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53-491: The Zagatala district has not suffered the intense environmental damage of other, nearby areas. Zagatala is famous for its hazelnuts and walnuts . Mulberry trees are well adapted to the area, allowing Zaqatala to preserve the ancient tradition of silkworm breeding, brought with the hordes of Timur . North of the town there is an important wildlife and nature preserve, the Zagatala Nature Reserve, which

106-729: A breakdown. The second option is to wait for all the nuts to fall before harvesting. Although the first option is considered the better of the two, two or three passes do take more time to complete than one. In 2021, world production of hazelnuts (in shells) was 1.1 million tonnes . The hazelnut production in Turkey accounts for 64% of the world total, followed by Italy , the United States , and Azerbaijan as secondary producers. Hazelnuts are used in confections to make pralines , chocolate truffles , and hazelnut paste products. The (solid) combination of ground hazelnuts with chocolate

159-614: A breakdown. The second option is to wait for all the nuts to fall before harvesting. Although the first option is considered the better of the two, two or three passes do take more time to complete than one. In 2021, world production of hazelnuts (in shells) was 1.1 million tonnes . The hazelnut production in Turkey accounts for 64% of the world total, followed by Italy , the United States , and Azerbaijan as secondary producers. Hazelnuts are used in confections to make pralines , chocolate truffles , and hazelnut paste products. The (solid) combination of ground hazelnuts with chocolate

212-415: A cart pulled behind the harvester. Once a tote is filled with nuts, the forklift hauls away the full totes and brings empty ones back to the harvester to maximize the harvester's time. Two different timing strategies are used for collecting the fallen nuts. The first is to harvest early when about half of the nuts have fallen. With less material on the ground, the harvester can work faster with less chance of

265-415: A cart pulled behind the harvester. Once a tote is filled with nuts, the forklift hauls away the full totes and brings empty ones back to the harvester to maximize the harvester's time. Two different timing strategies are used for collecting the fallen nuts. The first is to harvest early when about half of the nuts have fallen. With less material on the ground, the harvester can work faster with less chance of

318-870: A common constituent of muesli . The nuts may be eaten fresh or dried, having different flavors. Raw hazelnuts are 5% water, 61% fat , 17% carbohydrates , and 15% protein (table). In a 100-gram ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 -ounce) reference amount, raw hazelnuts supply 2,630 kilojoules (628 kilocalories) of food energy and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value , DV) of numerous essential nutrients (see table). Hazelnuts contain particularly high amounts of protein , dietary fiber , vitamin E , iron , thiamin , phosphorus , manganese , and magnesium , all exceeding 30% DV (table). Several B vitamins have appreciable content. In lesser but still significant amounts (moderate content, 10–19% DV) are vitamin K , calcium , zinc , and potassium (table). Hazelnuts are

371-811: A common constituent of muesli . The nuts may be eaten fresh or dried, having different flavors. Raw hazelnuts are 5% water, 61% fat , 17% carbohydrates , and 15% protein (table). In a 100-gram ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 -ounce) reference amount, raw hazelnuts supply 2,630 kilojoules (628 kilocalories) of food energy and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value , DV) of numerous essential nutrients (see table). Hazelnuts contain particularly high amounts of protein , dietary fiber , vitamin E , iron , thiamin , phosphorus , manganese , and magnesium , all exceeding 30% DV (table). Several B vitamins have appreciable content. In lesser but still significant amounts (moderate content, 10–19% DV) are vitamin K , calcium , zinc , and potassium (table). Hazelnuts are

424-493: A rich source of dietary fat , accounting for 93% DV in a 100-gram amount. The fat components are monounsaturated fat as oleic acid (75% of total), polyunsaturated fat mainly as linoleic acid (13% of total), and saturated fat , mainly as palmitic acid and stearic acid (together, 7% of total). The hazelnut is used as a literary device by Julian of Norwich (c. 1343 – after 1416) within her mystical Christian treatise Revelations of Divine Love . The hazelnut shell

477-493: A rich source of dietary fat , accounting for 93% DV in a 100-gram amount. The fat components are monounsaturated fat as oleic acid (75% of total), polyunsaturated fat mainly as linoleic acid (13% of total), and saturated fat , mainly as palmitic acid and stearic acid (together, 7% of total). The hazelnut is used as a literary device by Julian of Norwich (c. 1343 – after 1416) within her mystical Christian treatise Revelations of Divine Love . The hazelnut shell

