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97-761: The Eparchy of Zeta was founded in 1219 by Sava of the Nemanjić dynasty , the first Archbishop of the autocephalous Serbian Orthodox Church . After receiving the autocephaly from the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and confirmation from the Byzantine Emperor , Archbishop Sava organized the area under his ecclesiastical jurisdiction into nine bishoprics. One of these was the Bishopric of Zeta (the southern half of modern Montenegro, and northern part of modern Albania). The seat of

194-793: A sanjak , the Sanjak of Herzegovina , within the Bosnia Eyalet . According to the Turkish census of Herzegovina from 1477, some villages were mentioned as being "in the possession of Vlachs," while others, were listed as "Serb settlements" and mostly deserted. According to Ottoman defters , at the end of the 15th century in Herzegovina were at least 35,000 Vlachs. During the Long War (1591–1606) , Serbs rose up in Herzegovina (1596–97) , but they were quickly suppressed after their defeat at

291-509: A stanak was convoked by the king and the noblemen who opposed the sale of Konavli by Radič Sanković to Dubrovnik . The Grand Duke Vlatko Vuković and the knez Pavle Radinović were sent against Radič in December 1391 after receiving the stanak 's blessings. The two captured Radič and occupied Konavli, dividing it between themselves, despite protests from Ragusa. After Vlatko Vuković died sometime between August 1392 - August 1393, he

388-623: A duke ; Serbo-Croatian : vojvoda ), and the first among the Kosača dukes to use the title was Herceg-Stjepan, who became the Herceg of Hum in 1449–50. In December 1481, the lands of Stjepan Vukčić's successors were finally occupied by Ottoman forces. Prior to the widespread adoption of the name "Herzegovina", the region was thus referred to as Humska zemlja ("Hum Land"), or Hum for short in Serbo-Croatian . However, this

485-650: A hieromartyr by the Serbian Orthodox church . Under the Yugoslav Communist rule (1944–1989), the Metropolitanate suffered constant repression at the hands of the new regime. Persecution was particularly severe during the first years of Communist rule (1944–1948) The new regime exerted direct pressure on the clergy in order to crush all forms of anti-communist opposition. In the same tame, many church properties were confiscated, some under

582-666: A printing house in Cetinje, run by Hieromonk Makarije , and produced the first ever book to be printed among the South Slavs . It was the " Cetinje Octoechos ", a Serb-Slavonic translation from the original Greek of a service book that is still used to this day in the daily cycle of services in the Orthodox Church. In 1496, entire Zeta, including Montenegro, fell to the Turks , but the Metropolitanate survived. After 1496,

679-570: A citizen of the Republic of Venice , where he was known as "baron lord of the Serbian King, with holdings in the Zeta region and Bojana of the maritime ". Đuraš Ilijić was "Head" (Kefalija, from Greek Kephale ) of Upper Zeta until his murder in 1362. Đuraš had been killed by the sons of a Balša , a nobleman that held one village during the reign of Dušan. After Dušan, his son, Uroš

776-675: A direct result of the resentment of the Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina against Austro-Hungarian rule. During World War I , Herzegovina was a scene of inter-ethnic conflict. During the war, the Austro-Hungarian government formed Šuckori , Muslim para-militia units. Šuckori units were especially active in Herzegovina. Persecution of Serbs conducted by the Austro-Hungarian authorities was the "first incidence of active 'ethnic cleansing' in Bosnia and Herzegovina". In 1918, Herzegovina became

873-609: A feudal and political unit of the Bosnian state, that honor befell Grand Duke of Bosnia , Vlatko Vuković , who received it from King Tvrtko I , while Sandalj Hranić expanded it and reaffirmed the Kosača family supremacy. While under governance of Austria-Hungary , the region was known in German as Herzgau , which etymologically corresponds to the Slavic name. Slavs settled in

970-487: A firm state control over the church administration. During his long reign, metropolitans Ilarion Roganović (since 1863), and Visarion Ljubiša (since 1882) undertook some important reforms of church administration. In 1878, the Principality of Montenegro was recognized as an independent state, and it was also enlarged, by annexing Old Herzegovina and some other regions. Until that time, Eastern Orthodox Christians of

1067-853: A form of " hierocracy ". He became the first Prince-Bishop of the Old Montenegro , and continued to oppose the Ottoman Empire , while maintaining traditional ties with the Venetian Republic . He also established direct ties with the Russian Empire , seeking and receiving financial aid and political protection. His successors continued the same policy. Metropolitans Sava II Petrović-Njegoš (1735–1750, 1766–1781) and Vasilije Petrović-Njegoš (1750–1766) had to balance between Ottomans, Venetians, and Russians. During that time, metropolitans of Cetinje continued to be ordained by

