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74-579: Later in 1979 it became available as a 4-door sedan , identical to the Fiat 128 but sold under the name Zastava 128 . The Zastava 128 model was discontinued in 2003. In its domestic market, the Zastava 101 was widely known by the nicknames "Stojadin" ( pronounced [stoˈjǎdin] , a male name, from the similarity with Serbo-Croatian for 101, "sto jedan") and (in Slovenia) "Stoenka" ("101-ette"). In

148-436: A bolt circle pattern with six bolts placed along a circle 70 mm in diameter. Other examples of common bolt patterns are 3×1.75 in (44.45 mm), 5×2.75 in (69.85 mm), 6×74 mm and 6×2.75 in (69.85 mm). The quick release itself is often proprietary. The steering wheel should be used with strategic movements of the hand and wrist in spinning motions. Caution and care should be used to ensure

222-461: A 1,116 cc engine, with an 8.8:1 compression ratio and various carburetors (Weber 32 icev 10, Holley Europea 32 ICEV 10, IPM 32 MGV 1 or Solex C 32 DISA 20). In 1976, all engines - beginning with #0076986 - used a new camshaft, 20-millimeters wide to the outgoing camshaft's 14-millimeter width. No further significant changes were made until 1979, when the Zastava 101B replaced the Standard model. Both

296-497: A buffer or absorber between the driver's hands and the vibration transmitted from the road surfaces. Most were three- or four-spokes made of four or five wires in each spoke, hence the name "Banjo". Edward James Lobdell developed the original tilt wheel in the early 1900s. A 7-position tilt wheel was introduced by the Saginaw Division of General Motors in 1963 for all passenger car divisions except Chevrolet which received

370-498: A decade, the steering wheel had entirely replaced the tiller in automobiles. At the insistence of Thomas B. Jeffery, the driver's position was also moved to the left-hand side of the car during the 1903 Rambler production. Most other car makers began offering cars with left-hand drive in 1910. Soon after, most cars in the US converted to left-hand drive. Steering wheels for passenger automobiles are generally circular. They are mounted to

444-420: A detachable or a quick-release hub. The steering wheel can be removed without using tools by pressing a button. The system is often found in narrow-spaced racing cars to facilitate the driver getting in and out, as well as in other cars as an anti-theft device. The quick-release connector is often brand-specific, with some makes being interchangeable. The most common mounting pattern is 6×70 mm, which denotes

518-452: A diameter as possible to reduce the effort needed to turn. As cars grew progressively lower and driver's areas more compact throughout the 1960s and 1970s, steering wheels became smaller to fit into the interior space. The number of spokes in the steering wheel has continuously changed. Most early cars had four-spoke steering wheels. A Banjo steering wheel was an option in early automobiles. They predate power steering. The wire spokes were

592-600: A footman/mechanic) was the first sedan, since it is the first known car to be produced with a roof. A one-off instance of similar coachwork is also known in a 1900 De Dion-Bouton Type D. A sedan is typically considered to be a fixed-roof car with at least four seats. Based on this definition, the earliest sedan was the 1911 Speedwell , which was manufactured in the United States. In American English , Latin American Spanish , and Brazilian Portuguese ,

666-631: A four-door station wagon from 1958 until 1960 in the Rambler and Ambassador series. In 1973, the US government passed Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 216 creating a standard roof strength test to measure the integrity of roof structure in motor vehicles to come into effect some years later. Hardtop sedan body style production ended with the 1978 Chrysler Newport . Roofs were covered with vinyl, and B-pillars were minimized by styling methods like matt black finishes. Stylists and engineers soon developed more subtle solutions. A close-coupled sedan

740-523: A front-mounted engine and a steering wheel mounted on the left-hand side. However, the early automaker adopted a more "conventional" rear-engine and tiller-steering layout for its first mass-produced Ramblers in 1902. The following year, the Rambler Model E was largely unchanged, except that it came equipped with a tiller early in the year that was changed to a steering wheel by the end of 1903. By 1904, all Ramblers featured steering wheels. Within

