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86-716: The Zastava M70 ( Serbian Cyrillic : Застава М70 ) is a 7.62×39mm assault rifle developed in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia by Zastava Arms . The M70 was an unlicensed derivative of the Soviet AK-47 (specifically the Type 3 variant). Due to political differences between the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia at the time, namely the latter's refusal to join the Warsaw Pact , Zastava

172-426: A chemical shim produces small but non-negligible quantities of tritium. Tritium is also produced in heavy water-moderated reactors whenever a deuterium nucleus captures a neutron. This reaction has a small absorption cross section , making heavy water a good neutron moderator , and relatively little tritium is produced. Even so, cleaning tritium from the moderator may be desirable after several years to reduce

258-667: A nuclear reactor and is a low-abundance byproduct in normal operations of nuclear reactors. Tritium is used as the energy source in radioluminescent lights for watches, night sights for firearms, numerous instruments and tools, and novelty items such as self-illuminating key chains. It is used in a medical and scientific setting as a radioactive tracer . Tritium is also used as a nuclear fusion fuel, along with more abundant deuterium , in tokamak reactors and in hydrogen bombs . Tritium has also been used commercially in Betavoltaic devices such as NanoTritium batteries . Tritium

344-530: A warhead is continually undergoing radioactive decay, becoming unavailable for fusion. Also, its decay product , helium-3, absorbs neutrons. This can offset or reverse the intended effect of the tritium, which was to generate many free neutrons, if too much helium-3 has accumulated. Therefore, boosted bombs need fresh tritium periodically. The estimated quantity needed is 4 grams (0.14 oz) per warhead. To maintain constant levels of tritium, about 0.20 grams (0.0071 oz) per warhead per year must be supplied to

430-808: A 2014 survey, 47% of the Serbian population write in the Latin alphabet whereas 36% write in Cyrillic. The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, along with the equivalent forms in the Serbian Latin alphabet and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) value for each letter. The letters do not have names, and consonants are normally pronounced as such when spelling

516-539: A challenge in Unicode modeling, as the glyphs differ only in italic versions, and historically non-italic letters have been used in the same code positions. Serbian professional typography uses fonts specially crafted for the language to overcome the problem, but texts printed from common computers contain East Slavic rather than Serbian italic glyphs. Cyrillic fonts from Adobe, Microsoft (Windows Vista and later) and

602-457: A few other font houses include the Serbian variations (both regular and italic). If the underlying font and Web technology provides support, the proper glyphs can be obtained by marking the text with appropriate language codes. Thus, in non-italic mode: whereas: Since Unicode unifies different glyphs in same characters, font support must be present to display the correct variant. The standard Serbian keyboard layout for personal computers

688-648: A fixed production rate, and losses proportional to the inventory. Tritium for American nuclear weapons was produced in special heavy water reactors at the Savannah River Site until their closures in 1988. With the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) after the end of the Cold War , the existing supplies were sufficient for the new, smaller number of nuclear weapons for some time. 225 kg (496 lb) of tritium

774-513: A flat steel hook. The hook design required a much broader sling swivel to be attached to the M70's gas block than was usual to other Kalashnikov rifles. Serbian Cyrillic alphabet Reformed Serbian based its alphabet on the previous 18th century Slavonic-Serbian script, following the principle of "write as you speak and read as it is written", removing obsolete letters and letters representing iotated vowels , introducing ⟨J⟩ from

860-547: A grenade when locked into place. This design would later be incorporated into Zastava's M59/66 derivative of the Soviet SKS carbine. As the recoil from the rifle grenade could dislodge the standard AK dust cover, this was replaced with a new design that utilized a spring-loaded bolt. The stock of the M64 was also fitted with a heavy rubber recoil pad to help absorb the recoil. The M64 was fed from modified AK-pattern magazines and

946-525: A helium-cooled pebble bed, also known as a breeder blanket. High-energy neutrons can also produce tritium from lithium-7 in an endothermic reaction, consuming 2.466 MeV. This was discovered when the 1954 Castle Bravo nuclear test produced an unexpectedly high yield. Prior to this test, it was incorrectly assumed that 3 Li would absorb a neutron to become 3 Li , which would beta-decay to 4 Be , which in turn would decay to two 2 He nuclei on

