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104-660: They currently constitute the third largest ethnic minority group in Japan after Chinese immigrants . Their population declined significantly due to death, returning to Korea, and assimilating into the general Japanese population. The majority of Koreans in Japan are Zainichi Koreans ( 在日韓国・朝鮮人 , Zainichi Kankoku/Chōsenjin ) , often known simply as Zainichi ( 在日 , lit. 'in Japan') , who are ethnic Korean permanent residents of Japan. The term Zainichi Korean refers only to long-term Korean residents of Japan who trace their roots to Korea under Japanese rule , distinguishing them from

208-532: A Qin dynasty court sorcerer, was sent by Qin Shi Huang to Penglai Mountain ( Mount Fuji ) in 219 BC to retrieve an elixir of life . Xu could not find any elixir of life and was reluctant to return to China because he knew he would be sentenced to death, Xu instead stayed in Japan. Other immigrants are also thought to include major population movements such as that of the Hata clan . The Hata clan claimed to be

312-519: A Japanese passport means becoming Japanese, rather than Korean-Japanese. In order to be naturalized as Japanese citizens, Zainichi Koreans previously had to go through multiple, complex steps, requiring collection of information about their family and ancestors stretching back ten generations. This information could be collected through a Korean organization such as Mindan, but with their prohibitively expensive cost, many were unable to afford it. However, these processes have become much easier, and today, it

416-460: A North Korean ferry that is the only regular direct link between North Korea and Japan, is a subject of significant tension, as the ferry is primarily used by Chongryon to send its members to North Korea and to supply North Korea with money and goods donated by the organization and its members. In 2003, a North Korean defector made a statement to the US Senate committee stating that more than 90% of

520-534: A dedicated audience in Japan, contributing to the normalization of Korean culture within mainstream Japanese media. Furthermore, economic opportunities have also contributed to a recent influx of Korean newcomers to Japan. Despite historical tensions between the two countries, Japan remains an attractive destination for many South Koreans seeking employment and business prospects. The close geographical proximity and strong economic ties between Japan and South Korea have facilitated increased migration and investment between

624-592: A large number of Koreans were also conscripted by Japan. Another wave of migration started after South Korea was devastated by the Korean War in the 1950s. Also noteworthy was the large number of refugees from the massacres on Jeju Island by the South Korean government. Statistics regarding Zainichi immigration are scarce. However, in 1988, a Mindan youth group called Zainihon Daikan Minkoku Seinendan ( Korean : 재일본대한민국청년회 , Japanese : 在日本大韓民国青年会 ) published

728-504: A long time, Chongryon enjoyed unofficial immunity from searches and investigations, partly because authorities were reluctant to carry out any actions which could provoke not only accusations of xenophobia but lead to an international incident. Chongryon has long been suspected of a variety of criminal acts on behalf of North Korea, such as illegal transfer of funds to North Korea and espionage, but no action has been taken. However, recently escalating tensions between Japan and North Korea over

832-521: A new one called the Federation of Korean Associations in Japan  [ ja ; ko ] . In recent years, there has been a noticeable shift in the perception of Zainichi Koreans in Japan, largely influenced by the growing popularity of Korean culture, known as the " Korean Wave " or Hallyu. This cultural phenomenon, encompassing Korean music, television dramas, films, and cuisine, has gained widespread attention not only in Japan but also globally. As

936-828: A number of issues, namely North Korea's abduction of Japanese nationals which came to light in 2002 as well as its nuclear weapons program , has led to a resurgence of public animosity against Chongryon. Chongryon schools have alleged numerous cases of verbal abuse and physical violence directed against their students and buildings, and Chongryon facilities have been targets of protests and occasional incidents. The Japanese authorities have recently started to crack down on Chongryon, with investigations and arrests for charges ranging from tax evasion to espionage. These moves are usually criticized by Chongryon as acts of political suppression. In December 2001, police raided Chongryon's Tokyo headquarters and related facilities to investigate Chongryon officials' suspected role in embezzlement of funds from

1040-502: A person has naturalised, they are simply Japanese, so the category of Chinese-Japanese does not exist in the same way as it would in a country which recognises ethnicity. Therefore, the numbers of Japanese people who are of Chinese descent is unclear. It is believed that a substantial component of the Yayoi people migrated from China to Japan. The Yayoi people who introduced wet rice cultivation to Japan may have come from Jiangnan near

1144-661: A proper job, they began to get involved in illegal jobs such as "illegal alcohol production, scrap recycling, and racketeering". As a result, many Zainichi Koreans ended up living in slums or hamlets, a situation aided by Japanese real estate agents' refusal to let Zainichi Koreans rent houses. In addition to labor exploitation and housing discrimination, Koreans also endured significant social discrimination. They were segregated into specific neighborhoods, commonly referred to as "Korean Towns," (which still exist today in Shin-Ōkubo and Ikuno-ku ) where living conditions were poor, sanitation

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1248-594: A report titled, "Father, tell us about that day. Report to reclaim our history" ( Japanese : アボジ聞かせて あの日のことを—我々の歴史を取り戻す運動報告書 ). The report included a survey of first generation Koreans' reasons for immigration. The result was 13.3% for conscription, 39.6% for economics, 17.3% for marriage and family, 9.5% for study/academic, 20.2% for other reasons and 0.2% unknown. The survey excluded those who were under 12 when they arrived in Japan. While some families can currently trace their ancestry back to pre-modern Korean immigrants, many families were absorbed into Japanese society and as

