden the far-right and nationalists in Turkey and incentivize them to do border-crossings in Iraq and Syria . Hozat says that Erdogan

595-608: A separate ethnic identity from Kurds and were considered a part of the Kurds by outsiders through history, despite "having a distinct national identity and ethnic consciousness". The Zaza minstrel tradition goes back to the medieval period, when Zaza-speaking bards composed works both in their mother tongue and in Turkish. The earliest surviving literary works in the Zaza language are two poems with identical titles, Mawlūd , dating from

680-433: A special position and cannot be fully included in any dialect group. As with a number of other Iranian languages like Talysh , Tati , central Iranian languages and dialects like Semnani , Kahangi, Vafsi, Balochi and Kurmanji , Zaza features split ergativity in its morphology , demonstrating ergative marking in past and perfective contexts, and nominative-accusative alignment otherwise. Syntactically it

765-661: A strong South-Western Iranian element, Zaza and Gorani do not. Despite these differences, both Kurdish and Zazaki are classified as Northwestern Iranian languages. However, some scholars classify Kurdish as intermediate between Northwestern and Southwestern Iranian, with its origins in the Northwestern group. Although the term “ Kurdish language ” is still not clearly defined, the dialectal differences among Kurds are so strong that communication between monolingual speakers of Northern and Southern Kurdish would be very difficult. Therefore, some scholars suggest that ‘Kurdish’

850-588: Is "blackmailing Brussels by playing the 'refugee crisis card'" When Erdogan arrested 13 Kurdish oppositions members of the Turkish parliament after the failed 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt , Hozat says that Europe has been silent about the 2016–present purges in Turkey . She says that "Europe is responsible for the rise of fascism in Turkey because this silence and indifference are indirect support for Turkish policies." Hozat has also been critical of NATO because of their backing of Turkey. She claims that since

935-488: Is a division between Northern and Southern Zaza, most notably in phonological inventory, but Zaza as a whole forms a dialect continuum, with no recognized standard. A study published in 2015 that demographically analysed voting-age adults in the Kurdish inhabited regions of Turkey (excluding diaspora) concluded that 96.2% of people who identified as Zaza, but not Kurdish in the region spoke Zazaki as their mother tongue . On

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1020-428: Is a very violent struggle within us. An ideological war based on the equality of both sexes determines the main axis of our struggle. So as an organization, we believe that if a woman in a society is not free, that society is not free. If you say free society, then those two sexes will be free, those two sexes will be equal, recognize each others will, respect each other, love each other correctly. The model we developed in

1105-537: Is also used in Ottoman Turkish . The work consists of two parts III. It includes the Eastern Anatolia region during the reign of Selim III , the life of Ali (caliph), Alevi doctrine and history, the translation of some parts of Nahj al-balagha into Zaza language, apocalyptic subjects and poetic texts. About a hundred years after this work, another work in the Zaza language, Mevlit (Mewlid-i Nebi),

1190-546: Is an umbrella term referring to a bundle of closely related Northwestern Iranian varieties such as Kurmanji , Sorani , Southern Kurdish , Laki , Zazaki, and Gorani . German linguist Jost Gippert has demonstrated that the Zaza language is very closely related to the Parthian language in terms of phonetics, morphology, syntax and lexicon and that it has many words in common with the Parthian language. According to him,

1275-878: Is another Mevlit written by Siverek mufti Osman Esad Efendi (1852-1929). The work called Biyişa Pexemberi (Birth of the Prophet) consists of chapters on the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the Islamic religion and was written in Zaza language in Arabic letters in 1901 (1903 according to some sources). The work was published in 1933, after the author's death. Apart from Zaza writers, non-Zaza/Ottoman writers/researchers such as Peter Ivanovich Lerch (1827-1884), Robert Gordon Latham (1812-1888) Dr. Humphry Sandwith (1822-1881), Wilhelm Strecker (1830-1890), Otto Blau (1828-1879), Friedrich Müller (1864) and Oskar Mann (1867-1917) included Zaza content (story, fairy tales dictionary) in their works in