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1032-478: A moderator of a natural uranium reactor which needs to keep neutron absorption outside the fuel as low as feasible. Some facilities that remove tritium also remove (or at least reduce the content of) O and O, which can – at least in principle – be used for isotope labeling . India, which also has a large fleet of pressurized heavy water reactors (initially CANDU technology but since indigenized and further developed IPHWR technology), also removes at least some of

1118-406: A total timeframe much longer than the duration of the explosion. High-energy neutrons irradiating boron-10 , also occasionally produce tritium: A more common result of boron-10 neutron capture is Li and a single alpha particle . Especially in pressurized water reactors which only partially thermalize neutrons, the interaction between relatively fast neutrons and the boric acid added as

1204-415: Is 9,650 curies per gram (3.57 × 10   Bq /g). Tritium figures prominently in studies of nuclear fusion due to its favorable reaction cross section and the large amount of energy (17.6 MeV) produced through its reaction with deuterium: All atomic nuclei contain protons as their only charged particles. They therefore repel one another because like charges repel ( Coulomb's law ). However, if

1290-468: Is a gas at standard temperature and pressure . Combined with oxygen , it forms tritiated water ( H 2 O ). Compared to hydrogen in its natural composition on Earth, tritium has a higher melting point (20.62 K vs. 13.99 K), a higher boiling point (25.04 K vs. 20.27 K), a higher critical temperature (40.59 K vs. 32.94 K) and a higher critical pressure (1.8317 MPa vs. 1.2858 MPa). Tritium's specific activity

1376-469: Is about 0.19 millibarn and that of oxygen-17 ( O) is about 240 millibarns. While O is by far the most common isotope of oxygen in both natural oxygen and heavy water; depending on the method of isotope separation , heavy water may be slightly richer in O and O . Due to both neutron capture and (n, α ) reactions (the latter of which produce C , an undesirable long-lived beta emitter, from O) they are net "neutron consumers" and are thus undesirable in

1462-404: Is an important component in nuclear weapons; it is used to enhance the efficiency and yield of fission bombs and the fission stages of hydrogen bombs in a process known as " boosting " as well as in external neutron initiators for such weapons. These are devices incorporated in nuclear weapons which produce a pulse of neutrons when the bomb is detonated to initiate the fission reaction in

1548-527: Is as follows: Tritium Tritium (from Ancient Greek τρίτος (trítos)  'third') or hydrogen-3 (symbol T or H ) is a rare and radioactive isotope of hydrogen with half-life ~12.3 years. The tritium nucleus (t, sometimes called a triton ) contains one proton and two neutrons , whereas the nucleus of the common isotope hydrogen-1 ( protium ) contains one proton and no neutrons, and that of non-radioactive hydrogen-2 ( deuterium ) contains one proton and one neutron. Tritium

1634-484: Is based on outdated dose calculation standards of National Bureau of Standards Handbook 69 circa 1963. Four millirem per year is about 1.3% of the natural background radiation (~3 mSv). For comparison, the banana equivalent dose (BED) is set at 0.1 μSv, so the statutory limit in the US is set at 400 BED. Updated dose calculation standards based on International Commission on Radiological Protection Report 30 and used in

1720-427: Is carried off by the nearly undetectable electron antineutrino . Beta particles from tritium can penetrate only about 6.0 millimetres (0.24 in) of air, and they are incapable of passing through the dead outermost layer of human skin. Because of their low energy compared to other beta particles, the amount of bremsstrahlung generated is also lower. The unusually low energy released in the tritium beta decay makes

1806-472: Is listed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology as 4,500 ± 8 days ( 12.32 ± 0.02 years ) – an annualized rate of approximately 5.5% per year. Tritium decays into helium-3 by beta-minus decay as shown in this nuclear equation: releasing 18.6  keV of energy in the process. The electron 's kinetic energy varies, with an average of 5.7 keV, while the remaining energy

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1892-636: Is necessary (or followed by a short schwa , e.g. /fə/).: Summary tables According to tradition, Glagolitic was invented by the Byzantine Christian missionaries and brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 860s, amid the Christianization of the Slavs . Glagolitic alphabet appears to be older, predating the introduction of Christianity, only formalized by Cyril and expanded to cover non-Greek sounds. The Glagolitic alphabet