1352-576: A request to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, then the occupying power of Japan , to change the nationality registration of Zainichi Koreans to Daehan Minguk ( Korean : 대한민국 ; Japanese: Daikan Minkoku , 大韓民国 ), the official name of the new nation. Following this, from 1950 onwards, Zainichi Koreans were allowed to voluntarily re-register their nationality as such. The Allied occupation of Japan ended on 28 April 1952 with

1456-723: A result of pirate raids or during the 1592–1598 Japanese invasions of Korea . In the Edo period , trade with Korea occurred through the Tsushima-Fuchū Domain in Kyūshū , near Nagasaki . After the conclusion of the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1876 , Korean students and asylum seekers started to come to Japan, including Korean politicians and activists Bak Yeonghyo , Kim Ok-gyun , and Song Byeong-jun . There were about 800 Koreans living in Japan before Japan annexed Korea. In 1910, as

1560-687: A result, there has been an increased appreciation for Korean culture among the Japanese population, leading to greater interest in Zainichi Koreans and their heritage. The Korean Wave has played a significant role in bridging cultural gaps and fostering greater acceptance of Zainichi Koreans in Japanese society. K-pop music groups, such as BTS , Twice and BLACKPINK , have garnered massive followings in Japan, garnering interest in Korean entertainment. Similarly, Korean dramas and films have found

1664-579: A result, they are not considered a distinct group. The same is applicable to those families which are descended from Koreans who entered Japan in subsequent periods of pre-modern Japanese history . Trade with Korea continued to modern times, with Japan also periodically receiving missions from Korea, though this activity was often limited to specific ports. In late prehistory, in the Iron Age Yayoi period (300 BCE to 300 CE), Japanese culture showed some Korean influence, though whether this

1768-620: A spy in Beijing . The repatriations have been the subject of numerous creative works in Japan, due to the influence they had on the Zainichi Korean community. One documentary film about a family whose sons repatriated while the parents and daughter remained in Japan, Dear Pyongyang , won a special jury prize at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival . Some Zainichi Koreans have gone to South Korea to study or to settle. For example, author Lee Yangji studied at Seoul National University in

1872-579: Is common in today Koreans, Japanese and some Manchu, and O1 are one of the carriers of Yangtze civilization . As the Yangtze civilization declined, several tribes crossed westward and northerly, to the Shandong peninsula , the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelago. It is suggested that the linguistic homeland of Japonic is located somewhere in south-eastern or eastern China before

1976-783: Is easier for Zainichi Koreans to naturalize into Japanese citizens. Chinese people in Japan Chuka-kei people , or Chinese people in Japan ( Japanese : Japanese: 中華系日本人 , Hepburn : Chūka-kei Nihon-jin , meaning Chinese-Japanese in Japanese ) include any Japanese individuals self-identifying as ethnic Chinese or Chinese permanent residents of Japan living in Japan . People aged 22 or older cannot possess dual-citizenship in Japan, so Chinese possessing Japanese citizenship typically no longer possess Chinese citizenship. The term "Chinese people" typically refers to

2080-619: Is focused primarily on dishes found within three distinct types of restaurants: ramen restaurants, dim sum houses, and standard Chinese-style restaurants. As of 2008 there are five Chinese day schools in Japan: two in Yokohama and one each in Kobe , Osaka , and Tokyo . Three are oriented towards the Republic of China on Taiwan while two are oriented towards mainland China . In Japanese

2184-607: Is leading to a sharp decrease in the original "Zainichi" population in Japan. One of the most pressing issues of the Zainichi community is the rate of assimilation of Zainichi into Japan. About 4,000 to 5,000 Koreans naturalize in Japan every year out of slightly less than 480,000. Naturalization carries a crucial cultural aspect in Japan, as both Mindan and Chongryon link Korean ethnic identity to Korean nationality, and Japanese and South Korean nationality laws do not allow multiple citizenship for adults. By their definition, opting for

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2288-440: Is now represented by three separate characters: 韓, 漢 and 唐 in kun'yomi . It is thought that the meaning of "Korea" was initially preserved in Japanese in the word "Kara" which later expanded to include "China, then mainland East Asia" and, more recently, an even more vague sense of "the nations overseas or foreign countries". Linguists, including Vovin and Janhunen , suggest that Japonic languages were spoken in large parts of

2392-493: Is serious doubt as to the continuing viability of the system as a whole. Mindan has also traditionally operated a school system for the children of its members, although it has always been less widespread and organized compared to its Chongryon counterpart, and is said to be nearly defunct at the present time. Out of the two Korean organizations in Japan, the pro-North Chongryon has been the more militant in terms of retaining Koreans' ethnic identity. Its policies have included: For

2496-434: Is the modern Korean reading of the characters used to write the name; the pronunciation /kara/ (transcriptionally *kala) is certain." In Japanese , Gaya is often referred to as Mimana (任那), a name with considerable present-day political connotations. However, another word called "Kara (から)" was used when alluding to ancient Korea, a word that is believed to have derived from the alternate spelling of Gaya, Gara (加羅) which

2600-728: The Kansai Kabun Jihō , published in Chinese and Japanese, is based in the Osaka area. During his time in office, former Tokyo governor Shintaro Ishihara publicly used controversial terms such as sangokujin to refer to Taiwanese Benshengren staying illegally in Japan, and implied that they might engage in rioting and looting in the aftermath of a disaster. I referred to the "many sangokujin who entered Japan illegally." I thought some people would not know that word so I paraphrased it and used gaikokujin , or foreigners. But it