530-419: A smooth shell, while a filbert is more elongated, being about twice as long as its diameter. The nut falls out of the husk when ripe, about seven to eight months after pollination. The seed is edible and consumed raw, roasted or ground into a paste. The seed has a thin, dark brown skin, which is sometimes removed before cooking. In 1995, evidence of large-scale Mesolithic nut processing, some 8,000 years old,

583-419: A smooth shell, while a filbert is more elongated, being about twice as long as its diameter. The nut falls out of the husk when ripe, about seven to eight months after pollination. The seed is edible and consumed raw, roasted or ground into a paste. The seed has a thin, dark brown skin, which is sometimes removed before cooking. In 1995, evidence of large-scale Mesolithic nut processing, some 8,000 years old,

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636-428: A tractor, which lifts the material off the ground and separates the nuts from the leaves, empty husks, and twigs. As the harvester drives over the rows, a rotating cylinder with hundreds of tines rakes the material onto a belt. The belt takes the material over a blower and under a powerful vacuum that sucks any lightweight soil, leaves from the nuts, and discharges them into the orchard. The remaining nuts are conveyed into

689-428: A tractor, which lifts the material off the ground and separates the nuts from the leaves, empty husks, and twigs. As the harvester drives over the rows, a rotating cylinder with hundreds of tines rakes the material onto a belt. The belt takes the material over a blower and under a powerful vacuum that sucks any lightweight soil, leaves from the nuts, and discharges them into the orchard. The remaining nuts are conveyed into

742-668: Is 108,3 thousand. In 2018, this indicator increased by 19.5 and reached 127.8 thousand. There are 48 secondary, 14 basic, 4 primary schools, 1 humanitarian subjects, 39 pre-school children's educational institutions, 6 out-of-school establishments, branches of two high schools ( Azerbaijan Teachers' Institute and Baku Islamic University), 1 college, 1 vocational school, 81 libraries, 36 clubs, 27 cultural houses, 1 theater, historical and architectural reserve, historical and ethnographical museum, 1 musical school, sports school for children, chess school, creative center for children, 10 hospitals, 21 village clinics, 23 mosques, 1 inn and 4 hotels. As

795-548: Is called gianduja . In Austria , hazelnut paste is an ingredient for making tortes , such as Viennese hazelnut torte. In Kyiv cake , hazelnut flour is used to flavor its meringue body, and crushed hazelnuts are sprinkled over its sides. Dacquoise , a French dessert cake, often contains a layer of hazelnut meringue. Hazelnuts are used in Turkish cuisine and Georgian cuisine ; the snack churchkhela and sauce satsivi are used, often with walnuts . Hazelnuts are also

848-494: Is called gianduja . In Austria , hazelnut paste is an ingredient for making tortes , such as Viennese hazelnut torte. In Kyiv cake , hazelnut flour is used to flavor its meringue body, and crushed hazelnuts are sprinkled over its sides. Dacquoise , a French dessert cake, often contains a layer of hazelnut meringue. Hazelnuts are used in Turkish cuisine and Georgian cuisine ; the snack churchkhela and sauce satsivi are used, often with walnuts . Hazelnuts are also

901-496: Is home to brown bears, boars and west Caucasian tur . The Caucasus Mountains provide it with natural protection from the north winds. The wooded mountainsides, with frequent waterfalls, offer great hiking opportunities. Due to its climate, the town became a mountain health resort. The Zagatala District is also of historic interest, particularly around the main city, built in the 1830s by the Russians, which only became famous in

954-550: Is imagined as a chariot for the fairy Queen Mab within English playwright and poet William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet . The hazel fruit is also used as a metaphorical device in the poem To Autumn by the English Romantic poet John Keats . Hazelnut The hazelnut is the fruit of the hazel tree and therefore includes any of the nuts deriving from species of the genus Corylus , especially

1007-596: Is known across Azerbaijan. Zagatala newspaper is published in the region. Zagatala district is situated in the north-west of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the Ganykh Ayrichay valley of the southern slopes of the Major Caucasus. It borders Kakheti, Georgia in the south, Dagestan, Russia in the north and Balaken and Gakh districts in the west and east. Zagatala city is the centre of the district. The city

1060-710: Is located at a height of 535 meters above sea level, 445 kilometres away from the capital of Azerbaijan. Zagatala has 31 municipalities. Zagatala municipality embraces Zagatala , Aliabad municipality covers Aliabad settlement. A number of municipalities embrace more than one village For example: Makov municipality includes Makov, Yolayrydj , Pashan , Vohtala , and Abaali villages; Goyem municipality comprises Goyem , Chokek, Sumayly , Dardoggaz villages; Dombabina municipality includes Dombabina, Mamgabina , Bozbina , Mudjagbina , Musgarabina , Gasanbina , Khanmamedbina villages; Chobankol municipality comprises Chobankol, Gymyr and Bazar villages and others. On

