Felipe Ángeles Ramírez (1868–1919) was a Mexican military officer and revolutionary during the era of the Mexican Revolution . Having risen to the rank of colonel of artillery in the Federal Army of the Porfiriato , Ángeles was promoted to general during the brief presidency of Francisco I. Madero . After the Ten Tragic Days , he became unique in the history of the revolution by becoming the only Federal general to join the revolutionary cause in northern Mexico, serving with General Pancho Villa 's División del Norte .
40-410: Zacualtipán (formally: Zacualtipán de Ángeles , for Felipe Ángeles , born there in 1868) is a town and one of the 84 municipalities of Hidalgo , in central-eastern Mexico . The municipality covers an area of 241.6 km. In 2020, the municipality had a total population of 38,155, up from 25,987 in 2005. The town of Zacualtipán was the site of the action of Sequalteplan on February 25, 1848. It
80-545: A broad coalition of Mexicans opposed to Díaz. Rebels in northern Mexico and in the state of Morelos put pressure on Díaz, who resigned. An interim government was established, and Madero was elected president in November 1911. From the start, Ambassador Wilson was critical of President Madero and worked to promote U.S. interests, ultimately involving, or even spearheading, the coup that ousted Madero in February 1913. When Díaz
120-582: A complete break between Villa and Carranza. Ángeles remained with the Villa faction as civil war broke out again in early 1915. Ángeles, in his first independent command, captured the city of Monterrey in January 1915. However, Villa's forces were decisively defeated in the spring of 1915 by Carranza's General Obregón, and Ángeles was forced to flee Mexico and settle in exile in Texas. There he attempted to make
160-669: A firing squad. While in Paris, General Ángeles made contact with individuals opposed to the new Huerta government. He was persuaded to return to Mexico in October 1913, and join the anti-Huerta forces under Venustiano Carranza in Sonora . Carranza confirmed Ángeles' rank of brigadier general and appointed him Secretary of War in the Revolutionary Government. However, the powerful Sonoran faction considered Ángeles to be
200-458: A holdover of the old Díaz regime, and treated him with suspicion and hostility. To placate the Sonorans, Carranza downgraded Ángeles's position to sub-Secretary of War. While in this position, Ángeles formulated the rebel grand strategy of a three-prong attack south to Mexico City: General Álvaro Obregón to advance south along the western railroad, General Pancho Villa to advance south along
240-556: A living as a dairy farmer. While in Texas, he joined the Liberal Mexican Alliance , which sought to bring together exiles of various ideological persuasions linked by the common aim to stop the war and form a coalition government. When World War I ended in November 1918, Mexico under Carranza was still engaged in civil war. Ángeles became convinced that the United States would invade and occupy Mexico if
280-582: A special agent, William Bayard Hale . The new president was appalled by Henry Lane Wilson's role in the coup against Madero. Hale reported that "Madero would never have been assassinated had the American Ambassador made it thoroughly understood that the plot must stop short of murder", and accused Henry Lane Wilson of "treason, perfidy and assassination in an assault on constitutional government". The President sought information independent of that provided by Henry Lane Wilson by sending John Lind ,
320-466: Is because he never agreed to consult me. You know your husband had very peculiar ideas." According to Pérez, Wilson claimed that unlike Madero, Huerta did consult him as to what to do with the president and vice president, to which he answered to "do what is best for the interests of the nation". After the inauguration of President Woodrow Wilson on March 4, 1913, he was informed of events in Mexico by
360-554: Is best known to history for his involvement in the February 1913 coup d'etat which deposed and assassinated President of Mexico Francisco I. Madero , for which he remains controversial and "perhaps the most vilified United States official of [the 20th] century" in Mexico. Wilson was appointed by President William Howard Taft to the post of United States Ambassador to Mexico in 1910. He brought together opponents of Mexico's democratically-elected President Francisco I. Madero in