2704-419: The 1988 Seoul Olympics , traveling abroad was further liberalized. When Expo 2005 was held, the Japanese government had a visa waiver program with South Korea for a limited period under the condition that the visitor's purpose was sightseeing or business, and later extended it permanently. Korean enclaves tend to exclude newcomers from existing Korean organizations, especially Mindan , so newcomers have created

2808-708: The Gyeongju Kim clan, which was a prominent noble house in Silla. Political and trade relations with Japan have been a source of controversy in both Korea and Japan. Japanese publicists during the twentieth century looked to the Nihon Shoki , which claims that Gaya (named " Mimana " also "Kara" in Japanese) was a military outpost of Japan during the Yamato period (300–710). While there is no evidence to support this,

2912-944: The Han Chinese , the main ethnic group living in China (PRC) (including Hong Kong and Macau SARs ), Taiwan (ROC) and Singapore . Officially, China (PRC) is home to 55 additional ethnic minorities , including people such as Tibetans , though these people might not self-identify as Chinese. Han Chinese people have had a long history in Japan as a minority . Most Chinese people, or descendants of Chinese immigrants, who are living in Japan reside in major cities such as Osaka , Yokohama , and Tokyo , although there are increasingly also significant populations in other areas as government immigration policies increasingly attract workers to 'training programs', universities seek increasing numbers of international students and Chinese people see business opportunities. Japan's first recognised Chinatown

3016-683: The Japanese Red Cross began to receive official support from the Japanese government as early as 1956. A North Korean-sponsored repatriation programme with support of the Chōsen Sōren (The General Association of Korean Residents in Japan) officially began in 1959. In April 1959, Gorō Terao   [ Wikidata ] ( 寺尾 五郎 Terao Gorō ), a political activist and historian of the Japanese Communist Party , published

3120-622: The Jeju uprising in 1948. The Yeosu-Suncheon rebellion also increased the illegal immigration to Japan. It is estimated that between 1946 and 1949, 90% of illegal immigrants to Japan were Koreans. During the Korean War , Korean immigrants came to Japan to avoid torture or murder at the hands of dictator Syngman Rhee 's forces (e.g., in the Bodo League massacre ). Fishers and brokers helped immigrants enter Japan through Tsushima Island . In

3224-481: The Kingdom of Wa . In contrast to the largely commercial and non-political ties of Byeonhan, Gaya polities seem to have attempted to maintain strong political ties with those kingdoms as well. Several ancient historical records list a number of polities of Gaya. For example, Goryeo Saryak ( 고려사략 ; 高麗史略 ) lists five: Geumgwan Gaya , Goryeong Gaya , Bihwa Gaya , Ara Gaya , and Seongsan Gaya . Traditionally,

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3328-519: The Korean Peninsula , the North was initially a far more popular destination for repatriation than the South. Approximately 70,000 Zainichi repatriated to North Korea during a two-year period from 1960 through 1961. However, as word came back of difficult conditions in the North and with the 1965 normalization of Japan-South Korea relations , the popularity of repatriation to the North dropped sharply, though

3432-698: The Ming dynasty and Edo Japan . Zhu remains the best remembered of the Ming political refugees in Tokugawa Japan and the one who contributed most to Japanese education and intellectual history. One of the most well-known Chinese folk heroes was the Ming loyalist Koxinga , who conquered the island of Taiwan from the hands of the Dutch , in order to establish the Tungning Kingdom , the last remnant of

3536-514: The Ministry of Justice , 410,156 South Koreans and 24,305 North Koreans ( 朝鮮人 , Chōsen-jin , meaning Koreans in Japanese) were registered as permanent or non-permanent residents of Japan in 2023. Below, two statistics on the numbers of foreign residents living in Japan are displayed, one map and one chart: The modern flow of Koreans to Japan started with the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1876 and increased dramatically after 1920. During World War II,

3640-593: The Sabi Conferences (泗沘會議), which were participated in by seven countries including Ara. However, Ara still did not fully trust in Baekje. As a result of the conference, Gaya attacked Goguryeo alongside the Silla-Baekje alliance and acquired Seoul. In this attack, Baekje was betrayed by Silla and Gaya was also absorbed by Silla. Polities were situated in the alluvial flats of tributary river valleys and

3744-456: The Samhan confederacies. The loosely organized chiefdoms resolved into six Gaya groups, centered on Geumgwan Gaya. Based on archaeological sources and the limited written records, scholars have identified the late 3rd century as a period of transition from Byeonhan to Gaya, noting increasing military activity and changing funerary customs. This transition was also associated with the replacement of

3848-622: The San Francisco Peace Treaty , in which Japan formally abandoned its territorial claim to the Korean Peninsula, and as a result, Zainichi Koreans formally lost their Japanese nationality. The division on the Korean Peninsula led to division among Koreans in Japan. Mindan , the Korean Residents Union in Japan, was set up in 1946 as a pro-South offshoot of Chōren (League of Koreans in Japan),

3952-575: The Sanzan period at the invitation of the Ryukyuan kings; these were high level royal advisors who lived in the village of Kumemura , for example, claim to all be descended from Chinese immigrants. During the Manchu conquest of China , many Chinese refugees would again flee to Japan to escape Manchu rule. For example, the Chinese scholar, Zhu Zhiyu , was one of the greatest scholars of Confucianism in

4056-582: The Shinsen Shōjiroku (815), 176 Chinese aristocratic families lived in the Kinai area of Honshu , around the modern-day Kansai region. These immigrant clans were referred to as Toraijin (渡来人). Sakanoue no Tamuramaro (坂上 田村麻呂, 758 – June 17, 811) was a court noble , general and shōgun of the early Heian period of Japan . According to the Shoku Nihongi , an official historical record,

