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35-612: The Zakatal okrug was a special administrative district ( okrug ) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire , part of the Tiflis Governorate from 1893 to 1905. The administrative centre of the district was Zakataly (present-day Zaqatala ), and it corresponded to most of the contemporary districts of Balakan , Zaqatala and Qax of Azerbaijan . The Zakatal okrug was established from

70-711: A Gornye magaly ( lit.   ' mountain quarters ' ) district "along the headwaters of the Samur ", however, it was dissolved in 1860. There was also a Belokanskiy prefecture ( Белоканский участок ) prior to 1912. According to the Russian Empire Census , the Zakatal okrug —then part of the Tiflis Governorate—had a population of 84,224 on 28 January [ O.S. 15 January] 1897, including 45,418 men and 38,806 women. The plurality of

105-623: A municipal district. The Republic of Serbia is divided into twenty-nine okrugs as well as the City of Belgrade . The term okrug in Serbia is often translated as either district or county . Russian Empire Census The Russian Empire census , formally the First general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897 , was the first and only nation-wide census performed in

140-405: A two-volume summary, were issued. The questionnaire contained the following questions: In the census summary tables, nationality was based on the declared primary language of respondents. The total population of the Russian Empire was recorded to be 125,640,021 people, 62,477,348 or 49.73% of whom were men and 63,162,673 or 50.27% were women—the median age was 21.16 years. Largest cities of

175-417: A type of municipal formation. In Tver Oblast , the term okrug also denotes a type of an administrative division which is equal in status to that of the districts. Furthermore, the designation okrug denotes several selsoviet -level administrative divisions: In some cities, the term okrug is used to refer to the administrative divisions of those cities. Administrative okrugs are such divisions in

210-623: The obwody by powiat s. Okrugs were one of the several types of administrative division for oblasts and selected governorates in Imperial Russia . Until the 1920s, okrugs were administrative districts in Cossack hosts such as the Don Cossacks . Inherited from Imperial Russia, in the 1920s, okrugs were administrative divisions of several other primary divisions such as oblasts , krais , and others. For some time in

245-543: The Arkhangelsk and Tobolsk governorates has been preserved, and the census for portions of several other governorates is also extant. The results may have been influenced by national policy of the authorities: the population of Russian ethnicity was somewhat exaggerated. Thus for example, the number of Poles is underrepresented. Imperial officials classified the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages as belonging to

280-523: The Georgia-Imeretia Governorate , two years after it was renamed to Jaro-Belokan. The autonomous status of the district was confirmed in 1846, leading to its renaming to Zakataly in 1860 and its placement into the temporary administration of Dagestan during which its administration was organised into a military council, of which the chief was the head of the district, concurrently with Dagestan. In 1881, an independent administration

315-582: The Mountain ASSR of the Russian SFSR in 1921 as units of the Soviet autonomy and additional national okrugs were created in the Russian SFSR for the peoples of the north and Caucasus region. In 1977, all national okrugs were renamed autonomous okrugs. In the present-day Russian Federation , the term okrug is either translated as district or rendered directly as okrug , and is used to describe

350-690: The Russian Empire . The census recorded demographic data as of 9 February 1897 [ O.S. 28 January]; with a population of 125,640,021, it made Russia the world's third-most populated country at the time, after the British and Qing empires . Although the census was performed in most of the empire, no enumeration was done in the Grand Duchy of Finland . The census revealed the social class, native language, religion, and profession of citizens, which were aggregated to yield district and provincial totals. The data processing took eight years; publishing

385-591: The 1920s they also served as the primary unit upon the abolishment of guberniyas and were divided into raions . On 30 July 1930 most of the okrugs were abolished. The remaining okrugs were phased out in the Russian SFSR during 1930–1946, although they were retained in Zakarpattia Oblast of the Ukrainian SSR in a status equivalent to that of a raion. National okrugs were first created in

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420-640: The Empire according to the census: Each enumeration form was copied twice, with the three copies filed in the Volost (county) archives, the governorate archives, and the Central Statistical Bureau in St. Petersburg. The copies in St. Petersburg were destroyed after they had been tabulated. Most of the copies stored locally and regionally have also been destroyed; however, the complete census for