1978-550: Is no practical separation technology on an industrial scale. Accordingly, a controlled environmental release is said to be the best way to treat low-tritium-concentration water." After a public information campaign sponsored by the Japanese government, the gradual release into the sea of the tritiated water began on 24 August 2023 and is the first of four releases through March 2024. The entire process will take "decades" to complete. China reacted with protest. The IAEA has endorsed

2064-471: Is normally locked into a folded position atop the rifle's upper handguard. Prior to firing a rifle grenade, the sight is raised and locked in the vertical position, which closes off the gas port in the barrel and prevents the M70's action from being cycled while a grenade is being launched. The M70 was designed to fire the M60 rifle grenade , with either a high-explosive or shaped charge warhead. The sight markings on

2150-604: Is seen as being more traditional, and has the official status (designated in the constitution as the " official script ", compared to Latin's status of "script in official use" designated by a lower-level act, for national minorities). It is also an official script in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro , along with Gaj's Latin alphabet . Serbian Cyrillic is in official use in Serbia , Montenegro , and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Although Bosnia "officially accept[s] both alphabets",

2236-438: Is the heaviest particle-bound isotope of hydrogen. It is one of the few nuclides with a distinct name. The use of the name hydrogen-3, though more systematic, is much less common. Naturally occurring tritium is extremely rare on Earth. The atmosphere has only trace amounts, formed by the interaction of its gases with cosmic rays . It can be produced artificially by irradiation of lithium or lithium-bearing ceramic pebbles in

2322-477: Is the only one in official use. The ligatures : were developed specially for the Serbian alphabet. Serbian Cyrillic does not use several letters encountered in other Slavic Cyrillic alphabets. It does not use hard sign ( ъ ) and soft sign ( ь ), particularly due to a lack of distinction between iotated consonants and non-iotated consonants, but the aforementioned soft-sign ligatures instead. It does not have Russian/Belarusian Э , Ukrainian/Belarusian І ,

2408-421: Is used in self-powered lighting devices called betalights , which are used for night illumination of firearm sights, watches, exit signs , map lights, navigational compasses (such as current-use M-1950 U.S. military compasses ), knives and a variety of other devices. As of 2000 , commercial demand for tritium is 400 grams (0.88 lb) per year and the cost is $ 30,000 per gram ($ 850,000/oz) or more. Tritium

2494-536: The Latin alphabet instead, and adding several consonant letters for sounds specific to Serbian phonology . During the same period, linguists led by Ljudevit Gaj adapted the Latin alphabet, in use in western South Slavic areas, using the same principles. As a result of this joint effort, Serbian Cyrillic and Gaj's Latin alphabets have a complete one-to-one congruence, with the Latin digraphs Lj, Nj, and Dž counting as single letters. The updated Serbian Cyrillic alphabet

2580-566: The Nazi puppet Independent State of Croatia banned the use of Cyrillic, having regulated it on 25 April 1941, and in June 1941 began eliminating " Eastern " (Serbian) words from Croatian, and shut down Serbian schools. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was used as a basis for the Macedonian alphabet with the work of Krste Misirkov and Venko Markovski . The Serbian Cyrillic script was one of

2666-538: The Zastava PAP series , are still produced by Zastava for export. Beginning in 1952, Yugoslavia's defence industry had been experimenting with new automatic rifle designs, mostly patterned after the German StG 44 , an unknown quantity of which had been captured by Yugoslav Partisans during World War II . In 1959, two Albanian soldiers defected to Yugoslavia with Soviet AK-47s, which were promptly passed on by

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2752-495: The djerv (Ꙉꙉ) for the Serbian reflexes of Pre-Slavic *tj and *dj (* t͡ɕ , * d͡ʑ , * d͡ʒ , and * tɕ ), later the letter evolved to dje (Ђђ) and tshe (Ћћ) letters . Vuk Stefanović Karadžić fled Serbia during the Serbian Revolution in 1813, to Vienna. There he met Jernej Kopitar , a linguist with interest in slavistics. Kopitar and Sava Mrkalj helped Vuk to reform Serbian and its orthography. He finalized

2838-557: The 3 and 13 October 1914 banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia , limiting it for use in religious instruction. A decree was passed on January 3, 1915, that banned Serbian Cyrillic completely from public use. An imperial order on October 25, 1915, banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina , except "within the scope of Serbian Orthodox Church authorities". In 1941,