814-605: A horizontal trunk lid. The term is generally only referred to in marketing when it is necessary to differentiate between two sedan body styles (e.g., notchback and fastback) of the same model range. Several sedans have a fastback profile but a hatchback-style tailgate is hinged at the roof. Examples include the Peugeot 309 , Škoda Octavia , Hyundai Elantra XD , Chevrolet Malibu Maxx , BMW 4 Series Grand Coupe , Audi A5 Sportback , and Tesla Model S . The names hatchback and sedan are often used to differentiate between body styles of

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888-503: A legend in Serbia: a solid, inexpensive car which can still be seen in all its generations, across ex-Yugoslavian territory and Eastern Europe. Sedan (automobile) A sedan or saloon ( British English ) is a passenger car in a three-box configuration with separate compartments for an engine, passengers, and cargo. The first recorded use of sedan in reference to an automobile body occurred in 1912. The name derives from

962-400: A locking ring surrounding the center hub and offered a 3-inch (76 mm) range of adjustment. A swing-away steering column was introduced in the 1961 Ford Thunderbird and made available on other Ford products during the 1960s. The swing-away steering wheel allowed the steering wheel to move 9 inches (229 mm) to the right when the transmission selector was in the "park" position to make

1036-533: A locknut before adjustment, many using the Douglas ASW (Adjustable Steering Wheel). In 1949, the Jaguar XK120 introduced a new steering wheel supplied by Bluemel that was driver-adjustable by loosening a sleeve around the column by hand. The 1955-1957 Ford Thunderbird had a similar design with 3 inches (76 mm) of total travel. In 1956, the travel was restricted to 2 inches (51 mm). A patent

1110-476: A manufacturer produces two-door sedan and four-door sedan versions of the same model, the shape and position of the greenhouse on both versions may be identical, with only the B-pillar positioned further back to accommodate the longer doors on the two-door versions. A sedan chair, a sophisticated litter , is an enclosed box with windows used to transport one seated person. Porters at the front and rear carry

1184-574: A railroad train's club carriage (e.g.,, the lounge or parlour carriage). From the 1910s to the 1950s, several United States manufacturers have named models either Sedanet or Sedanette. The term originated as a smaller version of the sedan; however, it has also been used for convertibles and fastback coupes. Models that have been called Sedanet or Sedanette include the 1917 Dort Sedanet, King , 1919 Lexington , 1930s Cadillac Fleetwood Sedanette, 1949 Cadillac Series 62 Sedanette, 1942-1951 Buick Super Sedanet , and 1956 Studebaker . Sedans, as

1258-452: A single key to unlock the doors and liftback, and to operate the ignition. Optionally, the 101 Yugo Skala 55 can be equipped to run on natural gas, with a factory-installed Lovato 40-liter tank and feed. Zastava in 2008 was still selling the Skala 55. It was Serbia's most-affordable automobile. The last 1,045,258th Zastava 101 rolled off the assembly line at November 20, 2008, what is summarily

1332-414: A specific category of automobiles, have had serious social consequences shaped by their design and use. Their compact and fuel-efficient nature has made them a preferred choice for urban and suburban settings, promoting individual mobility. However, this accessibility has contributed to increased urban sprawl and car dependency. Sedans, like other private vehicles, encourage dispersed living patterns, reducing

1406-414: A square-type steering wheel with rounded corners, described as a 'squircle'. The objective of the flat bottom is to ease diver egress while the flattened top enhances the line of sight when driving. General Motors applied for a US patent for a modular steering control that can be updated with components or changed in shape ranging from a traditional circle to a yoke. In countries where cars must drive on

1480-457: Is a body style produced in the United States during the 1920s and 1930s. Their two-box boxy styling made these sedans more like crossover vehicles than traditional three-box sedans. Like other close-coupled body styles, the rear seats are farther forward than a regular sedan. This reduced the length of the body; close-coupled sedans, also known as town sedans, were the shortest of the sedan models offered. Models of close-coupled sedans include

1554-458: Is accomplished when the ignition key is removed from the ignition lock. See steering lock . The driver's seat and steering wheel are centrally located on certain high-performance sports cars, such as the McLaren F1 , and most single-seat racing cars. As drivers may continuously have their hands on the steering wheel for many hours, these are designed with ergonomics in mind. However,