1360-518: Is classified by SIL International as a macrolanguage , including the varieties of Southern Zaza (diq) and Northern Zazaki (kiu). Other international linguistic authorities, the Ethnologue and the Glottolog , also classify the Zaza language as a macrolanguage composed of two distinct languages: Southern Zaza and Northern Zaza . In terms of grammar, linguistics, and vocabulary, Zazaki

1445-483: Is closely related to other Northwestern Iranian languages , including Gorani , Talysh , Tati , Sangsari , Semnani , Mazandarani , and Gilaki , which are spoken around the Caspian Sea and in central and western Iran. Zazaki also shares similarities with extinct Northwestern Iranian languages such as Old Azeri and Parthian . Similar to Gorani , which is spoken in certain regions of Iran and Iraq, Zazaki

1530-493: Is in direct contrast to what Hozat claims about the Turkish government. Hozat says that after the Justice and Development Party (AKP) asserted control after the failed 2016 coup attempt , the Turkish government has been increasingly dominated by males and religious fundamentalists. Hozat has been a very outspoken critic of the nation-state and supported the PKK abandoning its plan for an independent Kurdistan. When Bese Hozat

1615-440: Is nominative-accusative. Among all Western Iranian languages Zaza, Semnani , Sangsari , Tati , central Iranian dialects like Cālī, Fārzāndī, Delījanī, Jowšaqanī, Abyāne'i and Kurmanji distinguish between masculine and feminine grammatical gender . Each noun belongs to one of those two genders. In order to correctly decline any noun and any modifier or other type of word affecting that noun, one must identify whether

1700-534: Is the biggest Islamic school in both Turkey and among the Turkish and Arabic people in the region, is being adhered by 9.8% of the Zaza population. Historically, a small Christian Zaza population existed in Gerger . According to Kehl-Bodrogi and Arakelova Zazas never claimed a separate existence from Kurds and largely consider themselves Kurds. However, some scholars consider them to be a separate ethnic group, and treat them as such in their academic work. According to

1785-733: The 1980 Turkish coup d'état , many intellectual minorities, including Zazas, emigrated from Turkey towards Europe , Australia and the United States . The largest part of the Zaza diaspora is in Europe, predominantly in Germany. Zaza is the ancestral language of the Zaza people and belongs to the Zaza–Gorani branch of the Iranian languages . It is spoken in the east of modern Turkey , with approximately two to three million speakers. There

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1870-507: The Iranian branch. The glossonym Zaza originated as a pejorative. According to Ethnologue , Zaza is spoken by around three to four million people. Nevins, however, puts the number of Zaza speakers between two and three million. Ethnologue also states that Zaza is threatened as the language is decreasing due to losing speakers, and that many are shifting to Turkish . Many Zaza speakers resided in conflict-affected regions of eastern Turkey and have been significantly impacted by both

1955-449: The Kurdish inhabited areas in Turkey ( Northeast , Central East and Southeast Anatolia statistical regions, n=1918) 12.8% of the people ethnically identified as Zaza, which made Zaza the biggest ethnic identity after Kurdish (73%) in the region. Zaza speakers were more numerous (15%) compared to people who identify with the Zaza ethnic identity, showing that some Zaza speakers identified as other ethnicities, primarily Kurds. Following

2040-919: The United States , and Australia . Efforts to preserve and revitalize Zazaki are ongoing. Many Kurdish writers in Turkey are fighting to save Zazaki with children’s books and others with newspapers , but the language faces an uncertain future. The decline of Zazaki speakers could also lead the Zazas to lose their identity and shift to a Turkish identity. According to a study led by Dr. Nadire Güntaş Aldatmaz , an academic at Ankara University , 402 people aged between 15 and 75 from Mamekîye in Dersim province , were interviewed. Respondents younger than 18 mostly stated their ethnicity as ‘ Turk ,’ their mother language as ‘ Turkish ,’ and their religion as ‘ Islam ,’ despite having some proficiency in Zazaki. Zaza language

2125-762: The conflict resumed in 2015 , Bese Hozat said that the time had come for a "revolutionary public war." She said that the AKP soon realized that the Kurdish movement was gaining strength in Rojava and that they were gaining international attention for their fight against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and the rescue of thousands of Yazidis after the Sinjar massacre . The AKP was further incentivized not to work with