455-566: The Rus' population was then estimated at approximately 10 million people. The population in the Tsardom of Russia under the reign of Peter the Great was about 15 million in 1710. Previous censuses had been recorded for fiscal and military purposes. Until the eighteenth century, population records were sporadic, as in either scribal or census books. Audits began to be carried out at the beginning of

490-532: The Russian group and labeled those nationalities as Little Russian for Ukrainians and White Russian for Belarusians. The census did not contain a question on ethnicity, which was deduced from data on mother tongue, social estate and occupation. There was also a 1916 and 1917 "agricultural census" that was carried out throughout the empire (except in some parts of the Caucasus, Eastern Russia, and Siberia), and

525-483: The administrative-territorial reforms of the 1920s, the Zakataly district was separated into the raions of Balakan , Zagatala , and Gakh . The main occupations of the predominantly Sunni population included cattle breeding, agriculture, viticulture, picking fruits (mainly walnuts), handicrafts and silkworm breeding. The prefectures ( участки , uchastki ) of the Zakatal okrug were: There once existed

560-541: The cities of Murmansk , Omsk , and Tyumen ; city okrugs are used in Krasnodar ; municipal okrugs are the divisions of Nazran ; okrugs exist in Belgorod , Kaluga , Kursk , and Novorossiysk ; and territorial okrugs are the divisions of Arkhangelsk and Lipetsk . The term okrug is also used to describe a type of a municipal formation , the municipal urban okrug—a municipal urban settlement not incorporated into

595-589: The collective owners of the lands in which the Ingiloys and Tatars (later Azerbaijanis ) lived, for which the latter paid tax to them. In 1863, a rumor circulated that the administration of Zakataly was planning to emancipate the Georgians and Tatars from their financial obligations to the Free Jamaats peoples, leading to an anti-Russian uprising of its Dagestani inhabitants . The uprising became elevated by

630-653: The declaration of jihad (holy war) until its suppression by local troops assisted by Tatar volunteers. Following the Russian Revolution , most of the district was incorporated into the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and transformed into the Zaqatala Governorate , despite also being claimed by the neighboring Democratic Republic of Georgia . On account of the dispute, the authorities of both states agreed to resolve

665-461: The eighteenth century, and population censuses became relatively regular. Since 1858, the audit had been replaced by administrative and police registration of the population based on data from family lists. In total, three large administrative and police censuses of the population were carried out—in 1858, 1863, and 1885. Running population registrations – including births, marriages, and deaths – were carried out by religious organisations until 1918. All

700-472: The entire Courland Governorate was enumerated in 1863 and 1881, and in the governorates of Livonia and Estonia in the latter. Registration of the rural population was performed during household and other surveys of zemstvos . In 1871, under the general editorship of the professor of military statistics, Nikolai Obruchev , officers of the General Staff published a military statistical collection,

735-482: The following types of divisions: After the series of mergers in 2005–2008, several autonomous okrugs of Russia lost their federal subject status and are now considered to be administrative territories within the federal subjects they had been merged into: Okrug is also used to describe the administrative divisions of the two " federal cities " in Russia: In the federal city of Sevastopol , municipal okrugs are

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770-676: The four-volume edition of which contained data on the population of Russia as a whole, and was categorised by governorates and okrugs . In 1870, the project for an all-Russian population census was discussed at the First All-Russian Congress of Statisticians, and in 1876, at the eighth session of the International Statistical Congress. On 26 February 1877, the draft of "Regulations on the General National Census", which

805-461: The items mentioned above were characterised by inaccuracy and insufficient completeness. By 1897, significant experience had been accumulated in local, mainly urban, population censuses that had been conducted since the later half of the nineteenth century. Population censuses were performed in separate governorates ( Pskov in 1870 and 1887, Astrakhan in 1873, Akmola in 1877, etc.), in which residents in all cities were enumerated. The population in

840-546: The later part of the Congress Poland period, from 1842, when the name was applied to the former powiats (the name powiat being transferred to the former obwody ). See: subdivisions of Congress Poland . Okręgi were also created temporarily from 1945 to 1946, in the areas annexed to Poland from Germany as a result of the Soviet military advance. An okręg was then subdivided into obwody . These okręgi were later replaced by voivodeships , and