4160-718: The Wajin of Japan claimed to be descendants of Taibo of Wu , traditionally believed to be the founder of Wu . Several scholars in Japan suggested that the Yamato people and the Imperial House of Japan are descendants of the Wu and possibly Taibo. Many Japanese historians also link the early Japanese Yayoi people to the Baiyue tribes that also include the Wu people. A Chinese legend of uncertain provenance states that Xu Fu ,

4264-802: The Yangtze River Delta in ancient China. This is supported by archeological research and bones found in modern southeastern China and western Japan. According to several Japanese historians, the Yayoi and their ancestors, the Wajin , originated in the today Yunnan province in southern China. Suwa Haruo considered Wa-zoku (Wajin) to be part of the Baiyue (百越). It is estimated that Yayoi people mainly belonged to Y-DNA Haplogroup O-M176 (O1b2) (today ~36%), Haplogroup O-M122 (O2, formerly O3) (today ~23%) and Haplogroup O-M119 (O1) (today ~4%), which are typical for East- and Southeast-Asians. Mitsuru Sakitani suggests that haplogroup O1b2, which

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4368-920: The Yokohama Chinese School in 1898. In 1952 it split into the mainland-aligned Yokohama Yamate Chinese School and the ROC-aligned Yokohama Overseas Chinese School . The Kobe Chinese School is also oriented towards mainland China. The Osaka Chinese School is located in Naniwa-ku, Osaka . There is also the Tokyo Chinese School . The Chūnichi Shinpo , a biweekly paper, is published in Chinese and Japanese. The Chūbun and Zhongwen Dabao , both weekly newspapers, and about 28 other Chinese newspapers are published in Tokyo. In addition

4472-578: The last Gaya polities remained independent until they were conquered by Silla in 562, as punishment for assisting Baekje in a war against Silla. In 529, Silla destroyed Takgitan Gaya(啄己呑國) under the pretext of its alliance with Daegaya and took half of Taksun Gaya(卓淳國)'s territory. This led Daegaya to distrust the Gaya and begin uniting around the Ara Gaya , which was maintaining a strong power. In order to escape interference between Baekje and Silla in Gaya,

4576-457: The 1950s, Japan Coast Guard secured the border with Korea, but apprehending illegal immigrants was difficult because they were armed, while Japan Coast Guard was not due to the terms of the surrender of Japan after World War II. During this period, one-fifth of the immigrants were arrested. In Official Correspondence of 1949, Shigeru Yoshida , the prime minister of Japan, proposed the deportation of all Zainichi Koreans to Douglas MacArthur ,

4680-447: The 1970s, even after it had categorically and fiercely denied for many years that the abductions had ever taken place and dismissed rumors of North Korean involvement as an allegedly "racist fantasy". Some of the recent drop in membership of Chongryon is attributed to ordinary members of Chongryon who may have believed in the party line feeling deeply humiliated and disillusioned upon discovering that they had been used as mouthpieces to deny

4784-529: The American Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers , and said the Japanese government would pay all of the cost. Yoshida stated that it was unfair for Japan to purchase food for illegal Zainichi Koreans, claiming that they did not contribute to the Japanese economy and that they supposedly committed political crimes by cooperating with communists. Immediately following the end of World War II, there were roughly 2.4 million Koreans in Japan;

4888-588: The Ara Gaya invited Silla, Baekje, and Japan to hold the Anra Conference(安羅會議). Although they wanted to pressure Silla through the meeting to rebuild the Takgitan Gaya(啄己呑國) and raise the international status of Anra, Baekje preferred strong diplomacy and Silla was not interested in it. Although Japan was pro-Anra Gaya, it was unable to help due to internal problems. In 541 and 544, Baekje led

4992-537: The Gaya Confederacy enjoyed good relations with Japan and Baekje, such as when the three states allied against Goguryeo and Silla in the Goguryeo-Wa War . Records indicate Gaya would, alongside Baekje, regularly send economic, cultural, and technological aid to Japan in exchange for military and political aid, as the Yamato court desired technological progress and cultural advancement while Baekje and

5096-404: The Gaya states desired Japan's military aid in their wars against Silla and Goguryeo. The various Gaya polities formed a confederacy in the 2nd and 3rd centuries that was centered on the heartland of Geumgwan Gaya in modern Gimhae . After a period of decline, the confederacy was revived around the turn of the 5th and 6th centuries, this time centered on Daegaya of modern Goryeong . However, it

5200-551: The Japanese government tried to reduce the number of Koreans immigrating to Japan. To accomplish this, the Japanese government devoted resources to the Korean peninsula . In 1939, the Japanese government introduced the National Mobilization Law and conscripted Koreans to deal with labor shortages due to World War II . In 1944, the Japanese authorities extended the mobilization of Japanese civilians for labor on

5304-480: The Japanese, but instead forced to become slaves. During the Ming dynasty , Japan became decentralized without a central government and with many local daimyo reigning the country, in what would be called the Sengoku Period. Many of these daimyo encouraged Chinese immigration to Japan due to their skills and boost to the local economy. Many Chinese communities would be established in Japan, especially on

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5408-400: The Korean peninsula. Of the 5,400,000 Koreans conscripted, about 670,000 were taken to mainland Japan (including Karafuto Prefecture , present-day Sakhalin , now part of Russia ) for civilian labor. Those who were brought to Japan were forced to work in factories, in mines, and as laborers, often under appalling conditions. About 60,000 are estimated to have died between 1939 and 1945. Most of