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1628-463: Is called Limousine and a limousine is a Stretch-Limousine . In the United States, two-door sedan models were marketed as Tudor in the Ford Model A (1927–1931) series. Automakers use different terms to differentiate their products and for Ford's sedan body styles "the tudor (2-door) and fordor (4-door) were marketing terms designed to stick in the minds of the public." Ford continued to use

1702-413: Is called dry steering . It is generally advised to avoid dry steering as it strains the steering mechanism and causes undue wear to the tires. The first button added to the steering wheel was a switch to activate the car's electric horn . Traditionally located on the steering wheel hub or center pad, the horn switch was sometimes placed on the spokes or activated via a decorative horn ring, which obviated

1776-566: Is the brodie knob . A similar device in aircraft is the yoke . Water vessels not steered from a stern-mounted tiller are directed with the ship's wheel , which may have inspired the concept of the steering wheel. The steering wheel is better than other user interfaces and has persisted because driving requires precise feedback that is provided by a large interface. Early Formula One cars used steering wheels taken directly from road cars. They were normally made from wood. Without interior cabin packaging constraints, they tended to be made as large

1850-431: Is the part of the steering system that the driver manipulates; the rest of the steering system responds to such driver inputs. This can be through direct mechanical contact as in recirculating ball or rack and pinion steering gears, without or with the assistance of hydraulic power steering , HPS, or as in some modern production cars with the help of computer-controlled motors, known as electric power steering . Near

1924-684: The Chrysler Imperial , Duesenberg Model A , and Packard 745 A two-door sedan for four or five passengers but with less room for passengers than a standard sedan. A Coach body has no external trunk for luggage. Haajanen says it can be difficult to tell the difference between a Club and a Brougham and a Coach body, as if manufacturers were more concerned with marketing their product than adhering to strict body style definitions. Close-coupled saloons originated as four-door thoroughbred sporting horse-drawn carriages with little room for rear passengers' feet. In automotive use, manufacturers in

1998-711: The Studebaker Four and Studebaker Six models were marketed as sedans. There were fully enclosed automobile bodies before 1912. Long before that time, the same fully enclosed but horse-drawn carriages were known as a brougham in the United Kingdom, berline in France, and berlina in Italy; the latter two have become the terms for sedans in these countries. It is sometimes stated that the 1899 Renault Voiturette Type B (a 2-seat car with an extra external seat for

2072-477: The Zastava 10 . Behind the wheel was a new instrument cluster, complete with tachometer, glowing in blue and red nuances behind its curvaceous housing. New, softer seats made for an elevated driving position. The 2008 Yugo Skala 55 also shares a horn; adjustable side mirrors, and rear-view mirror with the Zastava 10. Door locks come from Zastava's In (Zastava Koral and Zastava Florida ) range. Owners now need but

2146-423: The steering column by a hub connected to the outer ring of the steering wheel by one or more spokes (single spoke wheels being a relatively rare exception). Other types of vehicles may use a modified circular design, a butterfly shape, or some other shape, such as a yoke. On some Tesla models, the steering control is through a yoke rectangle shaped with rounded edges and two pistol grips. The C8 Corvette includes

2220-436: The "wrist-twist" steering of the 1965 Mercury Park Lane concept car was controlled by two 5-inch (127 mm) rings, none have yet been deployed as successfully as the conventional large steering wheel. Passenger automobile regulations implemented by the U.S. Department of Transportation required the locking of steering wheel rotation (or transmission locked in "park") to hinder motor vehicle theft ; in most vehicles, this

2294-422: The 1,273,532nd Zastava Skala car (the 1,045,258th Zastava 101 and the 228,274th Zastava 128 car models). In the beginning, two versions of the Zastava 101 were available: Standard and De Luxe. Standard models offered seats trimmed in imitation black leather, with a black, spherical gear shifter. De Luxe trim brought forth red seats and carpet, chrome trim across the interior door panels and exterior sides of

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2368-587: The 101B and 101L now shared the same, upmarket seats, with integrated headrests. Zastava 101 L 1300 was the first model with an engine of 1290 cc and 73 hp (54 kW), with an original Italian gearbox (Fiat 128 Coupe). Produced in small number of exemplars. Also in 1979, Zastava launched the 101S (Super) and SC (Super Confort). They had new bumpers, square headlamps, a new radiator grille with chrome surround, black side mirror, black wipers, small black wheel caps, standard rear defroster and two new warning lamps (hand-brake on, brake-pad warning). Interior colors were added, as