2924-453: The AK-47, the left side of the receiver had a raised step. The M64 had a threaded barrel which resembled that of the AK-47 but was slightly thicker and not chrome-lined like its Soviet counterpart. It was also equipped with a ladder sight for launching rifle grenades, which was folded against the upper handguard when not in use. The sight functioned as a gas shutoff to enable the safe launching of

3010-602: The Darlington Tritium Recovery Facility (DTRF) attached to the 3,512 MW electric Darlington Nuclear Generating Station in Ontario. The total production at DTRF between 1989 and 2011 was 42.5 kilograms (94 lb) – with an activity of 409 megacuries (15,100 PBq): an average of about 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) per year. Deuterium's absorption cross section for thermal neutrons is about 0.52 millibarn , whereas that of oxygen-16 ( O)

3096-645: The Latin script is almost always used in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , whereas Cyrillic is in everyday use in Republika Srpska . The Serbian language in Croatia is officially recognized as a minority language; however, the use of Cyrillic in bilingual signs has sparked protests and vandalism . Serbian Cyrillic is an important symbol of Serbian identity. In Serbia, official documents are printed in Cyrillic only even though, according to

3182-573: The M64 in large numbers. In 1970, the Yugoslav government approved the M64 for serial production as the AP M70 ( Automatska Puška Model 1970 , "Automatic Rifle Model 1970"), with a few alterations to the original design. To reduce production costs, the M64's bolt hold open device was removed. Instead, Zastava manufactured proprietary magazines for the M70 which fulfilled the same function. The magazines' follower plates had flat rear edges which held back

3268-644: The M70 to be produced was the M70B2 , which possessed a new stamped receiver thicker and heavier than those found on comparable stamped receiver Kalashnikov rifles such as the AKM . The M70B2 and most later models of the M70AB2 were also manufactured with sturdier barrel trunnions resembling those on the RPK light machine gun. The rifles now possessed distinct bulges on either side of their forward receivers, necessary to accommodate

3354-586: The NRC Regulation 10CFR20 results in a dose of 0.9 millirem (9 μSv) per year at 740 Bq/L (20 nCi/L). Tritiation of drug candidates allows detailed analysis of their absorption and metabolism . Tritium has also been used for biological radiometric assays, in a process akin to radiocarbon dating . For example, [ H] retinyl acetate was traced through the bodies of rats. The beta particles from small amounts of tritium cause chemicals called phosphors to glow. This radioluminescence

3440-588: The Tritiated Water Task Force released a report on the status of tritium in tritiated water at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant , as part of considering options for final disposal of the stored contaminated cooling water. This identified that the March 2016 holding of tritium on-site was 760  TBq (equivalent to 2.1 g of tritium or 14 mL of pure tritiated water) in a total of 860,000 m of stored water. This report also identified

3526-471: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , self-illuminating exit signs improperly disposed in municipal landfills have been found to contaminate waterways. The legal limits for tritium in drinking water vary widely from country to country. Some figures are given below: The American limit results in a dose of 4.0  millirems (or 40 micro sieverts in SI units ) per year per EPA regulation 40CFR141, and

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3612-1007: The US. In one case, leaking water contained 7.5 microcuries (280 kBq) of tritium per liter, which is 375 times the current EPA limit for drinking water, and 28 times the World Health Organization 's recommended limit. This is equivalent to 0.777 nanograms per litre (5.45 × 10  gr/imp gal) or roughly 0.8 parts per trillion . The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission states that in normal operation in 2003, 56 pressurized water reactors released 40,600 curies (1,500,000 GBq) of tritium (maximum: 2,080 Ci (77,000 GBq); minimum: 0.1 Ci (3.7 GBq); average: 725 Ci (26,800 GBq)) and 24 boiling water reactors released 665 Ci (24.6 TBq) (maximum: 174 Ci (6,400 GBq); minimum: 0 Ci; average: 27.7 Ci (1,020 GBq)), in liquid effluents. 40,600 Ci (1,500,000 GBq) of tritium weigh about 4.207 grams (0.1484 oz). According to