5512-677: The Mongols in their later attempted invasions of Japan. During the second Mongol invasion of Japan , many Chinese soldiers landed in Japan. After the Mongol defeat, the Japanese defenders killed all the Koreans , Mongols , and Jurchen soldiers they found, except for the Southern Chinese, who the Japanese felt had been coerced by the Mongols into joining the attack on Japan. The Southern Chinese soldiers were spared from being killed by

5616-634: The North Korean government. In 1965, Japan concluded a Treaty on Basic Relations with the Republic of Korea and recognized the South Korean government as the only legitimate government of the peninsula. Those Koreans in Japan who did not apply for South Korean citizenship kept Chōsen-seki which did not give them citizenship of any nation. Starting in 1980, South Korea allowed its students to study abroad freely; starting in 1987, people older than forty-four were allowed to travel abroad. One year after

5720-708: The PRC-oriented schools are called tairiku-kei , and the ROC-oriented schools are taiwan-kei . The ROC-oriented schools teach Traditional Chinese and Bopomofo while the mainland-oriented schools teach Simplified Chinese and Hanyu Pinyin . The ROC-oriented schools, by 2008, also began teaching Simplified Chinese. As of 1995 most teachers at these schools are ethnic Chinese persons who were born in Japan. By that year there were increasing numbers of Japanese families sending their children to Chinese schools. Other students at Chinese schools are Japanese with mixed Chinese-Japanese parentage, Japanese children with Chinese parents, and returnees from abroad. Sun Yat-sen established

5824-468: The Sakanoue clan is descended from Emperor Ling of Han China . The Sakanoue clan's family tree shows that Tamuramaro is a 14th-generation descendant of Ling. During the Mongol invasions of China , many Chinese refugees fled to Japan. Some of these Chinese refugees became immensely powerful, for example, Mugaku Sogen , a Chinese Zen Buddhist who fled to Japan after the fall of the Song dynasty . After fleeing Japan, Mugaku Sogen became an advisor to

5928-419: The United States government was initially unaware of Tokyo's cooperation with the repatriation programme, they offered no objection after they were informed of it; the US ambassador to Japan was quoted by his Australian counterpart as describing the Koreans in Japan as, "a poor lot including many Communists and many criminals". Despite the fact that 97% of the Zainichi Koreans originated from the southern half of

6032-478: The assistance of the Japanese government, bringing along their Chinese spouses and children. Chinese restaurants in Japan serve a fairly distinct style of Chinese cuisine . Though in the past Chinese cuisine would have been primarily available in Chinatowns such as those in port cities of Kobe , Nagasaki , or Yokohama , Japanese-style Chinese cuisine is now commonly available all over Japan. As Japanese restaurants often specialise in just one sort of dish, cuisine

6136-405: The book, North of the 38th Parallel (Japanese: 38度線の北 ), in which he praised North Korea for its rapid development and humanitarianism . Following its publication, numbers of returnees skyrocketed. The Japanese government was in favour of repatriation as a way to rid the country of ethnic minority residents that were discriminated against and regarded as incompatible with Japanese culture. Though

6240-449: The city-states of Byeonhan evolved into the Gaya confederacy, which was later annexed by Silla , one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea . The individual polities that made up the Gaya confederacy have been characterized as small city-states. The material culture remains of Gaya culture mainly consist of burials and their contents of mortuary goods that have been excavated by archaeologists. Archaeologists interpret mounded burial cemeteries of

6344-432: The claim has nonetheless been advocated at various times by Japanese imperialists , nationalists and press to justify the Japanese colonial rule of Korea between 19th and 20th centuries. Archaeological evidence suggests that Gaya polities were the main exporter of technology and culture to Kyushu at that time. The theory of a Japanese outpost is widely rejected in Korea and Japan as there were no Japanese local groups at

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6448-412: The crimes of the North Korean government. In March 2006, police raided six Chongryon-related facilities in an investigation into the circumstances surrounding the June 1980 disappearance of one of the alleged abductees, Tadaaki Hara. Police spokesmen said that the head of Chongryon at the time was suspected of co-operating in his kidnapping. The operation of the Mangyongbong-92 (currently suspended),

6552-467: The descendants of Qin Shi Huang. According to a study conducted in 2021, a large number of East Asian people with ancestry mainly resembling Han people arrived in Japan around 300 AD during the Kofun period . This group is responsible for 71% of the ancestry in the modern Japanese population. In 499 CE, a Chinese Buddhist missionary Hui Shen , paid visit to an island east of China known as Fusang , typically identified with modern-day Japan, which

6656-698: The early 1980s. Well into at least the 1970s, Chongryon was the dominant Zainichi group, and in some ways remains more politically significant today in Japan. However, the widening disparity between the political and economic conditions of the two Koreas has since made Mindan , the pro-South Korean group, the larger and less politically controversial faction. 65% of Zainichi are now said to be affiliated to Mindan. The number of pupils receiving ethnic education from Chongryon-affiliated schools has declined sharply, with many, if not most, Zainichi now opting to send their children to mainstream Japanese schools. Some Chongryon schools have been closed for lack of funding, and there

6760-460: The failed Tokyo Chogin credit union  [ ja ] . In 2002, Shotaro Tochigi, deputy head of the Public Security Investigation Agency , told a session of the House of Representatives Financial Affairs Committee that the agency was investigating Chongryon for suspected illicit transfers of funds to the North. The image of Chongryon was further tarnished by North Korea's surprise 2002 admission that it had indeed abducted Japanese nationals in

