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90-469: Zanthoxylum is a genus of about 250 species of deciduous and evergreen trees, shrubs and climbers in the family Rutaceae that are native to warm temperate and subtropical areas worldwide. It is the type genus of the tribe Zanthoxyleae in the subfamily Rutoideae . Several of the species have yellow heartwood , to which their generic name alludes. Several species are cultivated for their use as spices, notably including Sichuan pepper . Plants in

180-791: A synonym of Eleutherococcus trifoliatus . The once separate genus Fagara is now included in Zanthoxylum . 28 fossil seeds of the extinct Zanthoxylum kristinae , from the early Miocene , have been found in the Kristina Mine at Hrádek nad Nisou in North Bohemia , the Czech Republic. Many Zanthoxylum species make excellent bonsai and in temperate climates they can be grown quite well indoors. Zanthoxylum beecheyanum and Zanthoxylum piperitum are two species commonly grown as bonsai . Spices are made from

270-497: A ball made from glutinous rice flour. In old Korean tradition, patjuk is believed to have the power to drive evil spirits away. Condiments are divided into fermented and nonfermented variants. Fermented condiments include ganjang , doenjang , gochujang and vinegars. Nonfermented condiments or spices include red pepper, black pepper, cordifolia, mustard, chinensis, garlic, onion, ginger, leek, and scallion (spring onion). Gochujang can be found in many writings. Some of

360-471: A complex interaction of the natural environment and different cultural trends. Korean cuisine is largely based on rice , vegetables , seafood and (at least in South Korea ) meats . Dairy is largely absent from the traditional Korean diet. Traditional Korean meals are named for the number of side dishes ( 반찬 ; 飯饌 ; banchan ) that accompany steam-cooked short-grain rice. Kimchi

450-420: A dip. Gochujang is a common seasoning for foods such as Korean barbecue including pork and beef. One popular snack food that is very commonly eaten with gochujang is bibimbap. Bibimbap includes rice, spinach, radish, bean sprouts. Sometimes beef is added to bibimbap. Another popular dish including gochujang is tteokbokki . Gochujang was believed to revitalize people who were sick with colds or exhaustion during

540-439: A food crop circa 1000–900 BCE. They are still made into dubu ( tofu ), while soybean sprouts are sauteed as a vegetable ( kongnamul ) and whole soybeans are seasoned and served as a side dish. They are also made into soy milk , which is used as the base for the noodle dish called kongguksu . A byproduct of soy milk production is biji or kong-biji , which is used to thicken stews and porridges. Soybeans may also be one of

630-651: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

720-628: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

810-616: A number of species in this genus, including: In Indonesia 's North Sumatra province, Zanthoxylum acanthopodium is harvested for andaliman . In Indonesian Batak cuisine, andaliman is ground and mixed with chilies and seasonings into a green sambal or chili paste. Arsik is a typical Indonesian dish containing andaliman . Zanthoxylum piperitum is harvested in Japan and Korea to produce sanshō ( 山椒 ) or chopi ( 초피 ), which has numbing properties similar to those of Chinese Sichuan peppercorns. In Korean cuisine, chopi

900-468: A part of the Korean diet back to antiquity, similar to beef. A number of foods have been avoided while eating pork, including Chinese bellflower ( doraji , 도라지) and lotus root ( yeonn ppuri , 연뿌리), as the combinations have been thought to cause diarrhea. All parts of the pig are used in Korean cuisine, including the head, intestines, liver, kidney and other internal organs. Koreans utilize these parts in

990-409: A popular dish, and other wild vegetables such as bracken fern shoots ( gosari ) or Korean bellflower root ( doraji ) are also harvested and eaten in season. Traditional medicinal herbs in Korean cuisine, such as ginseng , lingzhi mushroom , wolfberry , Codonopsis pilosula , and Angelica sinensis , are often used as ingredients in cooking, as in samgyetang . Medicinal food ( boyangshik )

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1080-469: A popular ingredient in countless dishes. Raw oysters and other seafood can be used in making kimchi to improve and vary the flavor. Salted baby shrimp are used as a seasoning agent, known as saeujeot , for the preparation of some types of kimchi. Large shrimp are often grilled as daeha gui ( 대하구이 ) or dried, mixed with vegetables and served with rice. Mollusks eaten in Korean cuisine include octopus , cuttlefish , and squid . Korean cuisine uses