3698-569: The Yugoslav government to be inspected by Zastava engineers. Zastava was able to make metal castings of the two sample AKs, but could not glean enough technical data to reproduce the weapons or their associated parts. By the end of the year, however, the Yugoslav government had obtained more early pattern AKs from an unidentified Third World nation that was receiving Soviet military aid. At this point, there were enough AKs in Zastava's possession for its engineers to study and effectively reverse engineer

3784-576: The alphabet in 1818 with the Serbian Dictionary . Karadžić reformed standard Serbian and standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by following strict phonemic principles on the Johann Christoph Adelung ' model and Jan Hus ' Czech alphabet . Karadžić's reforms of standard Serbian modernised it and distanced it from Serbian and Russian Church Slavonic , instead bringing it closer to common folk speech, specifically, to

3870-513: The atoms have a high enough temperature and pressure (for example, in the core of the Sun), then their random motions can overcome such repulsion, and they can come close enough for the strong nuclear force to take effect, fusing them into heavier atoms. A tritium nucleus (triton), containing one proton and two neutrons, has the same charge as any hydrogen nucleus, and it experiences the same electrostatic repulsion when close to another nucleus. However,

3956-584: The bolt after the last round was fired. A derivative of the M70 with a folding stock was also produced, under the designation M70A . The M70 became a standard infantry weapon in the Yugoslav People's Army that year. Shortly afterwards, Zastava ceased threading the barrels of M70s into their receivers and adopted the cheaper and easier method of pressing and pinning barrels into the receivers. The M70s produced with pressed and pinned barrels, along with other detail improvements, were redesignated M70B , with

4042-409: The decay (along with that of rhenium-187 ) useful for absolute neutrino mass measurements in the laboratory. The low energy of tritium's radiation makes it difficult to detect tritium-labeled compounds except by using liquid scintillation counting . Tritium is most often produced in nuclear reactors by neutron activation of lithium-6 . The release and diffusion of tritium and helium produced by

4128-563: The dialect of Eastern Herzegovina which he spoke. Karadžić was, together with Đuro Daničić , the main Serbian signatory to the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850 which, encouraged by Austrian authorities, laid the foundation for Serbian, various forms of which are used by Serbs in Serbia , Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia today. Karadžić also translated the New Testament into Serbian, which

4214-513: The enactment of the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty proved to be unexpectedly useful to oceanographers. The high levels of tritium oxide introduced into upper layers of the oceans have been used in the years since then to measure the rate of mixing of the upper layers of the oceans with their lower levels. Since tritium is a low energy beta (β) emitter , it is not dangerous externally (its β particles cannot penetrate

4300-451: The environment. The biological half-life of tritiated water in the human body, which is a measure of body water turn-over, varies with the season. Studies on the biological half-life of occupational radiation workers for free water tritium in a coastal region of Karnataka , India, show that the biological half-life in winter is twice that of the summer. If tritium exposure is suspected or known, drinking uncontaminated water will help replace

4386-443: The fission fuel depletes and also explodes outward, it falls below the density needed to stay critical by itself, but the fusion neutrons make the fission process progress faster and continue longer than it would without boosting. Increased yield comes overwhelmingly from the increased fission. The energy from the fusion itself is much smaller because the amount of fusion fuel is much smaller. Effects of boosting include: The tritium in

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4472-672: The fission of lithium can take place within ceramics known as breeder ceramics . Production of tritium from lithium-6 in such breeder ceramics is possible with neutrons of any energy, though the cross section is higher when the incident neutrons have lower energy, reaching more than 900 barns for thermal neutrons . This is an exothermic reaction, yielding 4.8  MeV . In comparison, fusion of deuterium with tritium releases about 17.6 MeV. For applications in proposed fusion energy reactors, such as ITER , pebbles consisting of lithium bearing ceramics including Li 2 TiO 3 and Li 4 SiO 4 , are being developed for tritium breeding within

4558-431: The fissionable core (pit) of the bomb, after it is compressed to a critical mass by explosives. Actuated by an ultrafast switch like a krytron , a small particle accelerator drives ions of tritium and deuterium to energies above the 15  keV or so needed for deuterium-tritium fusion and directs them into a metal target where the tritium and deuterium are adsorbed as hydrides . High-energy fusion neutrons from