1113-408: Is performed either by hand or by manual or mechanical raking of fallen nuts. Four primary pieces of equipment are used in commercial harvesting: the sweeper, the harvester, the nut cart, and the forklift. The sweeper moves the nuts into the center of the rows, the harvester lifts and separates the nuts from any debris (i.e., twigs and leaves), the nut cart holds the nuts picked up by the harvester, and

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1166-408: Is performed either by hand or by manual or mechanical raking of fallen nuts. Four primary pieces of equipment are used in commercial harvesting: the sweeper, the harvester, the nut cart, and the forklift. The sweeper moves the nuts into the center of the rows, the harvester lifts and separates the nuts from any debris (i.e., twigs and leaves), the nut cart holds the nuts picked up by the harvester, and

1219-443: Is strongly flavored and high in monounsaturated fat . It is used as a cooking oil and as a salad or vegetable dressing. Turkey is the world's largest producer of hazelnuts, accounting for 64% of total production in 2021. A hazelnut cob is roughly spherical to oval, about 15–25 millimetres ( 5 ⁄ 8 –1 inch) long and 10–15 mm ( 3 ⁄ 8 – 5 ⁄ 8  in) in diameter, with an outer fibrous husk surrounding

1272-443: Is strongly flavored and high in monounsaturated fat . It is used as a cooking oil and as a salad or vegetable dressing. Turkey is the world's largest producer of hazelnuts, accounting for 64% of total production in 2021. A hazelnut cob is roughly spherical to oval, about 15–25 millimetres ( 5 ⁄ 8 –1 inch) long and 10–15 mm ( 3 ⁄ 8 – 5 ⁄ 8  in) in diameter, with an outer fibrous husk surrounding

1325-708: Is the fruit of the hazel tree and therefore includes any of the nuts deriving from species of the genus Corylus , especially the nuts of the species Corylus avellana . They are also known as cobnuts or filberts according to species. Hazelnuts are used as a snack food, in baking and desserts , and in breakfast cereals such as muesli . In confectionery , they are used to make praline , and also used in combination with chocolate for chocolate truffles and products such as chocolate bars and hazelnut cocoa spreads such as Nutella . They are also used in Frangelico liqueur. Hazelnut oil , pressed from hazelnuts,

1378-582: Is the main variety cultivated in fields known as plats, hand-picked, and eaten green. According to the BBC, a national collection of cobnut varieties exists at Roughway Farm, near Plaxtol in Kent. They are called cobnuts because cob was a word used to refer to the head or "noggin,” and children had a game in which they would tie a string to a hazelnut and use it to try to hit an opponent on the head. In Europe hazelnuts are traditionally grown as multi-trunk trees where

1431-482: Is the main variety cultivated in fields known as plats, hand-picked, and eaten green. According to the BBC, a national collection of cobnut varieties exists at Roughway Farm, near Plaxtol in Kent. They are called cobnuts because cob was a word used to refer to the head or "noggin,” and children had a game in which they would tie a string to a hazelnut and use it to try to hit an opponent on the head. In Europe hazelnuts are traditionally grown as multi-trunk trees where

1484-471: The Isle of Man . This discovery gives an insight into communal activity and planning in the period. The nuts were harvested in a single year, and pollen analysis suggests that all of the hazel trees were cut down at the same time. The scale of the activity and the lack of large game on the island suggest that Colonsay may have contained a community with a largely vegetarian diet for the time they spent on

1537-421: The Isle of Man . This discovery gives an insight into communal activity and planning in the period. The nuts were harvested in a single year, and pollen analysis suggests that all of the hazel trees were cut down at the same time. The scale of the activity and the lack of large game on the island suggest that Colonsay may have contained a community with a largely vegetarian diet for the time they spent on

1590-430: The center row. It is best to sweep only a few rows ahead of the harvesters at any given time, to prevent the tractor that drives the harvester from crushing the nuts that may still be falling from the trees. Hazelnut orchards may be harvested up to three times during the harvest season, depending on the number of nuts in the trees and the rate of nut drop due to the weather. The harvester is a slow-moving machine pushed by

1643-430: The center row. It is best to sweep only a few rows ahead of the harvesters at any given time, to prevent the tractor that drives the harvester from crushing the nuts that may still be falling from the trees. Hazelnut orchards may be harvested up to three times during the harvest season, depending on the number of nuts in the trees and the rate of nut drop due to the weather. The harvester is a slow-moving machine pushed by