2442-535: The 17th-century litter known as a sedan chair, a one-person enclosed box with windows and carried by porters. Variations of the sedan style include the close-coupled sedan, club sedan, convertible sedan, fastback sedan, hardtop sedan, notchback sedan, and sedanet. A sedan ( / s ɪ ˈ d æ n / ) is a car with a closed body (i.e., a fixed metal roof) with the engine, passengers, and cargo in separate compartments. This broad definition does not differentiate sedans from various other car body styles. Still, in practice,

2516-529: The 1990s, a proliferation of new buttons began to appear on automobile steering wheels. Remote or alternate adjustments could include vehicle audio , telephone, and voice control navigation. Scroll wheels or buttons are often used to set volume levels or page through menus and change radio stations or audio tracks. These controls can use universal interfaces, wired or wirelessly. Game controllers are available for arcade cabinets , personal computers, and console games that are designed to look and feel like

2590-406: The 21st century, saloon remains in the long-established names of particular motor races. In other languages, sedans are known as berline ( French ), berlina ( European Spanish , European Portuguese , Romanian , and Italian ), though they may include hatchbacks. These names, like the sedan, all come from forms of passenger transport used before the advent of automobiles. In German , a sedan

2664-473: The Tudor name for 5-window coupes, 2-door convertibles, and roadsters since all had two doors. The Tudor name was also used to describe the Škoda 1101/1102 introduced in 1946. The public popularized the name for a two-door model and was then applied by the automaker to the entire line that included a four-door sedan and station wagon versions. In the United States, the notchback sedan distinguishes models with

2738-462: The United Kingdom used the term to develop the chummy body, where passengers were forced to be friendly because they were tightly packed. They provided weather protection for extra passengers in what would otherwise be a two-seater car. Two-door versions would be described in the United States and France as coach bodies. A postwar example is the Rover 3 Litre Coupé . Produced in the United States from

2812-445: The Zastava 101 (internationally, the Zastava 1100 or 311/ 313/ 511/ 513). Derived from Italy's Fiat 128, which Zastava also produced ( Zastava 128 ), the 101 added a practical fifth door. Arriving a full three years before Fiat's own 128 3P and Volkswagen's Golf , the 101 was among the first hatchbacks with engine and gearbox located astride each other. Front-wheel-drive in an era when most manufacturers were still years away from making

2886-453: The car now sat lower, for better stability. The GTL model featured revisions to the brakes. The standard, 1,116 cc motor produced 55 horsepower (41 kW) with a one-barrel IPM 32 MGV 12 carburetor, while the 1,301 cc engine made 65 horsepower (48 kW) with a two-barrel Weber 30/32 DMTR 90/250. A new cable connected the accelerator and carburetor. In 1987, Zastava applied the YUGO name to

2960-528: The car, and imitation wood ahead of the front passenger. Zastava's logo was embedded within a transparent shifter knob. The following years saw the radiator grille painted black (rather than grey). In 1976, the 101L replaced the De Luxe model, featuring new bumpers with rubber trim, flat-folding seat backs, chrome-trimmed radiator grille, reverse light, electric windshield-washer pump, coolant-temperature gauge, cigarette lighter and servo brakes. All models used

3034-433: The cars were aimed squarely at the budget end of the market. Advertised under the slogan Go New! Go Yugo!, the 311/ 313/ 511/ 513 is the cheapest new car available to British buyers. In 1984, the range's entry-level model costs less than £2,400, roughly half the price of the equivalent Ford Escort . In order to avoid rust caused by road gritting, hard PVC coating was used throughout the underside, sills and valances. In 1991,

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3108-566: The cars, in honor of their success in the United States . The pair was now called the YUGO 1.1 and 1.3 GX. A Y insignia was used instead of a Z. More interior colors debuted. All models used 4-2-1 exhaust systems. In 1988, the name was changed to YUGO Skala 55 and YUGO Skala 65. The butterfly-type front side windows were removed, while new plastic bumpers - much larger than those of old - debuted. The interiors were redesigned again, finished in grey or Sahara yellow. A Bosch ignition system