4644-746: The folding stock variant being redesignated M70 AB . By the mid 1970s, Zastava began manufacturing the M70 with a stamped rather than a milled receiver to reduce production costs. This was known as the M70B1 . Derivatives of the M70B1 with folding stocks were designated M70AB2 . Both the M70B1 and M70AB2 were fitted with night sights, which alternatively utilized tritium vials or were marked with luminescent paint, that could be raised or lowered as needed. Small numbers of M70B1s and M70AB2s were manufactured with mounting brackets for optics, these were designated M70B1N and M70AB2N , respectively. The final variant of

4730-417: The larger RPK-pattern trunnions. The addition of the larger trunnions and thicker receivers was seen as a necessary measure to strengthen the rifle design and make it more suitable for launching grenades. The original M70 design was based on the early pattern Soviet AK-47 (specifically Type 3), which utilised a milled receiver. There are a number of cosmetic differences between the two receiver patterns, namely

4816-406: The left side of the ladder sight are graduated for high-explosive or anti-personnel rounds, while those on the right are graduated for targeting armored vehicles and other hard targets. The M70 was issued with a late pattern AKM bayonet, copied from the original Soviet product, with a leather scabbard hanger. It was also issued with a unique Yugoslavian canvas sling, which was secured to the rifle by

4902-420: The metabolism of OBT is less understood than that of H HO. Tritium can incorporate to RNA and DNA molecules within organisms which can lead to somatic and genetic impacts. These can emerge in later generations. H HO has a short biological half-life in the human body of 7 to 14 days, which both reduces the total effects of single-incident ingestion and precludes long-term bioaccumulation of H HO from

4988-407: The most important reaction for natural production, a fast neutron (which must have energy greater than 4.0  MeV ) interacts with atmospheric nitrogen : Worldwide, the production of tritium from natural sources is 148 peta becquerels per year. The global equilibrium inventory of tritium created by natural sources remains approximately constant at 2,590 petabecquerels. This is due to

5074-401: The neutrons in the triton increase the attractive strong nuclear force when close enough to another nucleus. As a result, tritium can fuse more easily with other light atoms, than ordinary hydrogen can. The same is true, albeit to a lesser extent, of deuterium. This is why brown dwarfs ("failed" stars ) cannot fuse normal hydrogen, but they do fuse a small minority of deuterium nuclei. Like

5160-498: The operation of nuclear reactors , especially in the reprocessing of nuclear fuel and storage of spent nuclear fuel . The production of tritium is not a goal, but a side-effect. It is discharged to the atmosphere in small quantities by some nuclear power plants. Voloxidation is an optional additional step in nuclear reprocessing that removes volatile fission products (such as all isotopes of hydrogen) before an aqueous process begins. This would in principle enable economic recovery of

5246-476: The other isotopes of hydrogen , tritium is difficult to confine. Rubber, plastic, and some kinds of steel are all somewhat permeable. This has raised concerns that if tritium were used in large quantities, in particular for fusion reactors , it might contribute to radioactive contamination , though its short half-life should prevent significant long-term accumulation in the atmosphere. The high levels of atmospheric nuclear weapons testing that took place prior to

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5332-448: The pit. Before detonation, a few grams of tritium–deuterium gas are injected into the hollow " pit " of fissile material. The early stages of the fission chain reaction supply enough heat and compression to start deuterium–tritium fusion; then both fission and fusion proceed in parallel, the fission assisting the fusion by continuing heating and compression, and the fusion assisting the fission with highly energetic (14.1- MeV ) neutrons. As

5418-510: The plan. The water released is diluted to reduce the tritium concentration to less than 1500 Bq/L, far below the limit recommended in drinking water by the WHO. Tritium's decay product helium-3 has a very large cross section (5330 barns) for reacting with thermal neutrons , expelling a proton; hence, it is rapidly converted back to tritium in nuclear reactors . Tritium occurs naturally due to cosmic rays interacting with atmospheric gases. In

5504-470: The produced tritium but even if the tritium is only disposed and not used, it has the potential to reduce tritium contamination in the water used, reducing radioactivity released when the water is discharged since tritiated water cannot be removed from "ordinary" water except by isotope separation. Given the specific activity of tritium at 9,650 curies per gram (357 TBq/g), one TBq is equivalent to roughly 2.8 milligrams (0.043 gr). In June 2016