1170-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

1260-443: A side dish, blanched and sautéed with sesame oil, garlic, and salt. Ground Nokdu is used to make a porridge called nokdujuk , which is eaten as a nutritional supplement and digestive aid, especially for ill patients. A popular snack, bindaetteok (mung bean pancake), is made with ground nokdu and fresh sukju namul. Starch extracted from ground nokdu is used to make transparent dangmyeon ( cellophane noodles ). The dangmyeons are

1350-403: A single bowl of white rice each year , while the remainder of the year was filled with cheaper grains, such as millet and barley . For the Korean middle and upper classes during the occupation, things were quite different. Western foods began emerging in the Korean diet, such as white bread and commercially produced staples such as precooked noodles. The Japanese occupational period ended after

1440-447: A spicy paste. It typically can be added to most dishes. Gochujang can be used as a seasoning and sometimes as a dipping sauce. Many variations come from jang , fermented bean paste. Some variations can include doenjang (soybean and brine), kanjang (soybeans, water, and salt), chogochujang (gochujang and vinegar), and jeotgal (mixture of other jangs and seafoods). Vegetables such as cucumbers, carrots, and cabbage use gochujang as

1530-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

1620-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

1710-459: A type of po , as with seafood, called eopo . The cattle were valuable draught animals, often seen as equal to human servants, or in some cases, members of the family. Cattle were also given their own holiday during the first 'cow' day of the lunar New Year . The importance of cattle does not suggest Koreans ate an abundance of beef, however, as the cattle were valued as beasts of burden and slaughtering one would create dire issues in farming

1800-479: A variety of cooking methods including steaming, stewing, boiling and smoking. Koreans especially like to eat grilled pork belly, which is called samgyeopsal . Fish and shellfish have been a major part of Korean cuisine because of the oceans bordering the peninsula. Evidence from the 12th century illustrates commoners consumed a diet mostly of fish and shellfish, such as shrimp , clams , oysters , abalone , and loach , while sheep and hogs were reserved for

1890-550: A wide range of temperate climates, the Korean peninsula supports the growth of many cultivated and wild fruit species. Asian pears of numerous varieties, apples, melons and berries and more are typical of summer and fall produce. Legumes have been significant crops in Korean history and cuisine, according to the earliest preserved legumes found in archaeological sites in Korea. The excavation at Okbang site, Jinju , South Gyeongsang Province indicates soybeans were cultivated as

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1980-472: A wide variety of vegetables, which are often served uncooked, either in salads or pickles , as well as cooked in various stews, stir-fried dishes, and other hot dishes. Commonly used vegetables include Korean radish , napa cabbage , cucumber, potato, sweet potato, spinach, bean sprouts, scallions, garlic, chili peppers, seaweed , zucchini , mushrooms, lotus root . Several types of wild greens, known collectively as chwinamul (such as Aster scaber ), are

2070-582: Is a bioactive component of plants from the genus Zanthoxylum , including the Sichuan pepper. Zanthoxylum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the engrailed ( Ectropis crepuscularia ). The following is a list of species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of August 2020: The genus Fagara has been sunk into Zanthoxylum , but as of September 2021, no name seemed to have been provided for

2160-423: Is a chicken ginseng soup traditionally consumed during Boknal ( 복날 ) days: the hottest days of summer. It is a Korean custom to eat hot food in hot weather called Iyeolchiyeol ( 이열치열 ), which means "controlling heat with heat". Consequently, Samgyetang is Koreans' favorite energizing food and it is common to have it on sambok ( 삼복 ) days — Chobok ( 초복 ), Jungbok ( 중복 ) and Malbok ( 말복 ) — which are believed to be

2250-429: Is a wide variety of specialty foods prepared and eaten for their purported medicinal purposes, especially during the hottest 30-day period in the lunar calendar, called sambok . Hot foods consumed are believed to restore ki , as well as sexual and physical stamina lost in the summer heat. Commonly eaten boyangshik include ginseng, chicken, black goat, abalone, eel, carp, beef bone soups, pig kidneys. Samgyetang

2340-469: Is assumed to be that of Mumun period (approximately 1500–300 BCE). Azuki beans are generally eaten as patbap , which is a bowl of rice mixed with the beans, or as a filling and covering for tteok (rice cake) and breads. A porridge made with azuki beans, called patjuk , is commonly eaten during the winter season. On Dongjinal , a Korean traditional holiday which falls on December 22, Korean people eat donji patjuk , which contains saealsim ( 새알심 ),