6864-419: The fallen Ming dynasty, where he could continue to fight against the Manchu invaders of China. Despite being a Chinese folk hero, Koxinga was actually born in Japan, to a Chinese merchant father and a Japanese mother. Koxinga is still worshiped as a folk deity, especially in Fujian and Taiwan . During the Meiji and Taisho eras, it is estimated that up to 100,000 Chinese students came to study in Japan. Japan

6968-478: The immigrants consisted of farmers from the southern part of Korea. The number of Koreans in Japan in 1930 was more than ten times greater than that of 1920, reaching 419,000. However, the jobs they could get on the mainland of Japan were curtailed by open discrimination and largely limited to physical labor due to their poor education; they usually worked alongside other groups of ethnic minorities subject to discrimination, such as burakumin . Before World War II ,

7072-409: The immigrants, they were generally absorbed into Japanese society and are not considered a distinct modern group. According to the Nihon Kōki historical text, in 814, six people, including a Silla man called Karanunofurui ( Korean :  가라포고이 , Japanese: 加羅布古伊; presumed to be of gaya descent) became naturalized in Japan's Minokuni (美濃國) region. Some Koreans entered Japan in captivity as

7176-508: The island of Kyushu . Many Chinese pirates would set up their bases in Japan in order to launch raid and attacks on mainland China as part of the wokou . For example, the powerful Chinese pirate, Wang Zhi , who became known as the "king of the wokou", established his base of operation in Japanese islands, in order to launch raids against the Ming government. Many of the Chinese pirates were supported by Japanese daimyo themselves. Chinese people are also known to have settled in Okinawa during

7280-417: The lack of a single, unified government on the Korean Peninsula, Koreans were provisionally registered under the name of Joseon ( 조선 , Japanese: Chōsen , 朝鮮 ), the old name of undivided Korea. In 1948, the northern and southern parts of Korea declared independence individually, making Joseon , or the old undivided Korea, a defunct nation. The new government of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) made

7384-409: The late 20th century, influenced by both domestic advocacy by human rights groups and international pressure. Zainichi today have established a stable presence in Japan after years of activism. Through Mintohren , community support by Zainichi organizations (Mindan and Chongryon , among others), other minority groups ( Ainu , burakumin , Ryūkyūans , Nivkhs , and others), and sympathetic Japanese,

7488-743: The late third and early fourth centuries such as Daeseong-dong in Gimhae and Bokcheon-dong in Busan as the royal burial grounds of Gaya polities. Although most commonly referred to as Gaya ( 가야 ; 加耶; 伽耶l; 伽倻 ; [kaja] ), probably due to the imprecision of transcribing Korean words into hanja , historical sources use a variety of names, including Garak ( 가락 ; 駕洛; 迦落 ; [kaɾak] ), Gara ( 가라 ; 加羅; 伽羅; 迦羅; 柯羅 ; [kaɾa] ), Garyang ( 가량 ; 加良 ; [kaɾjaŋ] ), and Guya ( 구야 ; 狗耶 ; [kuja] ). According to Christopher I. Beckwith , "The spelling Kaya

7592-686: The later wave of Korean migrants who came mostly in the 1980s, and from pre-modern immigrants dating back to antiquity who may themselves be the ancestors of the Japanese people. The Japanese word "Zainichi" itself means a foreign citizen "staying in Japan", and implies temporary residence. Nevertheless, the term "Zainichi Korean" is used to describe settled permanent residents of Japan, both those who have retained their Joseon or North Korean / South Korean nationalities, and even sometimes includes Japanese citizens of Korean descent who acquired Japanese nationality by naturalization or by birth from one or both parents who have Japanese citizenship. According to

7696-405: The law wasn't repealed until 1993. Until then, Zainichi Koreans could not escape from the social discrimination which they had faced in Japanese society. Furthermore, it was hard for the Zainichi Koreans to get a job due to discrimination. Zainichi Koreans were often forced into low-wage labor, lived in segregated communities, and faced barriers to their cultural and social practices. Especially, it

7800-469: The main Korean residents' organisation, which had a socialist ideology. Following the May Day riots of 1952 , the pro-North organisation was made illegal, but it re-formed under various guises and went on to form the "General Association of Korean Residents in Japan", or Chongryon , in 1955. This organisation kept to its socialist, and by extension pro-North stance, and enjoyed the active financial support of

7904-507: The majority of Chinese people in Japan live outside Chinatowns in the regular community. The communities are served by Chinese schools that teach the Chinese language . The Chinese community has undergone a dramatic change since the PRC allowed more freedom of movement of its citizens, but citizens of Taiwan (ROC), Singapore and Hong Kong nationality are not counted in these figures. A study that

8008-539: The majority repatriated to their ancestral homes in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula, leaving only 650,000 in Japan by 1946. Japan's defeat in the war and the end of its colonization of the Korean Peninsula and Taiwan left the nationality status of Koreans and Taiwanese in an ambiguous position in terms of law. The Alien Registration Ordinance  [ ja ] ( 外国人登録令 , Gaikokujin-tōroku-rei ) of 2 May 1947 ruled that Koreans and some Taiwanese were to be provisionally treated as foreign nationals. Given

8112-487: The mouth of the Nakdong. In particular, the mouth of the Nakdong has fertile plains, direct access to the sea, and rich iron deposits. Gaya polities had economies that were based on agriculture , fishing , casting , and long-distance trade . They were particularly known for its iron-working, as Byeonhan had been before it. Gaya polities exported abundant quantities of iron ore, iron armor, and other weaponry to Baekje and