5590-634: The reactors of the commercial Watts Bar Nuclear Plant from 2003 to 2005 followed by extraction of tritium from the rods at the Tritium Extraction Facility at the Savannah River Site beginning in November 2006. Tritium leakage from the rods during reactor operations limits the number that can be used in any reactor without exceeding the maximum allowed tritium levels in the coolant. Tritium has an atomic mass of 3.016 049 28   Da . Diatomic tritium ( T 2 or H 2 )

5676-417: The reducing concentration of tritium in the water extracted from the buildings etc. for storage, seeing a factor of ten decrease over the five years considered (2011–2016), 3.3 MBq/L to 0.3 MBq/L (after correction for the 5% annual decay of tritium). According to a report by an expert panel considering the best approach to dealing with this issue, " Tritium could be separated theoretically , but there

5762-400: The resulting fusion radiate in all directions. Some of these strike plutonium or uranium nuclei in the primary's pit, initiating a nuclear chain reaction . The quantity of neutrons produced is large in absolute numbers, allowing the pit to quickly achieve neutron levels that would otherwise need many more generations of chain reaction, though still small compared to the total number of nuclei in

5848-680: The rifle's gas block, which also shut off the gas system when raised. The M70 became the standard issue infantry weapon in the Yugoslav People's Army in 1970, complementing and later superseding the Zastava M59/66 . The M70 was also used by Republika Srpska in the Bosnian War alongside the AK-74 and other weapons. Both the original M70 design, as well as commercial variants of the weapon without select-fire capability, known as

5934-407: The risk of its escaping to the environment. Ontario Power Generation 's "Tritium Removal Facility" is capable of processing up to 2,500 tonnes (2,500 long tons; 2,800 short tons) of heavy water a year, and it separates out about 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) of tritium, making it available for other uses. CANDU reactors typically produce 130 grams (4.6 oz) of tritium per year, which is recovered at

6020-768: The semi-vowels Й or Ў , nor the iotated letters Я (Russian/Bulgarian ya ), Є (Ukrainian ye ), Ї ( yi ), Ё (Russian yo ) or Ю ( yu ), which are instead written as two separate letters: Ја, Је, Ји, Јо, Ју . Ј can also be used as a semi-vowel, in place of й . The letter Щ is not used. When necessary, it is transliterated as either ШЧ , ШЋ or ШТ . Serbian italic and cursive forms of lowercase letters б , г , д , п , and т (Russian Cyrillic alphabet) differ from those used in other Cyrillic alphabets: б , г , д , п , and т (Serbian Cyrillic alphabet). The regular (upright) shapes are generally standardized among languages and there are no officially recognized variations. That presents

6106-442: The skin), but it can be a radiation hazard if inhaled, ingested via food or water, or absorbed through the skin. Organisms can take up H HO, as they would H 2 O. Plants convert H HO into organically bound tritium (OBT), and are consumed by animals. H HO is retained in humans for around 12 days, with a small portion of it remaining in the body. Tritium can be passed along the food chain as one organism feeds on another, though

6192-423: The smooth left side of the receiver, which lacks the machined section normally found on original Soviet Type 3 AKs and their derivatives. The M64/M70 dust covers were secured into place by a unique locking recoil spring guide, which prevents it from being dislodged while firing rifle grenades. Additionally, Zastava serial numbers were engraved just above the magazine well on milled receiver M64s and M70s rather than on

6278-433: The tritium from the body. Increasing sweating, urination or breathing can help the body expel water and thereby the tritium contained in it. However, care should be taken that neither dehydration nor a depletion of the body's electrolytes results, as the health consequences of those things (particularly in the short term) can be more severe than those of tritium exposure. Tritium has leaked from 48 of 65 nuclear sites in

6364-556: The tritium produced in the moderator/coolant of its reactors but due to the dual use nature of tritium and the Indian nuclear bomb program, less information about this is publicly available than for Canada. Tritium is an uncommon product of the nuclear fission of uranium-235 , plutonium-239 , and uranium-233 , with a production of about one atom per 10 fissions. The main pathways of tritium production include ternary fission . The release or recovery of tritium needs to be considered in

6450-409: The trunnion. Even after Zastava began producing the M70 with a stamped receiver, many of the weapon's features more closely resembled those of the Type 3 AK rather than the stamped receiver AKM. Zastava began incorporating larger, RPK-pattern barrel trunnions in the M70 during the mid to late 1970s, which resulted in a distinctive bulge on the forward receiver beneath the rifle's bolt handle. Each M70B1

