47-672: Zaria is a metropolitan city in Nigeria, located at present time within four local government areas in Kaduna State . It serves as the capital of the Zazzau Emirate Council and is one of the original seven Hausa city-states. The local government areas comprising Zaria are Zaria, Sabon Gari, Giwa, and Soba local government areas of Kaduna State , Nigeria . It contains Nigeria's largest university, Ahmadu Bello University , and various tertiary institutions including
94-547: A 3K SNP Infinium from Illumina, Inc. Agrobacterium transformation can be used on sorghum, as shown in a 2018 report of such a transformation system. A 2013 study developed and validated an SNP array for molecular breeding . In 2021, world production of sorghum was 61 million tonnes , led by the United States with 19% of the total (table). India, Ethiopia , and Mexico were the largest secondary producers. In 2013, China began purchasing American sorghum as
141-461: A cane juicer to extract the sweet molasses -like juice. The juice is sold as syrup, and used as a feedstock to make biofuel. In India, the panicle stalks are used as bristles for brooms . In Australia, sorghum is personified as a spirit among the Dagoman people of Northern Territory , as well as being used for food; the local species are S. intrans and S. plumosum . In Korea,
188-452: A complementary livestock feed to its domestically grown maize. It imported around $ 1 billion worth per year until April 2018, when it imposed retaliatory tariffs as part of a trade war . By 2020, the tariffs had been waived, and trade volumes increased before declining again as China began buying sorghum from other countries. As of 2020, China is the world's largest sorghum importer, importing more than all other countries combined. Mexico
235-539: A drier season from October to March. A 2019 study of air pollution in Zaria found that pollution concentrations were within the expected national standards for air pollution. Zaria's geography and previous land use meant that much of the city's historical land cover was barren. A 2020 study found that barren land decreased from 1990 to 2020 while built environment increased 66 percent and vegetative land increased by 29%. Vegetation had been decreasing from 1990 to 2005, but
282-514: A population of at least 100,000, as declared by the Nigerian National Population Commission after the 2006 National census. This list refers only to the population of individual cities within their defined limits , which does not include other distinct communities or extended suburban areas within urban agglomerations . A city is displayed in bold if it is a state or federal capital, and in italics if it
329-457: A single settlement, Another type of settlement is the "Municipality", which is basically an LGA that is fully defined as its own city or town. These types of cities are usually mid-sized, although some large cities also exist as a single LGA. The third type of settlement is the "village", which is basically grouped together with several other villages into one sizeable LGA. The following table lists fully defined incorporated cities in Nigeria, with
376-474: A sugar-rich syrup and as forage. Sweet sorghum was important to the sugar trade in the 19th century. The price of sugar was rising because of decreased production in the British West Indies and more demand for confectionery and fruit preserves , and the United States was actively searching for a sugar plant that could be produced in northern states. The "Chinese sugar-cane", sweet sorghum,
423-683: A tributary region including the kingdoms of Kano and Katsina . At the end of the 16th century, after Queen Amina's death, Zaria fell under the influence of the Jukun Kingdom and eventually became a tributary state itself. Between the fifteenth and sixteenth century the kingdom became a tributary state of the Songhai Empire . In 1805 it was captured by the Fulani during the Fulani Jihad . British forces led by Frederick Lugard took
470-569: Is a species in the grass genus Sorghum cultivated for its grain . The grain is used for food for humans; the plant is used for animal feed and ethanol production. Sorghum originated in Africa, and is now cultivated widely in tropical and subtropical regions. Sorghum is the world's fifth-most important cereal crop after rice , wheat , maize , and barley . Sorghum is typically an annual, but some cultivars are perennial. It grows in clumps that may reach over 4 metres (13 ft) high. The grain
517-428: Is also accounts for 7% of global sorghum production. The grain is edible and nutritious. It can be eaten raw when young and milky, but has to be boiled or ground into flour when mature. Sorghum grain is 72% carbohydrates including 7% dietary fiber, 11% protein, 3% fat , and 12% water (table). In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), sorghum grain supplies 79 calories and rich contents (20% or more of
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#1732773175296564-413: Is also the center of a textile industry that for over 200 years has made elaborately hand-embroidered robes that are worn by men throughout Nigeria and West Africa. Because Zaria is north of the rail junction at Kaduna , it has equal rail access to the seaports at Lagos and Port Harcourt . However, only the railway between Lagos and Kano is functional, as the eastern line of Nigeria's rail network