400-870: The Commission for Relief in Belgium and, in 1915, accepted the chairmanship of the Indiana State Chapter of the League to Enforce Peace , a position he held until his resignation over U.S. involvement in the League of Nations after the close of the war. Wilson was a member of Sons of the American Revolution , Society of Colonial Wars , and the Loyal Legion . He published his memoir in 1927 and died in Indianapolis in 1932. He
440-469: The Emiliano Zapata insurgency. Ángeles, with Madero's concurrence, changed the harsh military tactics and offered amnesty to those revolutionaries who agreed to lay down their arms. Ángeles unleashed aerial bombardment and modern counter-insurgency warfare against those who refused to surrender, but he did not deliberately target civilians. While this did not end the rebellion, it did much to reduce
SECTION 10
#1732780719279480-764: The Pact of the Embassy , colluding with them to stage a coup d'etat in February 1913. Soon after President Woodrow Wilson took office in March 1913, he was appalled to learn that the American ambassador was involved in the plot in which the president and vice president of Mexico were murdered. President Wilson recalled him from his post as ambassador. Wilson was born in Crawfordsville, Indiana , to Congressman James Wilson and his wife, Emma Ingersoll. In 1866, his father
520-703: The war with the United States in 1847 and in the war to remove Emperor Maximilian in 1862. Ángeles was educated at the primary level in Molango , Hidalgo. He went on to study in the Instituto Literario in Pachuca , subsequently entering the Military Academy in Mexico City in 1883 at the age of 14. He obtained the rank of lieutenant of engineers in 1892. Concentrating on raising
560-582: The Madero government. The coup d'état of General Victoriano Huerta , Felix Díaz , and General Bernardo Reyes against Madero was launched in February 1913, now known as the Ten Tragic Days . Mexico City was the site of armed violence between those supporting Madero and the rebels. The violence was the culmination of the psychological campaign that prepared those disposed to believe Madero an incapable leader to welcome his forced resignation. Although
600-541: The Military Academy at Chapultepec . While he was director, he had much contact with President Madero, and developed a reputation as a cultured dignified officer and a man of honor. In June 1912, he was promoted to brigadier general. The Madero government was under attack from many sides, and in August 1912, President Madero sent General Ángeles to Morelos to take charge of the seventh military zone, and battle
640-574: The North in March 1914. General Ángeles became one of Villa's principal military and intellectual advisers. He participated as Chief of Artillery in the great military triumphs of 1914: the capture of Torreón , the Battles of San Pedro de las Colonias and Paredón , and the capture of Zacatecas in May 1914. Just before the attack on Zacatecas, Ángeles played a major role in the so-called 'disobedience of
680-622: The Pact of the Embassy and the coup against the Mexican president: Madero was a person of unsound intellect, of imperfect education and vision. He was a disciple in the least the deep of the French school in politics and economics, but never gathered for the uses of practical application its threads of philosophy or comprehended the deep common sense which lies at the root of all French political opinion. He came into power as an apostle of liberty but he
720-492: The Pact of the Embassy was to have a power-sharing arrangement between the leaders of the Mexican coup and the U.S., Huerta seized power once events were underway. The murders of Madero and his vice president were not explicitly part of the Pact of the Embassy. There was enough plausible deniability for Wilson and the Department of State to escape sanctions, but in Mexico, they are considered culpable for their deaths. Wilson
760-588: The Sharpshooting Academy at Mailly , Ángeles perfected the "French 75," which would become one of the more effective weapons in the Great War. In May 1911, he was awarded the order of Knight of the Legion of Honor by the French government. Colonel Ángeles returned to Mexico in January 1912. Shortly thereafter, he met with new President Francisco Madero , and Madero appointed Ángeles director of
800-426: The central railroad, and General Pablo González to advance south along the eastern railroad. In January 1914, Ángeles accompanied Carranza on a visit to Chihuahua to confer with Pancho Villa. Ángeles, unhappy under Carranza, convinced Villa to ask Carranza to put him in charge of his artillery. Villa asked for Ángeles' services, and Carranza willingly released him. He consequently joined Pancho Villa's Division of