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1696-685: The district is contributing mostly to the hazelnut production in Azerbaijan, Zagatala started to host annual Hazelnut Festival since 2017. During the festival , a wide range of activities such as displaying various species of hazelnut , walnut and chestnut , as well as numerous products made of them, moreover, handicrafts exhibitions and contests, field trips to hazelnut garden and walnut processing plant take place. Majority Islam ( Sunni ). Minority Eastern Orthodox . 41°35′N 46°45′E  /  41.583°N 46.750°E  / 41.583; 46.750 Hazelnuts The hazelnut

1749-430: The early-20th century. The villages of Aliabad and Mosul have interesting 19th-century mosques . Ancient fortifications are to be found in the villages of Kebeloba, Matsekh, Ekhedi Chardakh, Shaitan-kala and Jar. The economy of Zagatala District has an agricultural base - mainly cash crops and sheep. There is a tea factory, a tobacco transformation plant, a large food combine and a silk cocoon drying plant. The local honey

1802-399: The forklift brings a tote to offload the nuts from the nut cart and then stacks the totes to be shipped to the processor (nut dryer). The sweeper is a low-to-the-ground machine that makes two passes in each tree row. It has a 2 m (6 ft 7 in) belt attached to the front that rotates to sweep leaves, nuts, and small twigs from left to right, depositing the material in the center of

1855-399: The forklift brings a tote to offload the nuts from the nut cart and then stacks the totes to be shipped to the processor (nut dryer). The sweeper is a low-to-the-ground machine that makes two passes in each tree row. It has a 2 m (6 ft 7 in) belt attached to the front that rotates to sweep leaves, nuts, and small twigs from left to right, depositing the material in the center of

1908-467: The island. Originally, the pit was on a beach close to the shore and was associated with two smaller, stone-lined pits whose function remains obscure, a hearth and a second cluster of pits. The traditional method to increase nut production is called brutting , which involves prompting more of the tree's energy to go into flower bud production by snapping, but not breaking off, the tips of the new year shoots six or seven leaf groups from where they join with

1961-467: The island. Originally, the pit was on a beach close to the shore and was associated with two smaller, stone-lined pits whose function remains obscure, a hearth and a second cluster of pits. The traditional method to increase nut production is called brutting , which involves prompting more of the tree's energy to go into flower bud production by snapping, but not breaking off, the tips of the new year shoots six or seven leaf groups from where they join with

2014-471: The nut, including large nut size or early or late fruiting, whereas others are grown as pollinators. The majority of commercial hazelnuts are propagated from root sprouts. Some cultivars are of hybrid origin between common hazel and filbert . In Ireland and the United Kingdom, hazelnuts are sometimes referred to as cobnuts, for which a specific cultivated variety – Kentish cobnuts –

2067-407: The nut, including large nut size or early or late fruiting, whereas others are grown as pollinators. The majority of commercial hazelnuts are propagated from root sprouts. Some cultivars are of hybrid origin between common hazel and filbert . In Ireland and the United Kingdom, hazelnuts are sometimes referred to as cobnuts, for which a specific cultivated variety – Kentish cobnuts –

2120-517: The nuts of the species Corylus avellana . They are also known as cobnuts or filberts according to species. Hazelnuts are used as a snack food, in baking and desserts , and in breakfast cereals such as muesli . In confectionery , they are used to make praline , and also used in combination with chocolate for chocolate truffles and products such as chocolate bars and hazelnut cocoa spreads such as Nutella . They are also used in Frangelico liqueur. Hazelnut oil , pressed from hazelnuts,

2173-428: The plant protection measures, potentially impacting the yield quality and level. There are very few studies on these systems, leading to a higher uncertainty for the producer. Hazelnuts are harvested annually in mid-autumn. As autumn comes to a close, the trees drop their nuts and leaves. Most commercial growers wait for the nuts to drop rather than using equipment to shake them from the tree. The harvesting of hazelnuts

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2226-428: The plant protection measures, potentially impacting the yield quality and level. There are very few studies on these systems, leading to a higher uncertainty for the producer. Hazelnuts are harvested annually in mid-autumn. As autumn comes to a close, the trees drop their nuts and leaves. Most commercial growers wait for the nuts to drop rather than using equipment to shake them from the tree. The harvesting of hazelnuts

