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45-532: Zahedan ( Balochi and Persian : زاهدان ; [zɒːheˈd̪ɒːn] ) is a city in the Central District of Zahedan County , Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran and serves as capital of the province, the county, and the district. It is near the Iran-Pakistan border. The original name of the city was Duzzap (Persian: Duzdab , meaning "Water Stolen"), which it had received due to

90-563: A break-of-gauge with US railways, the War of 1812 still being a fresh memory. However, there is little supporting evidence for this, and this story appears to be traced to a single claim from the late 1800s. The Bay Area Rapid Transit system is the only operating railroad in the United States to use 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge, with 120 miles (190 km) of double tracked routes. The original engineers chose

135-498: A standard alphabet for Balochi. The Balochi vowel system has at least eight vowels: five long and three short . These are /aː/ , /eː/ , /iː/ , /oː/ , /uː/ , /a/ , /i/ and /u/ . The short vowels have more centralized phonetic quality than the long vowels. The variety spoken in Karachi also has nasalized vowels, most importantly /ẽː/ and /ãː/ . In addition to these eight vowels, Balochi has two vowel glides, that

180-627: A "Southern-Western Balochi" branch), and Eastern Balochi, all under the "Balochic" group. ISO 639-3 groups Southern, Eastern, and Western Baloch under the Balochi macrolanguage, keeping Koroshi separate. Balochi, somehow near similarity with the Parthian and on the other hand, it has near kinship to the Avestan . There are two main dialects: the dialect of the Mandwani (northern) tribes and

225-688: A 27.1 km (16.8 mi) line of Lahore metro . In Sri Lanka, all services currently operate on 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge only. The 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge was first used in Scotland for two short, isolated lines, the Dundee and Arbroath Railway (1836-1847) and the Arbroath and Forfar Railway (1838-). Both the lines were subsequently converted to standard gauge . The Iberian-gauge railways , that service much of Spain and Portugal, have

270-495: A daily maximum above 40 °C (104 °F).. Winters are quite cold with minimum temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) for 43.7 days annually. Zahedan also experiences 81.3 days a year with haze . Zahedan is the main economic center of the region and home to many small- and medium-scale industries. Its main products include cotton textiles, woven and hand-knotted rugs, ceramics, processed foods, livestock feed, processed hides, milled rice, brick, reed mats and baskets. Zahedan

315-547: A professional setting and by educated folk. The following Latin-based alphabet was adopted by the International Workshop on "Balochi Roman Orthography" (University of Uppsala, Sweden, 28–30 May 2000). a á b c d ď e f g ĝ h i í j k l m n o p q r ř s š t ť u ú v w x y z ž ay aw (33 letters and 2 digraphs) In 1933, the Soviet Union adopted a Latin-based alphabet for Balochi as follows: The alphabet

360-464: A track gauge of 1,668 mm ( 5 ft  5 + 21 ⁄ 32  in ), just 8 mm ( 5 ⁄ 16  in) different from 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ). Used rolling stock from Iberia has been employed on broad-gauge lines in Argentina and Chile. Canada became the first British colony, in the 1850s, to use 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge. It

405-477: Is subject–object–verb . Like many other Indo-Iranian languages, Balochi also features split ergativity . The subject is marked as nominative except for the past tense constructions where the subject of a transitive verb is marked as oblique and the verb agrees with the object . Balochi, like many Western Iranian languages, has lost the Old Iranian gender distinctions. Much of the Balochi number system

450-853: Is /aw/ and /ay/. The following table shows consonants which are common to both Western (Northern) and Southern Balochi. The consonants /s/, /z/, /n/, /ɾ/ and /l/ are articulated as alveolar in Western Balochi. The plosives /t/ and /d/ are dental in both dialects. The symbol ń is used to denote nasalization of the preceding vowel . In addition, /f/ occurs in a few words in Southern Balochi. /x/ (voiceless velar fricative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to /χ/ (voiceless uvular fricative) in Western Balochi; and /ɣ/ (voiced velar fricative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to /ʁ/ (voiced uvular fricative) in Western Balochi. In Eastern Balochi, it

495-928: Is closely similar to the Indian gauge, with only 8  mm ( 5 ⁄ 16  in) difference, and allows compatibility with the rolling stock. For example, in recent years Chile and Argentina have bought second hand Spanish/Portuguese Iberian-gauge rolling stock. 1,668 mm trains can run on 1,676 mm gauge without adaptation, but for better stability in high-speed running a wheelset replacement may be required (for example, Russian-Finnish train Allegro has 1,522 mm or 4 ft  11 + 29 ⁄ 32  in gauge, intermediate between Russian 1,520 mm or 4 ft  11 + 27 ⁄ 32  in and Finnish 1,524 mm or 5 ft ). Backward compatibility—1,676 mm trains on 1,668 mm gauge—is possible, but no examples and data exist. Due to