2210-579: The endonym Dimlī or Dīmla was derived from Daylam region in Northern Iran, and appears in Armenian historical records as delmik , dlmik , which was proposed to be derived from Middle Iranian *dēlmīk meaning Daylamite . Among their neighbors the people are known mainly as Zāzā, which meant “ stutterer ” and was used as a pejorative . Hadank and Mckenzie attribute relative abundance of sibilants and affricates in Zaza language to explain

2295-598: The fraternal Kurdish parties of the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) and Democratic Regions Party (DBP), like Selahattin Demirtaş , Aysel Tuğluk , Ayla Akat Ata and Gültan Kışanak . On the other hand, Zazas who have publicly stated that they do not consider themselves Kurdish include Hüseyin Aygün , a CHP politician from Tunceli. Especially in recent years, Zaza language and cultural associations have become widespread,

2380-510: The 1980s and 1990s, the Turkish state's strategy for warfare against the Kurds has changed, that it is no longer using as many ground troops and instead are using the Turkish Air Force and other sophisticated weapons against the PKK. Hozat says that now the Kurds are experiencing the most intense kind of warfare from the Turkish government and that NATO is not speaking out. Hozat has accused NATO and Turkey of being responsible for

2465-596: The 1980s, the Zaza language became popular among the Zaza diaspora, followed by publications in Zaza in Turkey. Predominantly Zazas adhere to Sunni Islam . According to a 2015 study that examined the voting-age adults of the Eastern and Southern Anatolia 75.4% of the people who stated that they were ethnically Zazas belonged to the Shafiʽi school of Islam, similar to Kurdish groups, but in contrast to local Turkish and Arab people who were majority Hanafi . Shafi‘i followers among

2550-584: The Arab as well as chaos and suffering", and that "the era of nation-state is over. A state does not buy freedom because it's a bourgeoisie system that enforces repression on the people by an elite." Bese Hozat also criticized Masoud Barzani , the leader of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) which called the referendum. She argues that the KDP are too centralized and that they were blackmailing

2635-490: The Georgian and Turkmen Kurds according to Y-DNA data. MtDNA data indicates close relationships among Zaza speaking groups from Turkey and Kurdish people from Georgia, Iran and Eastern Turkey, meanwhile the examined Kurmanji speakers in Turkey and Turkmenistan were different from these groups and each other maternally. Geographic neighbours of Zazas from South Caucasus are also found to be similar concerning mtDNA results. It

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2720-445: The KDP's support for crushing the Kurdish population. Hozat further asserts that "Barzani represents the legacy of collaborative Kurds and Turkey, an occupying force." Hozat has also expressed her distaste for borders that are affiliated with nation-states. In regards to the border of Turkey and Iran, Hozat says that Turkey's attempt to build a wall between Turkey and Iran signifies Turkey's current policies and that "the aspirations of

2805-463: The Kurdish language was banned in Turkey during a large part of the Republican period, no text was published in Zaza until 1963. That year saw the publication of two short texts by the Kurdish newspaper Roja Newe, but the newspaper was banned and no further publication in Zaza took place until 1976, when periodicals published a few Zaza texts. Modern Zaza literature appeared for the first time in

2890-478: The Kurdish language; Ermin (1991), Ateş Hırsızı (1992), Ütopya, Işkın, Munzur (2000), Bezuvar (2009) are magazines in Turkish language that include texts in Zaza language. Today, works in different literary genres such as poetry, stories and novels in Zaza language are published by different publishing houses in Turkey and European countries. Bese Hozat Born in 1978 in Tunceli Province , Hozat

2975-574: The Kurdish population in South Kurdistan by telling them to support the independence referendum. Hozat claims that the referendum was called was because of the Iraqi Kurdish Parliament not having any power and that the people of Iraqi Kurdistan are facing grave economic and social problems. She thinks that Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Barzani are too close and that Turkey's ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) needs