3182-526: The chair with horizontal poles. Litters date back to long before ancient Egypt, India, and China. Sedan chairs were developed in the 1630s. Etymologists suggest the name of the chair very probably came through varieties of Italian from the Latin sedere , or the Proto-Indo-European root " sed- " meaning "to sit." The first recorded use of sedan for an automobile body occurred in 1912 when

3256-401: The company logo (101S/ 101SC) inscribed on the center horn button. In 1983, Zastava launched the 101 GT/GTL 55/65. New, wider chrome bumpers boasted integrated parking and indicator lights. A new radiator mask debuted, along with new side skirts and a new wheel design. The interior was redesigned, with a new dashboard, steering wheel, gear shifter and hand brake . The suspension was softer, and

3330-482: The density of communities and limiting opportunities for local social interactions. This can lead to a decline in neighborhood growth and an increase in reliance on cars for even short trips, increasing environmental and health concerns through CO2 and Greenhouse Gas emissions and reduced physical activity . Furthermore, while sedans are a practical solution for families and individuals, their role in encouraging road-centric urban planning has been criticized for reducing

3404-505: The driver from the steering column in case of a crash. Power steering affords the driver reduced effort to steer the car. Modern power steering has almost universally relied on a hydraulic system, although electrical systems are steadily replacing this technology. Mechanical power steering systems were introduced, such as on 1953 Studebakers . However, hydraulically assisted systems have prevailed. While other methods of steering passenger cars have resulted from experiments, for example,

3478-417: The driver's exit and entry easier. A tilt-away wheel was introduced by Ford in 1967 after updates to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards requirements. Though it was an update to the swing-away steering wheel, which did not meet updated safety standards, it offers limited movement but added convenience due to the automatic pop-over function over its predecessor. Some steering wheels can be mounted on

3552-590: The final years of production, the Zastava Skala was available in a single trim level: the 55-horsepower, 1.1-liter, 5-door Skala 55. In 2008, a new Skala could be purchased for just under 4,000 euros, undercutting the Zastava Koral (an ameliorated Yugo). Production of the Zastava Skala continued for some time after the discontinuation of the Zastava 128. The Skala features a fifth door, making it impressively functional at this price level. Dropping down

3626-493: The left side of the road , the steering wheel is typically on the right side of the car (right-hand drive or RHD); the converse applies in countries where cars drive on the right side of the road (left-hand drive or LHD). In addition to its use in steering, the steering wheel is the usual location for a button to activate the car's horn . Modern automobiles may have other controls, such as cruise control , audio system, and telephone controls, as well as paddle-shifters , built into

3700-436: The mid-1920s to the mid-1950s, the name club sedan was used for highly appointed models using the sedan chassis. Some people describe a club sedan as a two-door vehicle with a body style otherwise identical to the sedan models in the range. Others describe a club sedan as having either two or four doors and a shorter roof and therefore less interior space than the other sedan models in the range. Club sedan originates from

3774-547: The millionth 101 (Yugo Skala) was produced. At the 2008 Belgrade Car Show, visitors were able to see the Skala 55, a standout model showcased between the Zastava Koral and Zastava 10, and the new Florida TDC diesel, highlighting Zastava and Yugo's new designs. Several improvements had been made to the event's most affordable car, courtesy Zastava R&D. Under the hood, a new aluminum radiator had been installed. Underneath, wheel bearings and CV joints were now shared with

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3848-489: The most crucial concern is that the driver can effectively convey torque to the steering system, especially in vehicles without power steering or in the rare event of a loss of steering assist. A typical design for circular steering wheels is a steel or magnesium rim with a plastic or rubberized grip molded over and around it. Some drivers purchase vinyl or textile steering wheel covers to enhance grip and comfort or simply as decoration. Another device used to make steering easier

3922-479: The most powerful engine ever installed in this car: a 73 horsepower (54 kW) version of the 1,290 cc motor, with Weber 32/32 DMTR 90/250 carburetor and 4-2-1 exhaust. A 3-door Mediteran model used either the base, 1,116 cc engine (55 horsepower) or the Special's 73 horsepower (54 kW) motor. It had round headlamps, like the earliest 101s. All 1979 Zastava 101s had a new steering wheel , with either Zastava or