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540-620: Is connected by rail to nearby Pakistan and is near to Afghanistan . It is about 41 km (25 mi) south of the tripoint of the three countries and at an altitude of 1,352 m (4,436 ft) above sea level and 1,605 km (997 mi) from the Iranian capital of Tehran . Zahedan has a hot desert climate ( Köppen : BWh , Trewartha : BW ). Precipitation is very low, and mostly falls in winter. Zahedan experiences very hot summers, there are 84.7 days per year with maximum temperature above 35 °C (95 °F), of which 7 days have

585-601: Is identical to Persian . According to Mansel Longworth Dames , Balochi writes the first twelve numbers as follows: Balochi was not a written language before the 19th century, and the Persian script was used to write Balochi wherever necessary. However, Balochi was still spoken at the Baloch courts. British colonial officers first wrote Balochi with the Latin script. Following the creation of Pakistan, Baloch scholars adopted

630-728: Is located in Zahedan. There are some other religious Sunni schools in the city and the vicinity. Balochi language Balochi ( بلۏچی , romanized: Balòci ) is a Northwestern Iranian language , spoken primarily in the Balochistan region of Pakistan , Iran and Afghanistan . In addition, there are speakers in Oman , the Arab states of the Persian Gulf , Turkmenistan , East Africa and in diaspora communities in other parts of

675-424: Is noted that the stop and glide consonants may also occur as aspirated allophones in word initial position as [pʰ tʰ ʈʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ] and [wʱ] . Allophones of stops in postvocalic position include for voiceless stops, [f θ x] and for voiced stops [β ð ɣ] . /n l/ are also dentalized as [n̪ l̪] . Difference between a question and a statement is marked with the tone, when there is no question word. Rising tone marks

720-505: Is predominantly on 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge. Most links of 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge railways are in the center-south of the country. Only a few lines of the Ferrocarril del Sur (Southern Railroad Network) were 1,000 mm ( 3 ft  3 + 3 ⁄ 8  in ) metre gauge or 1,435 mm ( 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ) standard gauge ,

765-621: Is served by Zahedan International Airport . Highway 95 links Zahedan to Tehran and Mashhad in the north and the port of Bandar Chabahar on the Sea of Oman in the south, and Highway 84 to the Pakistani city of Quetta in the east and to Kerman in the west. For decades the 5 ft 6 in ( 1,676 mm ) broad gauge (Indian subcontinent system) railway exists from Zahedan station to/from Quetta's station in Pakistan,

810-460: Is still used very frequently. آ، ا، ب، پ، ت، ٹ، ج، چ، د، ڈ، ر، ز، ژ، س، ش، ک، گ، ل، م، ن، و، ھ ہ، ء، ی ے The Balochi Standard Alphabet , standardized by Balochi Academy Sarbaz, consists of 29 letters. It is an extension of the Perso-Arabic script and borrows a few glyphs from Urdu . It is also sometimes referred to as Balo-Rabi or Balòrabi. Today, it is the preferred script to use in

855-509: Is still written in a modified Arabic script based on Persian . In 2002, a conference was held to help standardize the script that would be used for Balochi. The following alphabet was used by Syed Zahoor Shah Hashmi in his lexicon of Balochi Sayad Ganj ( سید گنج ) (lit. Sayad's Treasure ). Until the creation of the Balochi Standard Alphabet , it was by far the most widely used alphabet for writing Balochi, and

900-526: Is under study and consideration, a via Kerman connection to the port of Chabahar. In July 2016, India began shipping US$ 150 million of tracks to Chabahar to build the US$ 1.6 billion line, for which India pledged additional US$ 400 million and Iran has also allocated US$ 125 million in December 2016, thus taking the total allocation to US$ 575 million (out of US$ 1.6 billion needed) by the end of 2016. In April 2008

945-497: The Jamuna River , while the metre gauge network is primarily located to its east. The Jamuna Bridge is a mixed-use bridge that contains a dual gauge connection across the river linking both networks. In Nepal, all services currently operate on 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge only. In Pakistan, all services currently operate on 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge only, except for