611-589: Is also used to make alcoholic beverages , and biofuels such as ethanol . It can be made into couscous , porridge, or flatbreads such as Indian Jōḷada roṭṭi or tortillas; and it can be burst in hot oil to make a popcorn , smaller than that of maize. Since it does not contain gluten, it can be used in gluten-free diets . In Nigeria , the pulverized red leaf-sheaths of sorghum have been used to dye leather, while in Algeria , sorghum has been used to dye wool. In South Africa, characteristically sour malwa beer
658-531: Is generally considered diploid and contains 20 chromosomes, however, there is evidence to suggest a tetraploid origin for S. bicolor . The genome size is approximately 800 Mbp. Paterson et al. , 2009 provides a genome assembly of 739 megabase . The most commonly used genome database is SorGSD maintained by Luo et al. , 2016. A gene expression atlas is available from Shakoor et al. , 2014 with 27,577 genes . For molecular breeding (or other purposes) an SNP array has been created by Bekele et al. , 2013,
705-457: Is made from sorghum or millet. The process involves souring the mashed grain with lactic acid bacteria , followed by fermenting by the wild yeasts that were on the grain. In China and Taiwan, sorghum is one of the main materials of Kaoliang liquor , a type of the colourless distilled alcoholic drink Baijiu . In countries including the US, the stalks of sweet sorghum varieties are crushed in
752-521: Is native to Africa with many cultivated forms. Most production uses annual cultivars, but some wild species of Sorghum are perennial, which may enable the Land Institute to develop a perennial cultivar for "repeated, sufficient grain harvests without resowing." Sorghum is closely related to maize and the millets within the PACMAD clade of grasses, and more distantly to the cereals of
799-579: Is not operational. This means that Zaria currently has rail access to Lagos and Kano to the north but not Port Harcourt. From 1914 to 1927, Zaria was the break-of-gauge junction station for the Bauchi Light Railway to the tin mines at Jos . Zaria is home to Ahmadu Bello University , the largest university in Nigeria and the second largest on the African continent. The institution
846-657: Is one of the largest trees in Zazzau emirate generally and the tree has played an important role in the spiritual and economic lives of the peoples who live in Zaria especially people of Anguwan Kahu who makes Kahu for the Emirs, district heads, ward heads and village heads. silk-cotton-tree-scientific-name-is-ceiba-pentandra-under-blue-sky. Anguwan Kahu was known to be a place of business where it use cotton to make local mattresses, pillows, Horse shirts etc. Wakilin Kahu Zazzau
893-449: Is planted in narrow rows. Sorghum actively suppresses weeds by producing sorgoleone, an alkylresorcinol . Sorghum grows in a wide range of temperatures. It can tolerate high altitude and toxic soils, and can recover growth after some drought. Optimum growth temperature range is 12–34 °C (54–93 °F), and the growing season lasts for around 115–140 days. It can grow on a wide range of soils, such as heavy clay to sandy soils with
940-471: Is small, 2 to 4 millimetres (0.08 to 0.2 in) in diameter. Sweet sorghums are cultivars primarily grown for forage, syrup production, and ethanol; they are taller than those grown for grain. Sorghum is a large stout grass that grows up to 2.4 metres (7.9 ft) tall. It has large bushy flowerheads or panicles that provide an edible starchy grain with up to 3,000 seeds in each flowerhead. It grows in warm climates worldwide for food and forage. Sorghum
987-439: Is subject to a variety of plant pathogens . The fungus Colletotrichum sublineolum causes anthracnose . The toxic ergot fungus parasitises the grain, risking harm to humans and livestock. Sorghum produces chitinases as defensive compounds against fungal diseases . Transgenesis of additional chitinases increases the crop's disease resistance. The genome of S. bicolor was sequenced between 2005 and 2007. It
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#17327731752961034-425: Is the "Metropolis", which is characterized by having more than one Local Government Areas (LGAs). These types of cities are usually formed when large municipalities are split into smaller LGAs, to aid efficient administration and management, when small towns grow and merge into existing large cities, or both; some are also formed when urban areas of multiple LGAs merge as a result of growth and are now fully defined as
1081-501: Is the head of Anguwan Kahu people and their representative at the emir's palace. The ward of Anguwan Liman is located north of the Zaria palace. Zaria's economy is primarily based on agriculture. Staples are guinea corn and millet . Cash crops include cotton , groundnuts and tobacco . Not only is Zaria a market town for the surrounding area, it is the home of artisans from traditional crafts like leather work, dyeing and cap making, to tinkers, printshops and furniture makers. Zaria
1128-784: Is the most populous city in the state. An urban area is a continuously built-up land mass of urban development that is within a labor market, without regard for administrative or city boundaries. An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of a built environment. This section lists contiguous urban areas in Nigeria, with a population of at least 500,000. The figures here have been taken from Demographia 's "World Urban Areas" study in 2016. Demographia uses maps, satellite photographs to estimate continuous urbanization. Guinea corn Sorghum bicolor , commonly called sorghum ( / ˈ s ɔːr ɡ ə m / ) and also known as great millet , broomcorn , guinea corn , durra , imphee , jowar , or milo ,