3060-643: The Kurds after the Turkey's Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP), a party which emphasises Kurdish rights, received 13% of the votes in the June 2015 general election . Hozat says that the European Union (EU) are hypocrites. She says that the EU knows what Turkey is doing to the Kurdish people, but that they do nothing to intervene. Hozat sees European Union–Turkey relations as pragmatic and that they are not doing enough for Kurds in Turkey . Hozat claims that Turkey

3145-584: The Kurds is because of the Rojava-Islamist conflict . Hozat denies that weapons that the U.S. give to the People's Protection Units (YPG) are going to the PKK in Turkey. Hozat explains that the PKK has never had trouble getting weapons and that the Turkish government is attempting to smear the YPG. Bese Hozat has claimed that Al Qaeda and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant are "instruments created by

3230-650: The Kurmanji-speaking Kurdish nationalist Xoybûn , the Society for the Rise of Kurdistan , and other movements, where they often rose to prominence. In 1937 during the Dersim rebellion , Zazas once again rebelled against the Turks. This time the rebellion was led by Seyid Riza and ended with a massacre of thousands of Kurmanji-speaking Kurds and Zaza civilians, while many were internally displaced due to

3315-584: The Ottoman Empire, and the early works had a religious/doctrinal nature. After the Republic, long-term language and cultural bans caused the revival of Zaza literature, which developed in two centers, Turkey and Europe, mainly in Europe. After the loosened bans, Zaza literature developed in Turkey. The first known written works of Zaza literature were written during the Ottoman period. Written works in

3400-658: The PKK. At the Kongra-Gel congress held from the 30 June to the 5 July 2013, Bese Hozat and Cemil Bayik , were elected as the co-chairs of the Executive Council of the Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK), replacing Murat Karayılan . The KCK is an umbrella organization that includes the PKK. Bese Hozat's election as the first woman in a leadership position in the KCK was seen as strengthening

3485-722: The Republic, Zazaki works began to be written in Latin letters, abandoning the Arabic alphabet . However, today Zazaki does not have a common alphabet used by all Zazas. An alphabet called the Jacabson alphabet was developed with the contributions of the American linguist C. M Jacobson and is used by the Zaza Language Institute in Frankfurt, which works on the standardization of Zaza language. Another alphabet used for

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3570-485: The United States and Russian relations with the Kurds, she said that "the interest of these two powers is rooted in their regional interests and their plans to redesign the region. They want to minimize the power of traditional region states which are too dogmatic in their positions - because they are an obstacle for global capital." She says a big reason for why Russia and the United States have started to support

3655-444: The Zaza language may be a residual dialect of the Parthian language that has survived to the present day. Conversely, Gernot Ludwig Windfuhr , a professor of Iranian Studies, identifies the Kurdish languages as deriving from Parthian. Writing in Zaza is a recent phenomenon. The first literary work in Zaza is Mewlîdu'n-Nebîyyî'l-Qureyşîyyî by Ehmedê Xasi in 1899, followed by the work Mawlûd by Osman Efendîyo Babij in 1903. As

3740-517: The Zaza language produced during the Ottoman period were written in Arabic letters and had a religious nature. The first written work in Zazaki during this period was written in the late 1700s. This first written text of the Zaza language was written by İsa Beg bin Ali, nicknamed Sultan Efendi, an Islamic history writer, in 1212 Hijri (1798). The work was written in Arabic letters and in the Naskh script, which

3825-414: The Zaza language written in post-Republican Turkey are two verse works written in the field of belief and fiqh in the 1940s. Following this work, another Mevlit containing religious subjects and stories was written by Mehamed Eli Hun in 1971. Zaza Divan, a 300-page manuscript consisting of Zazaki poems and odes, started to be written by Mehmet Demirbaş in 1975 and completed in 2005, is another literary work in

3910-450: The Zaza language, magazines that were predominantly in the Zaza language but published multilingually, and magazines that were not in the Zaza language but included works in the Zaza language. Kormışkan, Tija Sodıri, Vate are magazines published entirely in Zaza language. Apart from these, Ayre (1985-1987), Piya (1988-1992) and Raa Zazaistani (1991), which were published as language, culture, literature and history magazines by Ebubekir Pamukçu,