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990-726: The Persian alphabet . The first collection of poetry in Balochi, Gulbang by Mir Gul Khan Nasir was published in 1951 and incorporated the Arabic Script . It was much later that Sayad Zahoor Shah Hashemi wrote a comprehensive guidance on the usage of Arabic script and standardized it as the Balochi Orthography in Pakistan and Iran. This earned him the title of the 'Father of Balochi'. His guidelines are widely used in Eastern and Western Balochistan. In Afghanistan, Balochi

1035-473: The Quetta–Taftan Railway Line . Beyond this, west, a standard gauge line was completed from Zahedan to Kerman linking the city with the rest of the Iranian rail network. This flowed from a 18 May 2007 MOU for rail co-operation (of Pakistan and Iran) under which the line was to be completed by December 2008. It was completed with an opening ceremony on 19 June 2009. This means that Zahedan hosts

1080-476: The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan helped triple the population of Zahedan to more than 281,000 by 1986, a number which has since doubled again. At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 552,706 in 109,488 households. The following census in 2011 counted 560,725 people in 134,088 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 587,730 people in 146,717 households. Zahedan

1125-668: The Western Iranian subgroup, and its original homeland is suggested to be around the central Caspian region. Balochi is an Indo-European language , spoken by the Baloch and belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch of the family. As an Iranian language , it is classified in the Northwestern group . Glottolog classifies four different varieties, namely Koroshi , Southern Balochi and Western Balochi (grouped under

1170-656: The break of gauge between the Islamic Republic of Iran Railway 's standard gauge tracks of the Trans-Iranian Railway and Pakistan Railway 's broad gauge aforementioned. In May 2016, during Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi 's trip to Iran, agreement was signed to develop two terminals and five berths at Port of Chabahar and to build a new railway between Chabahar and Zahedan, as part of North–South Transport Corridor , by Indian Railways 's public sector unit Ircon International . This proposal

1215-608: The 1850s, the Great Indian Peninsula Railway adopted the gauge of 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) for the first passenger railway in India between Bori Bunder and Thane . This was then adopted as the standard for the nationwide network. Indian Railways today predominantly operates on 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge. Most of the metre gauge and narrow gauge railways have been converted to broad gauge. Small stretches of

1260-649: The 70 billion IRR (about 2.5 million USD ) Zahedan Stadium was built with a seating capacity of 15,000 people. It was inaugurated on 18 April 2008 with a friendly football game between Honarmandan (Artists) and a local team. Zahedan is the home of the Islamic Azad University of Zahedan, the Zahedan University of Medical Sciences and the University of Sistan and Baluchestan . Besides, the largest Sunni seminary, Darululoom Zahedan ,

1305-698: The Matucana tunnel that connected Mapocho and the Central Station in Santiago . The Transandine Railway that connected both Argentinean and Chilean broad gauge networks through the Uspallata pass in the Andes mountains was actually a 1,000 mm ( 3 ft  3 + 3 ⁄ 8  in ) narrow gauge link. The Iberian gauge ( 1,668 mm or 5 ft  5 + 21 ⁄ 32  in )

1350-530: The abrupt floods into the valley. The name was later changed to Zahedan (Persian for "hermits") during Reza Shah 's visit in 1929. Mention of Zahedan first appears in sources in August 1849. However, the city first truly started to grow during the early 20th-century. During World War I it became the westernmost terminal of the Zahedan railway station , which reached as far as Quetta in the northern part of what

1395-621: The dialect of the Domki (southern) tribes. The dialectal differences are not very significant. One difference is that grammatical terminations in the northern dialect are less distinct compared with those in the southern tribes. An isolated dialect is Koroshi , which is spoken in the Qashqai tribal confederation in the Fars province . Koroshi distinguishes itself in grammar and lexicon among Balochi varieties. The Balochi Academy Sarbaz has designed

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1440-407: The network that remain on metre and narrow gauges are also being converted to broad gauge . Rapid transit lines are mostly on standard gauge, although some initial lines use 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge. Bangladesh Railways uses a mix of 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge and metre gauge . The broad gauge network is primarily located to the west of

1485-701: The notable exceptions being one of the few active links: the Ramal Talca-Constitución branch and the Metro de Santiago . On the contrary, just a few branches of the FCN (Ferrocarril del Norte) were broad gauge, most notably the Mapocho-Puerto mainline between Santiago and Valparaiso, the Santiago–Valparaíso railway line . This link was directly connected to the southern railroad network using