8216-538: The operation of the Mangyongbong-92 . Outraged senior Mindan officials joined mainstream Japanese politicians and media in sharply criticizing Chongryon's silence over the matter. During the post-World War II period, Zainichi Koreans faced various kinds of discrimination from Japanese society. Due to the San Francisco Peace Treaty , the Japanese government created laws to support Japanese citizens by giving financial support, providing shelters, etc. However, after

8320-464: The parts used by North Korea to construct its missiles were brought from Japan aboard the ship. In May 2006, Chongryon and the pro-South Mindan agreed to reconcile, only for the agreement to break down the following month. North Korea's missile tests in July 2006 deepened the divide, with Chongryon refusing to condemn the missile tests, expressing only its regret that the Japanese government has suspended

8424-613: The previous elite in some principalities (including Daegaya) by elements from the Buyeo kingdom , which brought a more militaristic ideology and style of rule. After the Eight Port Kingdoms War(浦上八國 亂)(209~212) between Silla and Gaya, Gaya was influenced by Silla's southeast peninsular hegemony, but diplomatically utilized the influence of Baekje and Japan to maintain independence. The Gaya Confederacy disintegrated under pressure from Goguryeo between 391 and 412, although

8528-600: The proto-Japanese migrated to the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelago . According to linguist, Alexander Vovin , the urheimat of the Japonic languages may have been located in Southern China . Japanese linguist, Miyamoto Kazuo, instead has suggested a homeland further north in China, around modern Liaoning . Ambassadorial visits to Japan by the later Chinese dynasties Wei and Jin recorded that

8632-548: The result of the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty , Japan annexed Korea, and all Korean people became part of the nation of the Empire of Japan by law and received Japanese citizenship. In the 1920s, the demand for labor in Japan was high while Koreans had difficulty finding jobs in the Korean peninsula . As a result, thousands of Koreans migrated or were recruited to work in industries like coal mining. A majority of

8736-647: The social atmosphere for Zainichi in Japan has improved. There are also Koreans living in Japan who try to present themselves as Japanese to avoid discrimination. Most younger Zainichi now speak only Japanese, go to Japanese schools, work for Japanese firms, and increasingly marry Japanese people. Most naturalization occurs among the young during the period when they seek formal employment or marriage. Those who have already established their lives increasingly do not choose to retain their South Korean or Joseon nationality or heritage and lead average lives alongside other Japanese. This, as well as marriage to Japanese nationals,

8840-679: The southern Korean Peninsula . According to Vovin, these "Peninsular Japonic languages" were replaced by Koreanic-speakers (possibly belonging to the Han-branch ). The later Gaya language likely belonged to the Koreanic Han languages . The genetic diversity in the Gaya Kingdom region is linked to Jomon-related ancestry. According to a legend written in the Samguk yusa in the 13th century, six eggs descended from heaven in

8944-455: The then ruler of Japan, Hōjō Tokimune . The Chinese refugees who fled the Mongols warned the Japanese that the Mongols would also intend to invade Japan. Mugaku Sogen gave a bad report to Tokimune about the barbarity and cruelty of the Mongols after witnessing Mongol soldiers killing his fellow monks at a monastery. This encouraged Tokimune to not pay tribute to the Mongols as the emissaries Kublai Khan sent to Japan demanded, and instead resist

9048-429: The treaty was signed, Zainichi Koreans were no longer counted as Japanese citizens, so they were unable to get any support from the government. They were unable to get an insurance certificate from the government, so it was difficult for them to get any medical care. Without medical insurance, Zainichi Koreans were unable to go to the hospital since the cost of medication was too high. Another problem caused by this treaty

9152-564: The trickle of returnees to the North continued as late as 1984. In total, 93,340 people migrated from Japan to North Korea under the repatriation programme; an estimated 6,000 were Japanese migrating with Korean spouses . Around one hundred such repatriates are believed to have later escaped from North Korea ; the most famous is Kang Chol-Hwan , who published a book about his experience, The Aquariums of Pyongyang . One returnee who later defected back to Japan, known only by his Japanese pseudonym Kenki Aoyama, worked for North Korean intelligence as

9256-404: The two nations. Japan's aging population and labor shortages in certain industries have created demand for foreign workers, including Koreans. Many Korean nationals have sought employment opportunities in sectors such as manufacturing, technology, healthcare, and hospitality, contributing to Japan's workforce and economy. Repatriation of Zainichi Koreans from Japan conducted under the auspices of

9360-840: The wartime laborers returned home after the war, but some elected to remain in Japan. 43,000 of those in Karafuto, which had been occupied by the Soviet Union just before Japan's surrender, were refused repatriation to either mainland Japan or the Korean Peninsula, and were thus trapped in Sakhalin, stateless; they became the ancestors of the Sakhalin Koreans . Koreans entered Japan illegally post-World War II due to an unstable political and economic situation in Korea, with 20,000 to 40,000 Koreans fleeing Syngman Rhee 's forces during

9464-421: The year AD 42 with a message that they would be kings. Six boys were born and matured within 12 days. One of them, named Suro , became the king of Geumgwan Gaya , and the other five founded the remaining five Gayas: Daegaya , Seongsan Gaya, Ara Gaya , Goryeong Gaya , and Sogaya. The Gaya polities evolved out of the chiefly political structures of the twelve tribes of the ancient Byeonhan confederacy , one of