1175-479: Is used primarily as poultry feed, and secondarily as cattle feed and in brewing applications. Insect damage is a major threat to sorghum plants. Over 150 species damage crop plants at different stages of development, resulting in significant biomass loss. Stored sorghum grain is attacked by other insect pests such as the lesser grain borer beetle. Sorghum is a host of the parasitic plant Striga hermonthica , purple witchweed; that can reduce production. Sorghum
1222-643: Is very prominent in the fields of Agriculture, Science, Finance, Medicine and Law. The school is known for the large number of elites from the region that passed through its academic buildings and counts among its alumni five who were Nigerian heads of state, including the late president Umaru Musa Yar'Adua . Zaria is also the base for the Nigerian College of Aviation Technology , National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Nigerian Army Depot, Nigerian Military school, Bassawa Baracks, Federal college of Education Zaria. Some historic secondary schools in
1269-521: The BOP clade such as wheat and barley . Bambusoideae (bamboos) ( fescue , ryegrass ) Hordeum (barley) Triticum (wheat) Secale (rye) Oryza (rice) Pennisetum (fountaingrasses, pearl millet ) Millets Sorghum (sorghum) Zea (maize) S. bicolor was domesticated from its wild ancestor more than 5,000 years ago in Eastern Sudan in the area of
1316-465: The Daily Value , DV) of several B vitamins and dietary minerals (table). In the early stages of plant growth, some sorghum species may contain levels of hydrogen cyanide , hordenine , and nitrates lethal to grazing animals. Plants stressed by drought or heat can also contain toxic levels of cyanide and nitrates at later stages in growth. Sorghum is widely used for food and animal fodder. It
1363-472: The Federal College of Education (F C E zaria), Nigerian College of Aviation Technology , Nigerian Institute of Transport Technology, Nigeria Institute of Leather and Science Technology and Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic . Nigerian college of Aviation Technology . Department of Agriculture Ahmed Bello University Zaria. Ameer Shehu Idris College of Advanced Diploma. From the 2006 population census, Zaria
1410-522: The African Development Bank banning four companies from further participating in bank funding projects. As of August 2020, 60% of water in the system was unaccounted for because of illegal connections, poor metering practices, and poor maintenance. [REDACTED] Media related to Zaria at Wikimedia Commons [REDACTED] Zaria travel guide from Wikivoyage List of Nigerian cities by population The following are lists of
1457-640: The Indian subcontinent; around 3,000 years ago it reached West Africa. Four other races evolved through cultivation to have larger grains and to become free-threshing, making harvests easier and more productive. These were caudatum in the Sahel ; durra , most likely in India; guinea in West Africa (later reaching India), and from that race mageritiferum that gave rise to the varieties of Southern Africa. In
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1504-646: The Middle Ages, the Arab Agricultural Revolution spread sorghum and other crops from Africa and Asia across the Arab world as far as Al-Andalus in Spain. Sorghum remained the staple food of the medieval kingdom of Alodia and most Sub-Saharan cultures prior to European colonialism. Tall varieties of sorghum with a high sugar content are called sweet sorghum; these are useful for producing
1551-663: The Rivers Atbara and Gash . It has been found at an archaeological site near Kassala in eastern Sudan, dating from 3500 to 3000 BC, and is associated with the neolithic Butana Group culture. Sorghum bread from graves in Predynastic Egypt , some 5,100 years ago, is displayed in the Egyptian Museum, Turin , Italy. The first race to be domesticated was bicolor ; it had tight husks that had to be removed forcibly. Around 4,000 years ago, this spread to
1598-520: The Semi-Arid Tropics has improved sorghum using traditional genetic improvement and integrated genetic and natural resources management practices. Some 194 improved cultivars are now planted worldwide. In India , increases in sorghum productivity resulting from improved cultivars have freed up 7 million hectares (17 million acres) of land, enabling farmers to diversify into high-income cash crops and boost their livelihoods. Sorghum
1645-561: The adjoining town of Wusasa , where the former Head of the Federal Military Government Yakubu Gowon resides are the St. Bartholomew's School and Science School Kufena, formerly known as St. Paul's College, also MAISS-GIWA a school established by The Emir of Zazzau Dr. Shehu Idris is situated there. Barewa College (formerly Katsina middle school) and Alhudahuda college are other famous secondary schools in
1692-479: The city in 1901. A French hostage of the Islamist group Ansaru , held captive at Zaria, escaped in 2013 and reached a police station in the city. In December 2015, Nigeria's military was reported to have killed 300 Shia Muslims and buried their bodies in a mass grave. Although the government denies the event, it has been described as a massacre . The old part of the city, known as Birnin Zazzau or Zaria City,