3995-456: The Zaza people are mostly Naqshbandi . Alevism is the second largest Islamic sect among Zazas with 14.8% adhering it, and Zazas had the highest Alevi percentage among any group by far, being followed by Turks (5.4%) and Kurds (3.1%). It was also reported that around 70% of the Alevis spoke Zazaki as their mother language. Zaza Alevis predominantly live around Tunceli Province . Hanafism, which

4080-545: The Zaza people. Academics propose that this migration event happened in 10th to 12th centuries AD. However, a study from 2005 does not support the Northern Iranian theory and rather proposes a closer link between Kurdish and Zaza-speakers compared to Northern Iranian populations. Kurmanji -speaking Kurds and Zazas have for centuries lived in the same areas in Anatolia . Arakelova states that Zazas had not claimed

4165-465: The absence of recent and extensive census data. The last census on language in Turkey was held in 1965, where 150,644 people ticked Zaza as their first language and 112,701 as their second language. More recent data from 2005 suggests that the Zaza-speaking population varies from approximately 2 to 4 million. According to a 2015 study that examined the demographics of the voting-age population in

4250-723: The capitalist system." Hozat blames the Baathists , the United States, Israel, and the UK for empowering radical fanatic Sunni Islamic groups in order to control the dominant Shia majority in the region after the fall of Saddam Hussein in Iraq. Hozat also blames Turkey, Qatar , and Saudi Arabia for allowing radical Sunni groups to flourish. Along with this, Hozat accused the AKP of collaboration with ISIL and criticised it for trying to dismantle secularism in Turkey . When Recep Erdogan held

4335-404: The conflict. Sakine Cansız , a Zaza from Tunceli, was a founding member of Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), and like many Zazas joined the rebels, including the prominent Besê Hozat . Following the 1980 Turkish coup d'état , many intellectual minorities, including Zazas, emigrated from Turkey towards Europe , Australia and the United States . The exact number of Zazas is unknown, due to

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4420-500: The contrary only 58.4% of the surveyed Zaza people declared that their primary home language was Zazaki, and Turkish was the second most popular home language with 38.3% of Zazas speaking it at their homes. 1.9% of the surveyed people who identified as Zaza expressed that their home language was Kurdish. Around 1.4% people belonging to Kurdish ethnic identity also spoke Zazaki as their mother language. Concerning Alevis, which were separately analysed, c. 70% spoke Zazaki, but Turkish (70%)

4505-507: The current and historical political situations. Only a few elderly monolingual Zaza speakers remain, while the younger generation predominantly speaks other languages. Turkish laws enacted from the mid-1920s until 1991 banned Kurdish languages , including Zazaki, from being spoken in public, written down, or published. The Turkish state’s efforts to enforce the use of Turkish have led many Zaza speakers to leave Turkey and migrate to other countries, primarily Germany , Sweden , Netherlands and

4590-451: The death of Bese Hozat's sister and decided to withdraw from the Qandil mountains . Throughout her time in the PKK, Bese Hozat served at management level, and has been affiliated with many women's organizations within the PKK. One of Bese's main objectives was to preside over arming and training women within the organization. She was outspoken about the need for more female representation in

4675-463: The department. In the following year, Bingöl University established the same department. TRT Kurdî also broadcast in the language. Some TV channels which broadcast in Zaza were closed after the 2016 coup d'état attempt . There are three main Zazaki dialects: Zazaki shows many similarities with other Northwestern Iranian languages : Ludwig Paul divides Zaza into three main dialects. In addition, there are transitions and edge accents that have

4760-411: The diaspora, Zazas turned to this ideology because of the more visible differences between them and Kurmanji -speakers. Zaza nationalism was further boosted when Turkey abandoned its assimilatory policies which made some Zazas begin considering themselves as a separate ethnic group. In the diaspora, some Zazas turned to Zaza nationalism in the freer European political climate. On this, Ebubekir Pamukchu ,