2279-471: The rootstock is formed by the variety itself. To enhance the possibility for mechanization and to prevent suckering , a single-trunk tree can be formed by grafting a scion of the desired variety on a Corylus colurna rootstock. There are different approaches in orchard floor management. Strong infestations of certain weeds can lower the yield. Therefore, to prevent yield loss by competition, herbicides are used to create bare soil. Using cover crops protects

2332-471: The rootstock is formed by the variety itself. To enhance the possibility for mechanization and to prevent suckering , a single-trunk tree can be formed by grafting a scion of the desired variety on a Corylus colurna rootstock. There are different approaches in orchard floor management. Strong infestations of certain weeds can lower the yield. Therefore, to prevent yield loss by competition, herbicides are used to create bare soil. Using cover crops protects

2385-449: The row as it drives forward. On the rear of the sweeper is a powerful blower to blow material left into the adjacent row with air speeds up to 90 m/s (300 ft/s). Careful grooming during the year and patient blowing at harvest may eliminate the need for hand raking around the tree trunk, where nuts may accumulate. The sweeper prepares a single center row of nuts, narrow enough for the harvesting tractor to drive over without driving on

2438-449: The row as it drives forward. On the rear of the sweeper is a powerful blower to blow material left into the adjacent row with air speeds up to 90 m/s (300 ft/s). Careful grooming during the year and patient blowing at harvest may eliminate the need for hand raking around the tree trunk, where nuts may accumulate. The sweeper prepares a single center row of nuts, narrow enough for the harvesting tractor to drive over without driving on

2491-415: The soil and suppresses weed establishment without a yield reduction. Silvopastoral systems where animals like pigs are kept in the orchard or silvoarable systems where crops are grown between the rows could introduce new sources of revenue into the hazelnut production and may have beneficial effects on hazelnut yield by fertilizing the soil through nitrogen fixation or animal dung. These systems limit

2544-415: The soil and suppresses weed establishment without a yield reduction. Silvopastoral systems where animals like pigs are kept in the orchard or silvoarable systems where crops are grown between the rows could introduce new sources of revenue into the hazelnut production and may have beneficial effects on hazelnut yield by fertilizing the soil through nitrogen fixation or animal dung. These systems limit

2597-480: The trunk or branch, at the end of the growing season. The traditional term for an area of cultivated hazelnuts is a plat . The many cultivars of the hazel include 'Atababa', 'Barcelona', 'Butler', 'Casina', 'Clark', 'Cosford', 'Daviana', 'Delle Langhe', 'England', 'Ennis', 'Halls Giant', 'Jemtegaard', 'Kent Cob', 'Lewis', 'Tokolyi', 'Tonda Gentile', 'Tonda di Giffoni', 'Tonda Romana', 'Wanliss Pride', and 'Willamette'. Some of these are grown for specific qualities of

2650-480: The trunk or branch, at the end of the growing season. The traditional term for an area of cultivated hazelnuts is a plat . The many cultivars of the hazel include 'Atababa', 'Barcelona', 'Butler', 'Casina', 'Clark', 'Cosford', 'Daviana', 'Delle Langhe', 'England', 'Ennis', 'Halls Giant', 'Jemtegaard', 'Kent Cob', 'Lewis', 'Tokolyi', 'Tonda Gentile', 'Tonda di Giffoni', 'Tonda Romana', 'Wanliss Pride', and 'Willamette'. Some of these are grown for specific qualities of

2703-556: The whole 31 municipalities include a city, a settlement and 59 villages. The district accounted for 110,830 people as of January 1, 2004, including 83,297 people living in rural areas. Ethnic groups in Zagatala (2019) Azerbaijanis , Avars , Tsakhurs and Georgians inhabit both Zagatala city and the surrounding district. According to the State Statistics Committee , the total number of population in 2010

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2756-646: Was found in a midden pit on the island of Colonsay in Scotland. The evidence consists of a large, shallow pit full of the remains of hundreds of thousands of burned hazelnut shells. Hazelnuts have been found on other Mesolithic sites, but rarely in such quantities or concentrated in one pit. The nuts were radiocarbon dated to 7720±110 BP, which calibrates to c.  6000 BCE . Similar sites in Britain are known only at Farnham in Surrey and Cass ny Hawin on

2809-483: Was found in a midden pit on the island of Colonsay in Scotland. The evidence consists of a large, shallow pit full of the remains of hundreds of thousands of burned hazelnut shells. Hazelnuts have been found on other Mesolithic sites, but rarely in such quantities or concentrated in one pit. The nuts were radiocarbon dated to 7720±110 BP, which calibrates to c.  6000 BCE . Similar sites in Britain are known only at Farnham in Surrey and Cass ny Hawin on

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