2430-402: Is derived from Ancient Greek words ξανθός ( xanthos ), meaning 'yellow', and ξύλον ( xylon ), meaning 'wood'. It is technically misspelled, as the z should be x , but botanical nomenclature does not allow for spelling corrections. It refers to a yellow dye made from the roots of some species. The first species that Linnaeus described was Zanthoxylum trifoliatum , now regarded as

2520-612: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

2610-573: Is not an indigenous crop to Korea and millet was likely the preferred grain before rice was cultivated. Rice became the grain of choice during the Three Kingdoms period, particularly in the Silla and Baekje Kingdoms in the southern regions of the peninsula. Rice was such an important commodity in Silla that it was used to pay taxes. The Sino-Korean word for "tax" is a compound character that uses

2700-447: Is often dried naturally to prolong storing periods and enable shipping over long distances. Fish commonly dried include yellow corvina , anchovies ( myeolchi ) and croaker . Dried anchovies, along with kelp, form the basis of common soup stocks. Shellfish is widely eaten in all different types of preparation. They can be used to prepare broth , eaten raw with chogochujang , which is a mixture of gochujang and vinegar, or used as

2790-452: Is often used to accompany fish soups such as chueo-tang , whereas the plant's seeds are separated and used to make oil, and the oil is used as a medicine. The Korean sancho is made from Zanthoxylum schinifolium , which is slightly less bitter than chopi . In Korean cuisine , chopi is often used to accompany fish soups such as chueo-tang . The fruit of Zanthoxylum armatum and Zanthoxylum bungeanum species

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2880-468: Is rice with the bran removed, has been the preferred form of rice since its introduction into the cuisine. The most traditional method of cooking the rice has been to cook it in an iron pot called a sot ( 솥 ) or musoe sot ( 무쇠솥 ). This method of rice cookery dates back to at least the Goryeo period, and these pots have even been found in tombs from the Silla period. The sot is still used today, much in

2970-437: Is served at nearly every meal. Commonly used ingredients include sesame oil , doenjang ( fermented bean paste ), soy sauce , salt, garlic, ginger, gochugaru ( pepper flakes), gochujang (fermented red chili paste) and napa cabbage . Ingredients and dishes vary by province. Many regional dishes have become national. Korean royal court cuisine once brought all of the unique regional specialties together for

3060-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

3150-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

3240-529: Is used to make Sichuan pepper by grinding the husks that surround the berries. In the states of Maharashtra , Karnataka , and Goa in Western India, the dried berries of Zanthoxylum rhetsa are known as teppal or tirphal in Marathi are added to foods such as legumes and fish. The name in both languages means 'three fruits' or 'three pods'. Because the trees bear fruit during the monsoon season,

3330-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

3420-824: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

3510-631: The Joseon dynasty to open its trade ports with the west, and to numerous treaties with the United States, Britain, France, and other Western countries. The opening of Korea to the Western world brought further exchange of culture and food. Western missionaries introduced new ingredients and dishes to Korea. Joseon elites were introduced to these new foods by way of foreigners who attended the royal court as advisers or physicians. This period also saw

3600-580: The Liao River basin of Manchuria. During the Mumun period, people grew millet , barley , wheat , legumes and rice , and continued to hunt and fish. Archaeological remains point to development of fermented beans during this period, and cultural contact with nomadic cultures to the north facilitated domestication of animals. The Three Kingdoms period (57 BCE – 668 CE) was one of rapid cultural evolution. The kingdom of Goguryeo (37 BCE – 668 CE)

3690-575: The Philippines ; these crops included maize , sweet potatoes , chili peppers , tomatoes , peanuts , and squash . Potatoes and sweet potatoes were particularly favored as they grew in soils and on terrains that were previously unused. Government further developed agriculture through technology and lower taxation. Complex irrigation systems built by government allowed peasant farmers to produce larger crop volumes and produce crops not only for sustenance but also as cash crops . Reduced taxation of

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3780-419: The nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

3870-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

3960-452: The Gio period. There have been some studies that show that red peppers fight obesity and diabetes. Gochujang is also added to many foods so that there can be additional nutritional value with each meal. In antiquity, most meat in Korea was likely obtained through hunting and fishing . Ancient records indicate rearing of livestock began on a small scale during the Three Kingdoms period. Meat