3996-615: The necessity of moving a hand away from the rim. Electrical connections are made via a slip ring . A further development, the Rim Blow steering wheel, integrated the horn switch into the steering wheel rim. In 1966, Ford offered the Highway Pilot Speed Control option with steering wheel pad-mounted rocker switches, on its Thunderbird . Uniquely, the Thunderbird also lightly applied the brakes and illuminated

4070-757: The principle. From 1898, the Panhard et Levassor cars were equipped as standard with steering wheels. Charles Rolls introduced the first car in Britain fitted with a steering wheel when he imported a 6 hp Panhard from France in 1898. Arthur Constantin Krebs replaced the tiller with an inclined steering wheel for the Panhard car he designed for the 1898 Paris–Amsterdam–Paris race which ran 7–13 July 1898. In 1898, Thomas B. Jeffery and his son, Charles T. Jeffery, developed two advanced experimental cars featuring

4144-445: The ratchet lock while the steering column remains stationary below the joint. Some designs place the pivot slightly forward along the column, allowing for a fair amount of vertical movement of the steering wheel with slight actual tilt. In contrast, other designs place the pivot almost inside the steering wheel, allowing adjustment of the angle of the steering wheel with nearly no change in its height. An adjustable steering column allows

4218-470: The rear seat increases the cargo space from 325 to 1,010 liters. Due to its practicality and robustness, and thanks to its low price, the Skala 55 continued to sell well in Serbia until the end of production in 2008. 1,273,532 units have been built since 1971. Zastava in late 2007 estimated that the Skala 55 was the world's second most-affordable car at the time. The Skala 55 first emerged on 15 October 1971 as

4292-404: The safety of the extremities. The constant motions used must be performed with caution. "Proper posture of the hand-arm system while using hand tools is essential. As a rule, the wrist should not be bent, but must be kept straight to avoid overexertion of tissues like tendons and tendon sheaths and compression of nerves and blood vessels." Turning the steering wheel while the vehicle is stationary

4366-429: The same model. To avoid confusion, the term hatchback sedan is not often used. There have been many sedans with a fastback style. Hardtop sedans were a popular body style in the United States from the 1950s to the 1970s. Hardtops are manufactured without a B-pillar leaving uninterrupted open space or, when closed, glass along the side of the vehicle. The top was intended to look like a convertible's top. However, it

4440-476: The start of the 18th century, many sea vessels appeared using the ship's wheel design. However, historians are unclear when that approach to steering was first used. The first automobiles were steered with a tiller , but in 1894, Alfred Vacheron took part in the Paris–Rouen race with a Panhard 4 hp model which he had fitted with a steering wheel. That is believed to be one of the earliest employments of

4514-418: The steering wheel height to be adjusted with only a small, useful change in tilt. Most of these systems work with compression locks or electric motors instead of ratchet mechanisms; the latter may be capable of moving to a memorized position when a given driver uses the car or automatically moving up and forward to ease egress. Many pre-war British cars offered telescoping steering wheels that required loosening

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4588-424: The steering wheel to minimize the extent to which the driver must take their hands off the wheel. The steering wheels were rigid and mounted on non-collapsible steering columns . This arrangement increased the risk of impaling the driver in case of a severe crash. The first collapsible steering column was invented in 1934 but was never successfully marketed. By 1956, Ford came out with a safety steering wheel that

4662-574: The stop lamps when the Retard was continuously depressed with the cruise control on, but not engaged. In 1974, Lincoln added two rocker switches on the steering wheel to activate various cruise control functions on the Continental and Continental Mark IV. In 1988, Pontiac offered a steering wheel with 12 buttons controlling various audio functions on the Trans-Am, 6000 STE and Bonneville . In

4736-696: The switch, the 101 offered excellent space utilization. Independent rear suspension coped well with challenging Eastern European roads, while engines designed by the legendary Aurelio Lampredi worked best at heady rpms. In 1973, the Zastava 101 won its class in the 17th international Tour d'Europe rally. The following year, Yugoslav driver J. Paliković was reportedly piloting his 101 faster than his Porsche competition over several stages. In February 1975, Zastava organized an expedition from its hometown of Kragujevac to Kilimanjaro . Five brand-new, standard Zastava 101 cars and 11 crew members travelled African deserts and savanna , finishing their 45-day expedition on