4845-527: The divan genre written in this period. Mevlids and sirahs of Abdulkadir Arslan (1992-1995), Kamil Pueği (1999), Muhammed Muradan (1999-2000) and Cuma Özusan (2009) are other literary works with religious content. Written Zaza literature is rich in mawlid and religious works, and the first written works of the language are given in these genres. The development of Zaza literature through magazine publishing took place through magazines published by Zazas who immigrated to Europe after 1980 and published exclusively in

4930-622: The establishment of the Federation of Zaza Associations and the establishment of the Democracy Time Party have started to adopt Zaza identity more. Politically, Zazas belonging to Alevism and Sunnism generally hold widely different views from each other. Since 2002 elections Sunni Zazas mostly voted for ruling Justice and Development Party both nationally and locally, meanwhile Alevi Zazas have shown wide support for left-wing or Kurdish-oriented parties, namely HDP and CHP. For

5015-558: The founder of the Zaza national movement stated: "From that moment I became Zaza." Zaza nationalists fear Turkish and Kurdish influence and aim at protecting Zaza culture and language rather than seeking any kind of autonomy within Turkey. According to researcher Ahmet Kasımoğlu, Zaza nationalism is a Turkish and Armenian attempt to divide Kurds. A 2005 study genetically examined three different groups of Zaza (n= 27) and Kurmanji speakers in Turkey and Kurmanji speakers in Georgia . In

5100-466: The journal Tîrêj in 1979 but the journal had to close as a result of the 1980 coup d'état . Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, most Zaza literature was published in Germany , France and especially Sweden until the ban on the Kurdish language was lifted in Turkey in 1991. This meant that newspapers and journals began publishing in Zaza again. The next book to be published in Zaza (after Mawlûd in 1903)

5185-532: The language is the Bedirxan alphabet . The Zaza alphabet, prepared by Zülfü Selcan and started to be used at Munzur University as of 2012, is another writing system developed for Zazaki, consisting of 32 letters, 8 of which are vowels and 24 of which are consonants. The Zaza alphabet is an extension of the Latin alphabet used for writing the Zaza language, consisting of 32 letters, six of which (ç, ğ, î, û, ş, and ê) have been modified from their Latin originals for

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5270-498: The late 19th and early 20th centuries. In the 1920s and 1930s, Zazas played a key role in the rise of Kurdish nationalism with their rebellions against the Ottoman Empire and later the Republic of Turkey . Zazas participated in the Koçgiri rebellion in 1920, and during the Sheikh Said rebellion in 1925, the Zaza Sheikh Said and his supporters rebelled against the newly established Republic because of its Turkish nationalist and secular ideology. Many Zazas subsequently joined

5355-786: The leading name of Zaza nationalism, are important magazines in this period that were predominantly Zaza and published multilingually. Ware, ZazaPress, Pir, Raştiye, Vengê Zazaistani, Zazaki, Zerq, Desmala Sure, Waxt, Çıme are other magazines that are Zazaki-based and multilingual. In addition to these magazines published in European countries, Vatı (1997-1998), which is the first magazine published entirely in Zaza language and published in Turkey, and Miraz (2006) and Veng u Vaj (2008) are other important magazines published in Zaza language in Turkey. Magazines that are mainly published in other languages but also include works in Zaza language are magazines published in Kurdish and Turkish languages. Roja Newé (1963), Riya Azadi (1976), Tirêj (1979) and War (1997) are in

5440-440: The murder of Sakine Cansiz (co-founder of the PKK), Fidan Doğan (member of the Kurdistan National Congress), and Leyla Söylemez (member of the Kurdish youth movement) in Paris . Hozat says that the reason why no light has been shed on these murders is that NATO was involved and that Turkey has been using this incident to intimidate Kurdish women. When Bese Hozat discussed with the New Internationalist what she thought of

5525-459: The name "Zaza People's Party" and later changed its name to Democracy Time Party (Turkish: Demokrasi Zamanı Partisi ) due to legal restrictions on ethnicity-based parties. Zaza nationalism is an ideology that supports the preservation of Zaza people between Turks and Kurds in Turkey. Turkish nationalist Hasan Reşit Tankut proposed in 1961 to create a corridor between Zaza-speakers and Kurmanji -speakers to hasten Turkification . In some cases in