6536-598: The two official scripts used to write Serbo-Croatian in Yugoslavia since its establishment in 1918, the other being Gaj's Latin alphabet ( latinica ). Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, Serbian Cyrillic is no longer used in Croatia on national level, while in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro it remained an official script. Under the Constitution of Serbia of 2006, Cyrillic script

6622-464: The weapon type. Unlicensed production of an AK-47 derivative commenced in 1964. The first domestic Kalashnikov rifles submitted by Zastava for military field trials were unofficially designated M64 and incorporated a milled receiver based heavily on that of the AK Type 3 but with several cosmetic differences. For example, while the right side of the receiver was almost indistinguishable from that of

6708-630: Was based on the Slavic dialect of Thessaloniki . Part of the Serbian literary heritage of the Middle Ages are works such as Miroslav Gospel , Vukan Gospels , St. Sava's Nomocanon , Dušan's Code , Munich Serbian Psalter , and others. The first printed book in Serbian was the Cetinje Octoechos (1494). It's notable extensive use of diacritical signs by the Resava dialect and use of

6794-546: Was first detected in 1934 by Ernest Rutherford , Mark Oliphant and Paul Harteck after bombarding deuterium with deuterons (deuterium nuclei). Deuterium is another isotope of hydrogen, which occurs naturally with an abundance of 0.015%. Their experiment could not isolate tritium, which was first accomplished in 1939 by Luis Alvarez and Robert Cornog , who also realized tritium's radioactivity. Willard Libby recognized in 1954 that tritium could be used for radiometric dating of water and wine . The half life of tritium

6880-631: Was gradually superseded in later centuries by the Cyrillic script, developed around by Cyril's disciples, perhaps at the Preslav Literary School at the end of the 9th century. The earliest form of Cyrillic was the ustav , based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek. There was no distinction between capital and lowercase letters. The standard language

6966-467: Was manufactured with a device that left the bolt open after the last round in the magazine had been fired. It also possessed longer handguards that were not interchangeable with the Soviet type. The placement of the AK-47's rear sight was moved even further to the rear, giving the operator a longer sight radius. Though performances during field trials were satisfactory, the Yugoslav People's Army did not adopt

7052-440: Was marked on the left above the bulged trunnion with the Zastava brandmark, model number, year of production, and a serial number. There are three fire selector markings on the right side of the receiver: "U" ("Ukočeno", safety), "R" ("Rafalna", automatic fire), and "J" ("Jedinačna", semi-automatic fire). The M70 included an integral folding ladder sight and a detachable grenade launcher spigot for launching rifle grenades. The sight

7138-585: Was officially adopted in the Principality of Serbia in 1868, and was in exclusive use in the country up to the interwar period . Both alphabets were official in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and later in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Due to the shared cultural area, Gaj's Latin alphabet saw a gradual adoption in the Socialist Republic of Serbia since, and both scripts are used to write modern standard Serbian. In Serbia , Cyrillic

7224-463: Was produced in the United States from 1955 to 1996. Since it continually decays into helium-3, the total amount remaining was about 75 kg (165 lb) at the time of the report, and about 16 kg (35 lb) as of 2023. Tritium production was resumed with irradiation of rods containing lithium (replacing the usual control rods containing boron , cadmium , or hafnium ), at

7310-582: Was published in 1868. He wrote several books; Mala prostonarodna slaveno-serbska pesnarica and Pismenica serbskoga jezika in 1814, and two more in 1815 and 1818, all with the alphabet still in progress. In his letters from 1815 to 1818 he used: Ю, Я, Ы and Ѳ. In his 1815 song book he dropped the Ѣ. The alphabet was officially adopted in 1868, four years after his death. From the Old Slavic script Vuk retained these 24 letters: He added one Latin letter: And 5 new ones: He removed: Orders issued on

7396-472: Was unable to directly obtain the technical specifications for the AK and opted to reverse engineer the weapon type. Although the M70 was functionally identical to the AK, it had unique in-built features that better enabled it to fire rifle grenades . These included a thicker receiver, a new latch for the dust cover to ensure it would not be jarred loose by a grenade discharge, and a folding grenade sight bracket over

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