9568-547: Was a Korean confederacy of territorial polities in the Nakdong River basin of southern Korea , growing out of the Byeonhan confederacy of the Samhan period. The traditional period used by historians for Gaya chronology is AD 42–532. Geumgwan Gaya , the ruling state of the confederacy, was conquered in 532, but Daegaya only fell in 562. According to archaeological evidence in the third and fourth centuries some of

9672-416: Was a newspaper holiday so the news agencies consciously picked up the sangokujin part, causing the problem. ... After World War II, when Japan lost, the Chinese of Taiwanese origin and people from the Korean Peninsula persecuted, robbed and sometimes beat up Japanese. It's at that time the word was used, so it was not derogatory. Rather we were afraid of them. ... There's no need for an apology. I

9776-470: Was accompanied by immigration from Korea is debated (see Origin of the Yayoi people ). In the later Kofun (250–538 CE) and Asuka (538–710 CE) periods, there was some flow of people from the Korean Peninsula, both as immigrants and long-term visitors, notably a number of clans in the Kofun period (see Kofun period Korean migration ). While some families today can ultimately trace their ancestry to

9880-852: Was both closer to China culturally and in distance than the American and European alternatives. It was also much cheaper. In 1906 alone, more than six thousand Chinese students were in Japan. Most of them resided in the district of Kanda in Tokyo. The term shin-kakyō (新華僑) refers to people of Chinese descent who immigrated to Japan from Taiwan and mainland China . Many famous Chinese intellectuals and political figures have studied in Japan, among them Sun Yat-sen , Zhou Zuoren , Lu Xun , Zhou Enlai and Chiang Kai-shek . The industrial "training scheme" used to bring Chinese workers to Japan has been criticized by lawyers as exploitation, after several deaths. Many Japanese war orphans left behind in China after World War II have migrated to Japan with

9984-652: Was conducted in 1995 estimated that the Chinese population of Japan numbered 150,000, among whom between 50,000 and 100,000 could speak Chinese. In 2000, Japanese governmental statistics revealed that there were 335,575 Chinese people in Japan. Current demographic statistics reveal that these numbers have reached over 600,000 legal immigrants, although there is probably also a significant population, although of unknown number, of undocumented immigrants . A significant number of Chinese people take Japanese citizenship each year and therefore disappear from these figures. As Japanese citizenship, like France, does not record ethnicity, once

10088-561: Was described in the 7th-century Liang Shu . Master Jianzhen came to Japan in 754 CE, he helped to propagate Buddhism in Japan and introduce the Vinaya with the establishment of Ritsu School . Emperor Shōmu and Empress Kōmyō received their ordination from him and he also established Tōshōdai-ji , he is also an important conductor of Chinese culture with the introduction of Traditional Chinese medicine , Chinese calligraphy and other Tang era cultural relics into Japan. According to

10192-519: Was in Nagasaki, developing in the 1680s when economic prerogatives meant that the shogunate needed to restrict and control trade to a greater extent than previously. Before this, there had been a large number of Chinese communities in the west of the country, made up of pirates, merchants, and people who fitted into both categories. In the 19th century, the well-known Chinatowns of Yokohama and Kobe developed, and they are still thriving today, although

10296-474: Was inadequate, and access to public services like healthcare and education was severely limited. Korean children faced bullying and discrimination in schools, which often led to high dropout rates and limited their educational and, subsequently, economic opportunities. Despite these adversities, the Zainichi community has fought for their rights and has seen gradual improvements in their status in Japan. Changes in legal and social recognition began to emerge towards

10400-438: Was surprised that there was a big reaction to my speech. In order not to cause any misunderstanding, I decided I will no longer use that word. It is regrettable that the word was interpreted in the way it was. This is a list of Chinese expatriates in Japan and Japanese citizens of Chinese descent. Gaya confederacy Gaya ( Korean :  가야 ; Hanja :  加倻 ; Korean pronunciation: [ka.ja] )

10504-719: Was that the Japanese government created a law which stated that Korean residents in Japan had to be fingerprinted since Zainichi Koreans had two names (their original name and a name given by the Japanese government). Under this law, Zainichi Koreans had to reveal their identity to the public because when they visited the city hall to provide their fingerprints, their neighbors found out that they were Zainichi Koreans. Therefore, Zainichi Koreans were forced to reveal their identity to Japanese and faced discrimination from them. This made their lives even more difficult. In order to protect themselves, many Zainichi Koreans protested against this law. Mindan and many Zainichi Koreans opposed this law, but

10608-681: Was the Sillan General Kim Yu-sin who played a critical role in the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea . Kim was the great-grandchild of King Guhae of Geumgwan Gaya, the last ruler of the Geumgwan Gaya state. As a result, Kim was given the rank of "true bone" which was the second highest rank one could attain, in part because the royal family of Geungwan Gaya, the Gimhae Kim clan were intermarried with

10712-407: Was unable to defend itself against the incursions and attacks of the neighboring kingdom of Silla . Eventually, all of the Gaya Confederacy was absorbed into Silla. After the fall of the Gaya Confederacy, many of the nobility and elite of the confederated states were integrated into the ranks of Silla's bone-rank system including the royal houses of the defeated Gaya Confederacy. One such example

10816-590: Was very hard for Zainichi Koreans to become public employees since Japan only let Japanese nationals become public employees at that time. Even of those who were able to secure jobs, many ended up working in coal mines, construction sites, and factories under harsh conditions that were markedly worse than those endured by their Japanese counterparts. The disparity was not limited to wages alone; Koreans also faced longer working hours and were subjected to physical abuse by supervisors who enforced strict discipline to maximize productivity. Since many Zainichi Koreans could not get

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