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1164-481: A new political dimension to several ecclesiastical disputes was added. One of those disputes was related to claims and activities of a separate Montenegrin Orthodox Church , that was created in 1993 by a group of Montenegrin nationalists, but never recognized as canonical. During the following years, various disputes arose, mainly over the question of historical and canonical legitimacy and effective control over some church objects and properties. In 2019, relations with

1261-517: A number of decades. In the course of the war between Stephen Uroš II Milutin and Stephen Dragutin , Paul I Šubić of Bribir from Croatia expanded not only into western Hum, but also beyond the Neretva river, and took the region of Nevesinje and Ston . Paul appointed his eldest son, Mladen II , as Lord of Hum. At least part of Paul's conquests were granted to his vassal Constantine Nelipčić . After Paul's death, Milutin and Dragutin concluded

1358-404: A part of Republika Srpska . Herzegovina is a southern region of Bosnia and Herzegovina . Its borders and territory have never been strictly defined, be it geographically or culturally, nor has there ever been a geopolitical and economic subdivision of Bosnia and Herzegovina bearing the name. The larger of two Bosnia and Herzegovina regions, Bosnia , is to the west and north of Herzegovina, and

1455-517: A part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later renamed Kingdom of Yugoslavia ). In 1941 Herzegovina fell once again under the rule of the fascist Independent State of Croatia . During World War II , Herzegovina was a battleground between fascist Croat Ustaše , royalist Serb Četniks , and the communist Yugoslav Partisans ; Herzegovina was a part of the Independent State of Croatia , administratively divided into

1552-530: A peace, and went to war against the Šubić family . In the war that followed Milutin took one of Mladen's brother captive, and to get him back Mladen Šubić had to agree to restore a part of Hum to Milutin. After this agreement in 1313 the Neretva again became the border between eastern and western Hum. After the death of Milutin in 1321, various Serb nobles took sides and in Hum the Branivojević family became

1649-580: A primacy in the region. That family was the Sanković 's, credited for capturing Hum for Bosnia and the Ban Stjepan II, who in 1326, dispatched their early branch, the Draživojević's (the next generation of Bogopenec ), whose head was Milten Draživojević , along with other noblemen, into Hum to oust the Branivojević family , who were, at the time, loyal to Serbia. So, Sanković's were very active in

1746-416: A region he ruled at the time of Ottoman conquest of Bosnia in the second half of the 15th century. Hercegovina is, thus, a possessive noun derived from Herceg-Stjepan's title-name compound and literally means 'duke's land' ( hercegovina ), 'herceg's land', herceg's holdings and/or territory owned/ruled by a herceg . The title herceg is a Slavic form of German herzog (the German term for

1843-574: A supreme commander of the Bosnian army. Another powerful Bosnian noble family, Pavlović , at the time headed by Pavle Radinović , whose seat was near Rogatica in Drina county, including holdings in Drina and parts of Vrhbosna , also shared some of the territories in Hum centered around Trebinje . However, at the time when Kosače received the Hum from the King, another powerful Bosnian noble family had

1940-412: Is Mostar , in the center of the region. Other larger towns include Trebinje , Stolac , Široki Brijeg , Posušje , Ljubuški , Tomislavgrad , Grude , Konjic , and Čapljina . Mostar is the best-known urban area and the unofficial capital. It is the only city with over 100,000 citizens. There are no other large cities in Herzegovina, though some have illustrious histories. Stolac , for example,

2037-474: Is administratively divided into municipalities of Berkovići , Bileća , Gacko , Istočni Mostar , Ljubinje , Nevesinje , and Trebinje . Within the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Herzegovina is administratively divided between the cantons of Herzegovina-Neretva and West Herzegovina ; the two cantons only make mention of the region in relation to other locations or geographical features. Part of

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2134-479: Is just a superficial understanding, and cannot be attributed to Herceg-Stjepan alone, as his title was not of decisive importance after all. Far more crucial was a well-known Ottoman custom to call newly acquired lands by the names of its earlier lords. It was enough for the Ottomans to conquer Stjepan 's land as a whole, to start calling it Herzegovina. Also, Herceg Stjepan did not establish this province as

2231-642: Is perhaps Herzegovina's oldest city. Settlements date from the Paleolithic period ( Badanj Cave ). An Illyrian tribe lived in the city of Daorson . There were several Roman settlements alongside the Bregava River and medieval inhabitants left large stone grave monuments called stećak in Radimlja . Trebinje , on the Trebišnjica River, is the southernmost city in Bosnia and Herzegovina, near

2328-485: Is the southern and smaller of two main geographical regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina , the other being Bosnia . It presently does not have strictly defined administrative borders; however, in the past it was organized as Sanjak of Herzegovina (1470–1833; 1851–1912) and Herzegovina Eyalet (1833–1851). Bosnia, the larger of the two regions, lies to the north of Herzegovina; the Croatian region of Dalmatia lies to