5610-405: The noun is feminine or masculine. Most nouns have inherent gender. However, some nominal roots have variable gender, i.e. they may function as either masculine or feminine nouns. The vowel /e/ may also be realized as [ɛ] when occurring before a consonant. /ɨ/ may become lowered to [ɪ] when occurring before a velarized nasal /n/ [ŋ] , or occurring between a palatal approximant /j/ and

5695-457: The organization is one such model." The General Assembly also said that men in leadership roles were too individualistic and that women naturally are more social, communal, and democratic then men. Bese Hozat agreed with the General Assembly and went on to say that "education has an unquestionable role in the liberation of women for it helps people to become conscious which is a must for the attainment of free will and liberation from slavery. This

5780-412: The pen name 'Ali Firat' in the Özgur Halk newspaper. In 1994, she joined the PKK in the mountains of Tunceli Province, taking on the name Bese Hozat the same name as the wife of Seyid Riza , the leader of the Dersim rebellion. Bese Hozat stayed in the Tunceli countryside for around four years and was a part of many actions. Her sister was killed in 1997. Her father, Hasan Oran, was traumatized by

5865-418: The people for freedom cannot be contained by a wall." Hozat wants the borders between the four parts of Kurdistan to be broken down so that the Kurdish people can truly be free from the nation-states. Hozat told the New Internationalist that "We're experiencing a third world war in the region" in regards to Turkey. After the failed Kurdish-Turkish peace process in the mid-2010s, the PKK resumed fighting in

5950-479: The phonetic requirements of the language. Zaza literature consists of oral and written texts produced in the Zaza language. Before it began to be written, it was passed on through oral literature types. In this respect, Zaza literature is very rich in terms of oral works. The language has many oral literary products such as deyr (folk song), kilam (song), dêse (hymn), şanıke (fable), hêkati (story), qesê werênan (proverbs and idioms). Written works began to appear during

6035-406: The pre-Republican period. Post-Republican Zaza literature developed through two branches, Turkey-centered and Europe-centered. During this period, the development of Zaza literature stagnated in Turkey due to long-term language and cultural bans. Zaza migration to European countries in the 1980s and the relatively free environment enabled the revival of Zaza literature in Europe. One of the works in

6120-402: The presidential elections Sunni Zazas were reported to be voting for Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , in contrast to the Alevis who mostly supported HDP's candidate Selahattin Demirtaş. Alevi-majority Tunceli is the only province in Turkey that has ever elected a mayor belonging to Communist Party of Turkey . The first Zaza-oriented political party in the history of Turkey was established in 2017 under

6205-462: The region after an attempted coup against Erdoğan. Bese Hozat said that there never was a peace process and that ruling AKP was badly in need of a ceasefire due to a difficult situation both in local and foreign arenas. She accused the AKP of instrumentalizing the peace process to get more sympathy at home and abroad. Bese Hozat claimed that the PKK kept up their side of the peace process by withdrawing fighters from Turkey and releasing prisoners. When

6290-436: The semantic etymology of the name. Linguistic evidence put the urheimat of the Zaza language to Northern Iran, especially around the southern Caspian region due to the similarities between Zaza, Talysh , Gilaki and Mazanderani languages . The etymology of the endonym Dimlī and the historical records of migration from Daylam to Central Anatolia in Armenian sources are also cited as an evidence of Daylamite origins of

6375-717: The study, mtDNA HV1 sequences, eleven Y chromosome bi-allelic markers and 9 Y-STR loci were analyzed to investigate lineage relationship among these Iranian-speaking groups. According to study 8 different Y-DNA haplogroups have been identified among the Zaza speakers; I* (33.3%), R1a1a (25.9%), E* (11.1%) and R1* (11.1%) being the most prevalent ones. Haplogroups P1 and J2 , which were found to be prevalent among differing Kurdish populations, were absent in Zaza speakers. Y chromosome data showed somewhat different patterns, indicating some effect of geography. Kurmanji speakers and Zaza speakers in Turkey, who are geographic neighbours, were found to be closer to each other compared to