840-405: The combatants could not reach a peace accord. In December 1918, Ángeles returned to Chihuahua clandestinely and joined up again with Pancho Villa. Villa at this time no longer commanded an army, but instead was only able to conduct guerrilla raids. He was then being pursued by both the Mexican and American military. Ángeles, a conciliator, pacifist, and philanthropic socialist wanted peace, but he
SECTION 20
#1732780719279880-488: The conservative rebel units, arrested President Madero, Vice-president Pino Suarez, and General Ángeles. The president and the vice-president were subsequently assassinated. Ángeles was arrested with Madero and Pino Suarez. Huerta subjected Ángeles to a sham trial, accusing him of murdering a child during the barrage of La Ciudadela. Ángeles defended himself ably, and Huerta sent him into exile in France rather than in front of
920-503: The former governor of Minnesota , to Mexico as his personal envoy. On July 17, 1913, the president dismissed Ambassador Wilson. The ambassador advocated for the diplomatic recognition of General Huerta's government, which the new U.S. president refused to do, providing an opening for forces opposed to Huerta's government to rise in armed rebellion. In his memoirs published in 1927, the former ambassador criticized Madero's character and intelligence, without making mention of his own role in
960-518: The generals' of the Division of the North, countermanding Carranza's order to halt their advance on Zacatecas and Mexico City. The generals' 'disobedience' ensured the defeat of Huerta's army, but precipitated a split between Carranza and Villa. After the defeat of Huerta, Ángeles participated in the October 1914 Convention of Aguascalientes as Villa's representative. The Convention of Aguascalientes, called to bring an end to hostilities, resulted in
1000-675: The height of the Congo Free State controversy. Wilson was appointed Ambassador to Mexico by President Taft on December 21, 1909. At the time it was the only diplomatic post with the rank of ambassador. He presented his credentials to President Porfirio Diaz on March 5, 1910. Wilson arrived in Mexico following the fraudulent elections that kept Díaz in office; he had been continuously elected since 1884. A liberal general who came to power initially by coup in 1876, Díaz had opened Mexico to foreign investment and development of infrastructure, with U.S. business interests investing capital in
1040-539: The level of violence. In February 1913, a reactionary coup d'état known as La decena trágica ended the Madero government when a conservative military faction attacked the National Palace . The attack was turned back, and the conspirators barricaded themselves within the armory. President Madero appointed General Victoriano Huerta to lead the loyal troops, and then traveled to Morelos to confer with Ángeles. Madero and Ángeles returned to Mexico City, with
1080-451: The new Mexico City airport will begin on Monday, April 29, 2019, and that it will be named Felipe Ángeles . The airport began commercial operations in 2022 . Henry Lane Wilson Henry Lane Wilson (November 3, 1857 – December 22, 1932) was an American attorney, journalist, and diplomat who served successively as United States Minister to Chile (1897–1904), Minister to Belgium (1905–09), and Ambassador to Mexico (1909–13). He
1120-432: The petroleum industry, mining, ranching and agriculture. From the U.S. government and business perspective, the stability of Díaz's authoritarian government brought stability and material progress to Mexico while generating huge profits to foreign interests. However, in 1910, there was a serious challenger to Díaz, now 80 years old. Francisco I. Madero, the scion of a rich, landowning family in northern Mexico, brought together
1160-485: The professional level of the officers of the Federal Army through improved education, he took on various lectureships in the military academy. In 1896 he was promoted to captain of artillery , and by 1901 he had obtained the rank of major. Three years later he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and to full colonel in 1908. That same year, he left for France to study contemporary artillery. While Ángeles
1200-452: The understanding that Ángeles would be placed in charge of the forces loyal to Madero. However, the Army staff objected, stating that under army regulations, Ángeles was technically not yet a general, as Congress had not confirmed his appointment. After ten days of fighting, General Huerta, aided by U.S. Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson , reached an accommodation with the rebels. Huerta, supported by