875-727: The population indicated Avar-Andean to be their mother tongue, with significant Tatar, Georgian , and Dargin speaking minorities. According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar , the Zakatal okrug had a population of 92,608 on 14 January [ O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 48,323 men and 44,285 women, 86,128 of whom were the permanent population, and 6,480 were temporary residents: 41°38′01″N 46°38′36″E  /  41.63361°N 46.64333°E  / 41.63361; 46.64333 Okrug Etymologically, okrug literally means ' circuit ', derived from Proto-Slavic * okrǫgъ , in turn from * ob- "around" + * krǫgъ "circle". In meaning,

910-452: The questionnaires. The census was performed during winter as the population was less mobile then. Despite this being the only imperial census, historians are able to estimate the Russian Empire's population during earlier times by collecting city censuses. The data processing required 8 years using Hollerith card machines. Publication of the results started during 1898 and ended in 1905. In total, 119 volumes for 89 guberniyas , as well as

945-589: The results began in 1898 and was completed in 1905. In total, 119 books in 89 volumes were published for 89 governorates in the empire, including a two-volume summary. The next census had been planned for December 1915, but was cancelled due to World War I . It was not rescheduled before the Russian Revolution . The next census in Russia only occurred at the end of 1926 , almost three decades later. Population censuses in Eastern Europe, as well as throughout

980-463: The territorial dispute over Zakatal strictly by peaceful means. A few hundred Armenians remained in the district by 1919 and were harassed by outlaws. Despite the Russian SFSR initially recognising the Zakatal okrug as part of Georgia in the Treaty of Moscow , a mixed commission consisting of Georgians and Azerbaijanis was formed to arbitrate the dispute following the region's sovietisation . During

1015-691: The territories of the erstwhile Free Jamaats of Jar-Balakan , bordering the Tiflis Governorate to the west, the Elizavetpol Governorate to the south and the Dagestan Oblast to the north. The district was the smallest independent (not part of any province or region) administrative unit of the Russian Empire, similarly to the Sukhumi okrug . The district was originally established under the name Belokan in 1842, within

1050-609: The word is similar to the German term Bezirk or Kreis (' district ') and the French word arrondissement ; all of which refer to something "encircled" or "surrounded". In Bulgaria , okrag s are the abolished primary unit of the administrative division and implied "districts" or "counties". They existed in the postwar Bulgaria between 1946 and 1987 and corresponded approximately to today's oblasts . As historical administrative subdivisions of Poland , okręgi existed in

1085-460: The world, were carried out in one form or another throughout the existence of tribes, principalities, kingdoms, kaganates, khanates, kingdoms, empires, and states in order to determine the expected collection of income from subject territories and peoples. In the thirteenth century, the Golden Horde enumerated the population of the Rus' three times—1245, 1257, and 1274; according to censuses,

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1120-466: Was approved by Czar Nicholas II in 1895. The census was performed in two stages. For the first stage (December 1896 — January 1897) the counters (135,000 persons: teachers, priests, and literate soldiers) visited all households and filled in the questionnaires, which were verified by local census managers. For the second stage (9 January 1898 [ O.S. 28 December 1897]) the counters simultaneously visited all households to verify and update

1155-618: Was developed by a commission under the Ministry of Finance , was submitted to the State Council ; however, it was not discussed there, possibly due to the Russo-Turkish War that occurred from 1877 to 1878. In the early 80s of the nineteenth century, the Ministry of Internal Affairs began to receive statements from some zemstvo assemblies and governors about the need to conduct a population census as soon as possible; this

1190-429: Was due to the unbalanced distribution of taxes among peasant families and an increase in arrears in collections from the population. After the famine of 1891–1892 , the question of the obligation to have accurate figures of the population of the empire again arose. The census project was suggested during 1877 by Pyotr Semenov-Tyan-Shansky , a famous Russian geographer and director of the Central Statistical Bureau, and

1225-521: Was introduced. The Zakatal okrug was incorporated into the 'civilian' administration of the Tiflis Governorate from 1893 until 1905 when was removed and placed directly under the Viceroy of the Caucasus. The social structure of the Zakatal okrug was multi-layered in its patriarchal-clans which were involved in "mountain feudalism", which became muddled by growing ethno-nationalism and the social differences they bore. The Free Jamaats (Society) peoples were

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