1530-458: The question and falling tone the statement. Statements and questions with a question word are characterized by falling intonation at the end of the sentence. Questions without a question word are characterized by rising intonation at the end of the sentence. Both coordinate and subordinate clauses that precede the final clause in the sentence have rising intonation. The final clause in the sentence has falling intonation. The normal word order

1575-506: The script fell out of use. 5 ft 6 in gauge railway In North America, it is called Indian , Provincial , Portland , or Texas gauge . In Argentina and Chile, it is known as "trocha ancha" (Spanish for "broad gauge"). In the Indian subcontinent it is simply known as "broad gauge". It is the widest gauge in regular passenger use anywhere in the world. In India , the initial freight railway lines were built using standard gauge . In

1620-843: The shape of BART wheels and rail has been modified since then ). This has complicated maintenance of the system, as it requires custom wheelsets, brake systems, and track maintenance vehicles. The New Orleans, Opelousas and Great Western Railroad (NOO&GW) used 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge until 1872, and the Texas and New Orleans Railroad used 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge ("Texas gauge") until 1876. The Grand Trunk Railway predecessor St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad which operated in Quebec , Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine also used 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge ("Canadian gauge", "Provincial gauge" or "Portland gauge" ) but

1665-430: The wide gauge for its "great stability and smoother riding qualities" and intended to make a state-of-the-art system for other municipalities to emulate. The use of 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge rails was one of many unconventional design elements included in its design which, in addition to its unusual gauge, also used flat-edge rail, rather than typical rail that angles slightly inward (although

1710-570: The world. The total number of speakers, according to Ethnologue , is 8.8 million. Of these, 6.28 million are in Pakistan. According to Brian Spooner , Literacy for most Baloch-speakers is not in Balochi, but in Urdu in Pakistan and Persian in Afghanistan and Iran. Even now very few Baloch read Balochi, in any of the countries, even though the alphabet in which it is printed is essentially identical to Persian and Urdu. Balochi belongs to

1755-578: Was changed to standard gauge in 1873. The Grand Trunk Railway operated from headquarters in Montreal , Quebec, although corporate headquarters were in London , England . The St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad which operated in Quebec , Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine also used it but was converted in 1873. There is a longstanding rumour that the Provincial gauge was selected specifically to create

1800-682: Was converted in 1873. Several Maine railroads connected to the Grand Trunk Railway shared its "Portland Gauge". The Androscoggin and Kennebec Railroad and the Buckfield Branch Railroad were later consolidated as the Maine Central Railroad which converted to standard gauge in 1871. John A. Poor's chief engineer Alvin C. Morton compiled the following advantages of "Portland Gauge" for Maine railways in 1847: The national railway network

1845-496: Was assassinated in Zahedan. The next day, there were widespread protests in the city; Revolutionary Guards and other armed forces fired on protestors. While the surrounding area boasts numerous ancient sites, Zahedan itself primarily developed in the 20th century. It transitioned from a small village to the provincial administrative center in the 1930s. Its population reached 17,500 by 1956 and increased more than fivefold to 93,000 by 1976. After 1980, large numbers of refugees fleeing

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1890-537: Was known as the "Provincial gauge" in Canada. The earliest railways in Canada, including the 1836 Champlain and St. Lawrence and 1847 Montreal and Lachine Railway however, were built to 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ( 1,435 mm ) standard gauge . The Grand Trunk Railway which operated in several Canadian provinces ( Quebec and Ontario ) and American states ( Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , and Vermont ) used it, but

1935-551: Was then British Baluchistan . The city was the site of a deadly crackdown in October 2022, with dozens citizens killed by pro-governmental forces. Over 90 people were killed. Two senior police officials were fired in the aftermath of the crackdown. On 28 October, there were protests in Zahedan and security forces fired on protestors, killing 98 and injuring 14. On 3 November 2022, the Shi'i cleric and Khamenei loyalist Sajjad Shahraki

1980-525: Was used for several texts, including children's books, newspapers, and ideological works. In 1938, however, the official use of Balochi was discontinued. In 1989, Mammad Sherdil, a teacher from the Turkmen SSR , approached Balochi language researcher Sergei Axenov with the idea of creating a Cyrillic -based alphabet for Balochi. Before this, the Cyrillic script was already used for writing Balochi and

2025-399: Was used in several publications but the alphabet was not standardized. In 1990, the alphabet was finished. It included the following letters: The project was approved with some minor changes ( қ , ꝑ , and ы were removed due to the rarity of those sounds in Balochi, and о̄ was added). From 1992 to 1993, several primary school textbooks were printed in this script. In the early 2000s,

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