4050-536: The Japanese Empire's war efforts. Many Koreans, in turn, increased the production of other grains for their own consumption. Meals during the Japanese occupation were quite varied. Koreans usually ate two meals a day during the cold seasons, and three during the warm seasons. For the lower classes, satiety, rather than quality, was most important. Those in even lower economic levels were likely to enjoy only

4140-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

4230-463: The beans in kongbap , boiled together with several types of beans and other grains, and they are also the primary ingredient in the production of fermented condiments collectively referred to as jang , such as soybean pastes, doenjang and cheonggukjang , a soy sauce called ganjang , chili pepper paste or gochujang and others. Nokdu (Mung bean) is commonly used in Korean cuisine. Sukju namuls (Mung bean sprouts) are often served as

4320-431: The berries are associated with the concurrent Krishna Janmashtami festival. The fresh fruits are parrot green in color and are used as a flavouring agent in many curries made with a paste of coconut, chilis, and other spices. When dried, the flesh of the fruit hardens, turns a brownish black color and opens up to show the black seeds within. The seeds are discarded and the dried fruit is stored in containers for use around

4410-444: The character for the rice plant. The preference for rice escalated into the Joseon period, when new methods of cultivation and new varieties emerged that would help increase production. As rice was prohibitively expensive when it first came to Korea, the grain was likely mixed with other grains to "stretch" the rice; this is still done in dishes such as boribap (rice with barley) and kongbap (rice with beans). White rice, which

4500-588: The city of Jeonju with bibimbap ) either as a place of origin or for a famous regional variety. Restaurants will often use these famous names on their signs or menus (e.g. " Suwon galbi"). Soups are a common part of any Korean meal. Unlike other cultures, in Korean culture, soup is served as part of the main course rather than at the beginning or the end of the meal, as an accompaniment to rice along with other banchan . Soups known as guk are often made with meats, shellfish and vegetables. Soups can be made into more formal soups known as tang , often served as

4590-664: The consumption of bread and noodles. In 2009, the South Korean government launched a $ 77-million culinary diplomacy program called "Korean Cuisine to the World" to promote its cuisine and subsequently pivoted into the markets in the United States and Muslim countries. Grains have been one of the most important staples of the Korean diet. Early myths of the foundations of various kingdoms in Korea center on grains. One foundation myth relates to Jumong , who received barley seeds from two doves sent by his mother after establishing

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4680-549: The defeat of Japan during World War II . The country remained in a state of turmoil through the Korean War (1950–1953) and the Cold War , which separated the country into North Korea and South Korea . Both of these periods continued the limited food provisions for Koreans, and the stew called budae jjigae , which makes use of inexpensive meats such as sausage and Spam , originated during this period. At this point,

4770-527: The earlier half of the Joseon caused a dynamic shift in the culture during the second half of the period. Groups of silhak ("practical learning") scholars began to emphasize the importance of looking outside the country for innovation and technology to help improve the agricultural systems. Crops traded by Europeans from the New World began to appear, acquired through trade with China, Japan , Europe , and

4860-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

4950-545: The former Fagara externa , which was regarded as an unplaced name by Plants of the World Online . Genus The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of

5040-545: The fourth century CE began to change the distinct cultures of Korea. Attributed with the earliest kimchi , the Goguryeo people were skilled at fermenting and widely consumed fermented food. During the latter Goryeo period, the Mongols invaded Goryeo in the 13th century. Some traditional foods found today in Korea have their origins during this period. The dumpling dish, mandu , grilled meat dishes, noodle dishes , and

5130-737: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

5220-400: The genus Zanthoxylum are typically dioecious shrubs, trees or woody climbers armed with trichomes . The leaves are arranged alternately and are usually pinnate or trifoliate . The flowers are usually arranged in panicles and usually function as male or female flowers with four sepals and four petals, the sepals remaining attached to the fruit. Male flowers have four stamens opposite

5310-416: The history of North and South Korea sharply diverged. In the 1960s under President Park Chung Hee , industrialization began to give South Korea the economic and cultural power it holds in the global economy today. Agriculture was increased through use of commercial fertilizers and modern farming equipment. In the 1970s, food shortages began to lessen. Consumption of instant and processed foods increased, as did