1739-462: The city. Zaria is among the northern cities that celebrates the annual cultural durbar festivals in Nigeria. The festival is celebrated twice a year which marks the end of Ramadan and also coinciedes the Muslim festivals of eid al adha and eid al fitri respectively. In Zaria the festival is celebrated in phases. The first day, known as Hawan sallah, consists of the eid prayers and the subsequent tour by
1786-488: The emir around the city from the eid ground to his palace in the company of District heads and the royal guards, while the second day known as Hawan Bariki sallah and so the third day known as Hawan Daushe is the for the last tour by the Emir around the city for the festival. Zaria has a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen climate classification Aw ) with warm weather year-round, a wet season lasting from April to September, and
1833-480: The grain is one of the staples for poor and rural people. These varieties provide forage in many tropical regions. S. bicolor is a food crop in Africa, Central America , and South Asia , and is the fifth most common cereal crop grown in the world. It is most often grown without application of fertilizers or other inputs by small-holder farmers in developing countries. They benefit from sorghum's ability to compete effectively with weeds, especially when it
1880-424: The most populous fully defined incorporated settlements in Nigeria by population. This page consists of three different tables, with different kinds of settlements; a list for " defined cities ", listing the population, strictly within the defined city limits, a list for " urban area " population, and another list for the population within metropolitan areas . Nigerian cities are categorized into three types; there
1927-453: The origin tale " Brother and sister who became the Sun and Moon " is also called "The reason sorghum is red". In the tale, a tiger who is chasing a brother and sister follows them up a rotten rope as they climb into the sky, and become the sun and moon. The rope breaks, and the tiger falls to its death, impaling itself on a sorghum stalk, which becomes red with its blood. In Northeastern Italy in
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1974-534: The pH tolerance ranging from 5.0 to 8.5. It requires an arable field that has been left fallow for at least two years or where crop rotation with legumes has taken place in the previous year. Diversified 2- or 4-year crop rotation can improve sorghum yield, additionally making it more resilient to inconsistent growth conditions. In terms of nutrient requirements, sorghum is comparable to other cereal grain crops with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium required for growth. The International Crops Research Institute for
2021-579: The study area found a dramatic increase due to agriculture and reforestation afterwards. Predictive modeling based on local policy and urban development trends suggested that increase in urban and vegetative land cover would continue through 2050. Water provided to the city comes from Kaduna State Water Board . As of 2012, the city of Zaria had 30% access to clean water supply. The African Development Fund issued funding for an expansion project in 2013 for 100 million dollars of $ 480 million. The project had problems with some of its local contractors, resulting in
2068-591: Was estimated to have 736,000 people. It is home to the Emir of Zazzau . Zaria, initially known as Zazzau , was the capital of the Hausa kingdom of Zazzau. Zazzau is thought to have been founded in or about 1536 and in the late 16th century it was renamed after Queen Amina 's sister, Zaria. Human settlement predates the rise of Zazzau, as the region, like some of its neighbors, had a history of sedentary Hausa settlement, with institutional market exchange and farming. Zaria
2115-560: Was originally surrounded by walls and fortress, which have been mostly removed. The Emir's palace is in the old city. In the old city and the adjacent Tudun Wada neighbourhood people typically reside in traditional adobe compounds. These two neighborhoods are predominantly occupied by the indigenous Hausa . There is great variety in the architecture of Zaria, with buildings made of clay in the Hausa style juxtaposed with modern, multi-storied university and government buildings. Silk-cotton tree
2162-482: Was the most southern of the Hausa city-states. It was a trading destination for Saharan caravans as well as a prominent city in the Hausa slave trade. In the late 1450s, Islam arrived in Zaria by the way of its sister Habe cities, Kano and Katsina . Along with Islam , trade flourished between the cities as traders brought camel caravans filled with salt in exchange for slaves and grain. The city-state's power peaked under Queen Amina whose military campaigns established
2209-489: Was viewed as a plant that would be productive in the West Indies. The name sorghum derives from Italian sorgo , which in turn most likely comes from 12th century Medieval Latin surgum or suricum . This in turn may be from Latin syricum , meaning "[grass] of Syria". Most varieties of sorghum are drought - and heat-tolerant, nitrogen -efficient, and are grown particularly in arid and semi-arid regions where
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