4810-500: The term sedan is used (accented as sedán in Spanish). In British English , a car of this configuration is called a saloon ( / s ə ˈ l u n / ). Hatchback sedans are known simply as hatchbacks (not hatchback saloons ); long-wheelbase luxury saloons with a division between the driver and passengers are limousines . In Australia and New Zealand , sedan is now predominantly used; they were previously simply cars. In

4884-420: The tilt wheel in 1964. This tilt wheel was also supplied to the other US automakers (except Ford). Originally a luxury option on cars, the tilt function helps to adjust the steering wheel by moving the wheel through an arc in an up and down motion. Tilt Steering Wheels rely upon a ratchet joint located in the steering column just below the steering wheel. The wheel can be adjusted upward or downward by disengaging

4958-507: The top of Kilimanjaro. Zastava consequently markets the car as Vozilo uspeha (roughly translated, vehicle of success). In Poland , the FSO factory produced the Zastava 101 through 1976. In 1979, 88,918 Zastava 101 models left Kragujevac lines. Two years later, the car had been crowned Yugoslavia's Car of the Decade. The early 1980s saw the 101 become quite popular in the United Kingdom, where

5032-546: The typical characteristics of sedans are: It is sometimes suggested that sedans must have four doors (to provide a simple distinction between sedans and two-door coupés ); others state that a sedan can have four or two doors. Although the sloping rear roofline defined the coupe, the design element has become common on many body styles with manufacturers increasingly "cross-pollinating" the style so that terms such as sedan and coupé have been loosely interpreted as "'four-door coupes' - an inherent contradiction in terms." When

5106-599: The viability of public transportation and active transport modes like walking and cycling. In cities heavily dependent on sedans, air pollution, noise, and traffic fatalities often increase, posing public health risks and environmental challenges . Steering wheel A steering wheel (also called a driving wheel , a hand wheel , or simply wheel ) is a type of steering control in vehicles . Steering wheels are used in most modern land vehicles, including all mass-production automobiles , buses, light and heavy trucks, as well as tractors and tanks . The steering wheel

5180-441: Was a new, 1,290 cc engine, featuring 9.1:1 compression and an IPM 32 MGV 25/250 carburetor. The SC model used a two-barrel Weber 30/32 DMTR 90/250 carburetor and 4-2-1 exhaust, boosting power to 64 hp (48 kW). Compression on the 1,116 cc engine was raised to 9.2:1. The motor now used an IPM 32 MGV 10 carburetor. Later in the year came the Special, with complete instrumentation including oil-pressure gauge and tachometer, and

5254-552: Was filed regarding a telescoping steering wheel in July 1942 by Bernard Maurer of the Saginaw Steering Gear Division of General Motors (now Nexteer Automotive ). Nevertheless, GM would not offer a telescoping wheel of their own until the debut of the optional telescopic wheel on the 1965 Corvette and Corvair , and the optional tilt/telescope wheel on 1965 Cadillacs . The GM column was released by twisting

5328-543: Was fixed and made of hard material that did not fold. All manufacturers in the United States from the early 1950s into the 1970s provided at least a 2-door hardtop model in their range and a 4-door hardtop. The lack of side bracing demanded a strong, heavy chassis frame to combat unavoidable flexing. The pillarless design was also available in four-door models using unibody construction. For example, Chrysler moved to unibody designs for most of its models in 1960 and American Motors Corporation offered four-door sedans, as well

5402-425: Was installed. The Skala 65 used a new two-barrel Weber 7Y2M-RA carburetor with an electronic choke atop its 1,301 cc engine, mated to a 5-speed gearbox. These two models were produced until 1994, when their suspensions and gear-boxes were modified and their names were changed to Skala 55C and Skala 65C. For the 2008 model year, several revisions debuted (described above). The Zastava Skala 55 (101) remains something of

5476-505: Was set high above the post with spokes that would flex, but the column was still rigid. In 1968, United States regulations ( FMVSS Standard No. 204) were implemented concerning the acceptable rearward movement of the steering wheel in case of a crash. Collapsible steering columns were required to meet that standard. Before this invention, the Citroën DS incorporated a curved and off-center single-spoke steering wheel designed to deflect

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