5400-473: The hottest days in Korea. Korean foods can be largely categorized into groups of "main staple foods " ( 주식 ), "subsidiary dishes" ( 부식 ), and "dessert" ( 후식 ). The main dishes are made from grains such as bap (a bowl of rice), juk (porridge), and guksu (noodles). Many Korean banchan rely on fermentation for flavor and preservation, resulting in a tangy, salty, and spicy taste. Certain regions are especially associated with some dishes (for example,

5490-692: The importance of chicken in Korean culture. Chicken is often served roasted or braised with vegetables or in soups. All parts of the chicken are used in Korean cuisine, including the gizzard , liver , and feet. Young chickens are braised with ginseng and other ingredients in medicinal soups eaten during the summer months to combat heat called samgyetang . The feet of the chicken, called dakbal ( 닭발 ), are often roasted and covered with hot and spicy gochujang -based sauce and served as an anju , or side dish, to accompany alcoholic beverages , especially soju . Pork has also been another important land-based protein for Korea. Records indicate pork has been

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5580-511: The introduction of various seasonings imported from Japan via western traders and alcoholic drinks from China. Japan occupied the Korean peninsula from 1910 to 1945. Many of its agricultural systems were taken over by the Japanese to support Japan's food supply. Land changes resulting from the Japanese occupation included combining small farms into large-scale farms, which led to larger yields. Rice production increased during this period to support

5670-435: The kingdom of Goguryeo . Yet another myth speaks of the three founding deities of Jeju Island , who were to be wed to the three princesses of Tamna ; the deities brought seeds of five grains which were the first seeds planted, which in turn became the first instance of farming. During the pre-modern era, grains such as barley and millet were the main staples. They were supplemented by wheat, sorghum , and buckwheat . Rice

5760-471: The land. Pork and seafood were consumed more regularly for this reason. The Buddhist ruling class of the Goryeo period forbade the consumption of beef. The Mongols dispensed with the ban of beef during the 13th century, and they promoted the production of beef cattle. This increased production continued into the Joseon period, when the government encouraged both increased quantities and quality of beef. Only in

5850-633: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

5940-472: The latter part of the 20th century has beef become regular table fare. Chicken has played an important role as a protein in Korean history, evidenced by a number of myths. One myth tells of the birth of Kim Alji , founder of the Kim family of Gyeongju being announced by the cry of a white chicken. As the birth of a clan's founder is always announced by an animal with preternatural qualities, this myth speaks to

6030-512: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Cuisine of Korea Soups & stews Banchan Tteok Korean cuisine has evolved through centuries of social and political change. Originating from ancient agricultural and nomadic traditions in Korea and southern Manchuria , Korean cuisine reflects

6120-538: The main ingredients for japchae (a salad-like dish) and sundae (a blood sausage ), and are a subsidiary ingredient for soups and stews. The starch can be also used to make jelly-like foods, such as nokdumuk and hwangpomuk . The muk have a bland flavor, so are served seasoned with soy sauce, sesame oil and crumbled seaweed or other seasonings such as tangpyeongchae . Cultivation of azuki beans dates back to ancient times according to an excavation from Odong-ri, Hoeryong , North Hamgyong Province , which

6210-399: The middle class of South Korea the ability to enjoy meat regularly. Meat eating continued to rise, reaching 40 kg in 1997, with fish consumption at 49.5 kg in 1998. Rice consumption continually decreased through these years, from 128 kg consumed per person in 1985 to 106 kg in 1995 and 83 kg in 2003. The decrease in rice consumption has been accompanied by an increase in

6300-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

6390-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

6480-410: The overall quality of foods. Livestock and dairy production was increased during the 1970s through the increase of commercial dairies and mechanized farms. The consumption of pork and beef increased vastly in the 1970s. Per-capita consumption of meat was 3.6 kg in 1961 and 11 kg by 1979. The result of this increased meat consumption brought about the rise of bulgogi restaurants, which gave

6570-426: The peasantry also furthered the expanded commerce through increasing periodic markets, usually held every five days. One thousand such markets existed in the 19th century, and were communal centers for economic trade and entertainment. The end of the Joseon period was marked by consistent encouragement to trade with the Western world, China and Japan. In the 1860s, trade agreements pushed by the Japanese government led