1240-602: Was court-martialed in a show-trial in Ciudad Chihuahua . Knowing that Carranza would never pardon him, Ángeles made a heroic and impassioned defense in response to his enemies' case for the prosecution. At 10:45 pm on November 25, 1919, the court-martial condemned him to death, and on November 26, 1919, in front of the state penitentiary in Chihuahua, he was executed. Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador announced on April 24, 2019 that construction on
Zacualtipán - Misplaced Pages Continue
1280-584: Was a master manipulator of information and disinformation, which helped amplify the Mexican public's and foreign powers' perceptions that Madero was a naïve bungler, opposed to the interests of the U.S. He had direct contacts with the Associated Press , which conveyed news about Mexico to the U.S. and the English-language Mexico City Herald , whose American readership became increasingly unsettled by their coverage of
1320-522: Was a surprise attack by a mounted American force under Gen. Joseph Lane that defeated a Mexican guerrilla force under Celedonio Dómeco de Jarauta during the Mexican–American War . Felipe %C3%81ngeles Felipe Ángeles was born on June 13, 1868, in Zacualtipán , Hidalgo , the son of Felipe Ángeles and Juana Ramírez. The elder Felipe Ángeles was a small farmer who had participated in
1360-589: Was appointed to the position of Minister Resident to Venezuela by President Andrew Johnson and served in that role until his death in Caracas , Venezuela, on August 8, 1867. Henry Lane Wilson was a law graduate of Wabash College and practiced law and published a newspaper (the Lafayette Journal ) in Lafayette, Indiana . He married Alice Vajen in 1885, and moved to Spokane, Washington , where he
1400-468: Was forced to resign in 1911, his Mexican political supporters and the foreign powers and businesses that had benefited from his policies regarding investments saw that the new president was unable to effectively lead. Wilson was "a natural ally of reactionary elements including U.S. and Mexican business interests, the Catholic Church, and eventually high-ranking members of the federal army". Wilson
1440-547: Was in business until he was wiped out financially in the Panic of 1893 . Wilson served in the U.S. Foreign Service during the presidencies of William McKinley (1897–1901), Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909), and William Howard Taft (1909–1913), and briefly under Woodrow Wilson . He was appointed Minister to Chile in 1897, remaining in that capacity until 1904, when he was made Minister to Belgium , serving in Brussels during
1480-482: Was purported to even have assisted in arranging the murder of Madero's brother, Gustavo A. Madero , all of which was later disputed by Wilson. In a 1916 interview with American journalist Robert Hammond Murray, Madero's widow, Sara Pérez Romero de Madero, described an audience she had with the U.S. ambassador during her husband's captivity. Wilson refused to use his influence to save the president's life, telling her, "I will be honest with you, Madam. Your husband's fall
1520-449: Was simply a man of disoriented intellect who happened to be in the public eye at the psychological moment. the responsibilities of office and the disappointments growing out of rivalries and intrigues shattered his reason completely, and in the last days of his government, during the bombardment of the capital, his mental qualities always abnormal, developed into a homicidal, dangerous form of lunacy.... During World War I , Wilson served on
1560-613: Was teaching at the Military Academy he met and courted Clara Kraus, a California woman of German ancestry who was teaching school in Mexico City. They were married in November 1896. Colonel Ángeles was in Paris as when the Mexican Revolution broke out in late 1910. His request to return to Mexico was rejected, and consequently he did not participate in the Madero revolution. As (Mexico's) Inspector General of Munitions at
1600-508: Was unable to convince Villa to cease hostilities. After Villa's raid on Ciudad Juárez in June 1919 (in which Ángeles did not participate), Ángeles became despondent that there was no solution to the long and bloody civil war. Tired, ill, and very disillusioned, he departed Villa's camp. Wandering for a time without funds or support, he was betrayed and arrested by the Carranza government. He
#278721