6460-462: The women's movement within it. She says that the PKK is a woman's party and that Abdullah Öcalan had made PKK ideology so that it was against gender inequality . After the Kurdish Women 's Movement's sixth General Assembly, they concluded that women need to be in leadership roles in democratic institutions and that for too long men have dominated leadership positions. She said that "There

6545-480: Was also stated that "the genetic evidence of course does not preclude a northern Iranian origin for the Zazaki language itself." Zazaki language Zaza ( endonym : Zazakî ) is a Northwestern Iranian language spoken primarily in eastern Turkey by the Zaza Kurds , and in many cases identify as such. The language is a part of the Zaza–Gorani language group of the northwestern group of

6630-586: Was asked by the New Internationalist what she thought about the referendum on Kurdish independence in September 2017 , she said that "our movement's approach is not about building a state - a state system will not be to the benefit of the Kurdish people but a thorn in the side." She continues saying that "A Kurdish state will never be a solution to the Kurdish question. It would deepen the fight with our neighbors and bring decades of war against

6715-620: Was historically considered a Kurdish dialect , Some scholars continue to regard it as such. However, linguistically, Zazaki and Gorani differ from other Kurdish dialects as they have not undergone many of the Persian influences that have permeated Kurdish since Middle Persian times. They have retained the expected Northwestern Iranian form, whereas Kurdish has adopted features common to Southwestern Iranian languages , like Persian, apparently due to longstanding and intense historical contacts. Martin van Bruinessen notes that while Kurdish has

6800-510: Was in 1977, and two more books were published in 1981 and 1986. From 1987 to 1990, five books were published in Zaza. The publication of books in Zaza increased after the ban on the Kurdish language was lifted and a total of 43 books were published from 1991 to 2000. As of 2018, at least 332 books have been published in Zaza. Due to the above-mentioned obstacles, the standardization of Zaza could not have taken place and authors chose to write in their local or regional Zaza variety. In 1996, however,

6885-484: Was stated that there was no clear geographic or linguistic pattern concerning matrilineal origins of examined Iranian-speakers. Another phenomenon found in the research was that Zazas are closer to Kurdish groups (matrilineally South Caucasian groups, patrilineally Kurmanji speakers in Turkey) rather than peoples of Northern Iran , where ancestral Zaza language hypothesized to be spoken before its spread to Anatolia . It

6970-417: Was the dominant household language. Ziflioğlu states that many Zazas only speak Kurmanji . The first written statements in the Zaza language were compiled by the linguist Peter Lerch in 1850. Two other important documents are the religious writings of Ehmedê Xasi of 1898, and of Osman Efendîyo Babij ; both of these works were written in Arabic script . The state-owned TRT Kurdî airs shows in Zaza. During

7055-541: Was the seventh of nine children. She attended primary school in Tanêr and secondary school in Kayseri , where she experienced discrimination as a Kurdish Alevi. According to Hozat, Alevism and Dersimilik were viewed with scorn and marginalization. To escape this treatment, she joined radical left organizations affiliated with Abdullah Ocalan . Bese Hozat's family was a victim in the 1938 Dersim rebellion , which she called

7140-637: Was written by the Ottoman-Zaza cleric, writer and poet Ahmed el-Hassi (1867-1951) in 1891-1892. The first Mevlit work in the Zaza language was written in Arabic letters and published in 1899. The mawlid, written using the Arabic prosody (aruz), resembles the mawlid of Süleyman Çelebi and the introduction includes the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the details of Allah, tawhid, munacaat, ascension, birth, birth and creation, etc. It includes religious topics and consists of 14 chapters and 366 couplets. Another written work written during this period

7225-489: Was written in Arabic letters in the Nesih font, which was also used in Ottoman Turkish . Following this work, the first Zaza language Mawlid, written by the Ottoman-Zaza cleric, writer and poet Ahmed el-Hassi in 1891-1892, was also written in Arabic letters and published in 1899. Another Mawlid in Zaza language, written by another Ottoman-Zaza cleric Osman Esad Efendi between 1903-1906, was also written in Arabic letters. After

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