6660-541: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

6750-571: The royal family. Foods are regulated by Korean cultural etiquette . Kimjang , which means making kimchi , is listed on UNESCO Intangible Heritage List . In the Jeulmun pottery period (approximately 8000 to 1500 BCE), hunter-gatherer societies engaged in fishing and hunting, and incipient agriculture in the later stages. Since the beginning of the Mumun pottery period (1500 BCE), agricultural traditions began to develop with new migrant groups from

6840-470: The same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or

6930-623: The same manner as it was in the past centuries. Rice is used to make a number of items, outside of the traditional bowl of plain white rice. It is commonly ground into a flour and used to make rice cakes called tteok in over two hundred varieties. It is also cooked down into a congee ( juk ) or gruel ( mieum ) and mixed with other grains, meat, or seafood. Koreans also produce a number of rice wines , both in filtered and unfiltered versions. Grains have also been used for centuries to make misu and misu-garu , drinks made from grain powder that are sometimes used as meal supplements. Encompassing

7020-408: The scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of a species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in

7110-401: The sepals. Female flowers have up to five, more or less free carpels with the styles free or sometimes fused near the tip. The fruit is usually of up to four follicles fused at the base, each containing a single seed almost as large as the follicle. The genus Zanthoxylum was first formally described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in the first volume of Species Plantarum . The generic name

7200-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

7290-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

7380-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

7470-402: The upper class. Both fresh and saltwater fish are popular, and are served raw, grilled, broiled, dried or served in soups and stews. Common grilled fish include mackerel , hairtail , croaker and Pacific herring . Smaller fish, shrimp, squid, mollusks and countless other seafood can be salted and fermented as jeotgal . Fish can also be grilled either whole or in fillets as banchan . Fish

7560-469: The use of seasonings such as black pepper, all have their roots in this period. Agricultural innovations were significant and widespread during this period, such as the invention of the rain gauge during the 15th century. During 1429, the government began publishing books on agriculture and farming techniques, which included Nongsa jikseol (literally "Straight Talk on Farming"), an agricultural book compiled under King Sejong . A series of invasions in

7650-576: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

7740-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

7830-742: The writings are the Mangi Yoram  [ ko ] , The Three States , the Nonggawolryeongga , the Gijaejapgi , and the Hyangyak-jipsongbang  [ ko ] . The Hyangyak-jipseongbang , which dates back to around 1433 during the Chosun dynasty, is one of the oldest writings mentioning gochujang. Gochujang is a fermented bean paste that has red pepper powder, soybean powder and rice flour added to it to create

7920-1041: The year. Mostly used in fish preparations and a few vegetarian dishes, with coconut masala, this spice has a very strong woody aroma and is discarded at the time of eating the curry. Plants in the genus Zanthoxylum contain the lignan sesamin . Species identified in Nigeria contains several types of alkaloids including benzophenanthridines ( nitidine , dihydronitidine, oxynitidine, fagaronine , dihydro avicine , chelerythrine , dihydrochelerythrine, methoxychelerythrine, norchelerythrine, oxychelerythrine, decarine and fagaridine ), furoquinolines ( dictamine , 8-methoxydictamine, skimmianine , 3-dimethylallyl-4-methoxy-2-quinolone), carbazoles (3-methoxycarbazole, glycozoline ), aporphines ( berberine , tembetarine , magnoflorine , M-methyl- corydine ), canthinones (6-canthinone), acridones (1-hydroxy-3-methoxy-10-methylacridon-9-one, 1-hydroxy-10-methylacridon-9-one, zanthozolin ), and aromatic and aliphatic amides . Hydroxy-alpha sanshool

8010-466: Was consumed roasted or in soups or stews during this period. Those who lived closer to the oceans were able to complement their diet with more fish, while those who lived in the interior had a diet containing more meat. Beef is the most prized of all, with cattle holding an important cultural role in the Korean home. Beef is prepared in numerous ways today, including roasting, grilling ( gui ) or boiling in soups . Beef can also be dried into yukpo ,

8100-536: Was located in the northern part of the peninsula along much of modern-day Manchuria . The second kingdom, Baekje (18 BCE – 660 CE), was in the southwestern portion of the peninsula, and the third, Silla (57 BCE – 935 CE), was located at the southeastern portion of the peninsula. Each region had its own distinct set of cultural practices and foods. For example, Baekje was known for cold foods and fermented foods like kimchi . The spread of Buddhism and Confucianism through cultural exchanges with China during

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