2425-617: Is typically credited with winning the battle as they broke the Ottoman ranks and pursued the retreating enemy. Celebrated Ottoman commander Lala Sahin Pasha ( Turkish : Lala Şahin Paşa , 1330 – cca 1382) barely managed to save himself with the small band of his soldiers. In 1391–1392, Radič and his brother Beljak tried to sell their possessions in Konavle to the Republic of Ragusa . However,

2522-662: The Balkans in the 7th century. What later became known as Herzegovina was divided between Croatia , Zachlumia and Travunia in the Early Middle Ages . Parts of the region were ruled by various medieval rulers, who were in vassal relations to Medieval Serbia on the east, and the Kingdom of Croatia on the west. In the 1100s Hum was in the hands of the Nemanjić family, Hungary also claimed Hum as part of its claim on Bosnia, and wars were fought for control by Hungary and

2619-773: The Berlin Congress of 1878, including the Nikšić area; the historical Herzegovina region annexed to Montenegro is known as East or Old Herzegovina . As a result of the Treaty of Berlin (1878) , Herzegovina, along with Bosnia, were occupied by Austria-Hungary , only nominally remaining under Ottoman rule. The historical Herzegovina region in the Principality of Montenegro was known as East or Old Herzegovina . The Serb population of Herzegovina and Bosnia hoped for annexation to Serbia and Montenegro. The Franciscan order opened

2716-524: The Central Synod prepared the final proclamation of Church unification on 12 September 1920. The creation of the unified Serbian Orthodox Church was also confirmed by King Alexander I . Old metropolitan Mitrofan Ban was succeeded in the autumn of 1920 by Gavrilo Dožić , who became new Metropolitan of Montenegro and the Littoral. In 1931, under the provisions of the newly adopted Constitution of

2813-672: The Eparchy of Cetinje ( Serbian : Цетињска епархија ), as well as other eparchies of the Serbian Orthodox Church, continued to exist under the new Ottoman rule. It had diocesan jurisdiction over Old Zeta , known now as Old Montenegro , keeping its seat in Cetinje. It had spiritual influence over the territory between Bjelopavlići and Podgorica to the Bojana River . The eparchy also included some parts of Herzegovina , from Grahovo to Čevo. From 1557 to 1766, eparchy

2910-601: The Holy Synod started to function in full capacity, with three bishops. Following the end of the First World War (1914–1918), the Kingdom of Montenegro was united with the Kingdom of Serbia on 26 (13 o.s. ) November 1918, by the proclamation of the newly elected Podgorica Assembly , and soon after that, on 1 December of the same year, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was created, known after 1929 as

3007-602: The Kingdom of Yugoslavia . The political and national unification was carried out under the auspices of the Karađorđević dynasty, and thus a long-standing dynastic rivalry between the two royal families, the Petrović–Njegoš dynasty of Montenegro and the Karađorđević dynasty of Serbia, was finally resolved, without mutual agreement. Political unification was followed by the unification of all Eastern Orthodox jurisdictions within

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3104-500: The Montenegro border, and as the river flows west, it enters Herzegovina. The entire upper catchment of the Neretva constitutes a precious ecoregion with many endemic and endangered species. The river carves through the precipitous karst terrain, providing excellent opportunities for rafting and kayaking, while the spectacular scenery of the surrounding mountains and forests is a challenging hiking terrain. The Neretva's tributaries in

3201-547: The Montenegro border. Čapljina and Ljubuški are known for their history and their rivers; the village of Međugorje has religious importance for many Roman Catholics. In the modern state of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Herzegovina is divided between the countries' two major entities, Republika Srpska and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina . Republika Srpska's part of Herzegovina, commonly referred to as East Herzegovina , or increasingly more often "Trebinje Region",

3298-478: The Nemanjić dynasty , from the end of the 12th century, up to the middle of the 14th century. During that period, regional administration in Zeta was often bestowed to various members of the ruling dynasty, who administered the region as a crown land. At the time of Mihailo I , Zeta was a župa within Duklja and was also known as Luška župa . From the end of the 11th century, the name began to be used to refer to

3395-709: The Old Herzegovina belonged to the Metropolitanate of Herzegovina , centered in Mostar , still under the Ottoman rule. Such diocesan affiliation was no longer maintainable, and for the newly annexed regions a new bishopric was created, the Eparchy of Zahumlje and Raška , with seat in Nikšić . Since that time, there were two eparchies in Montenegro: the old Metropolitanate, still centered in Cetinje, and

3492-532: The Republic of Venice . At the beginning of the 17th century, Montenegrins fought and won two important battles at Lješkopolje (1603 and 1613), under the leadership and command of metropolitan Rufim Njeguš . This was the first time that the metropolitan had led and defeated the Ottomans. Entire territory of the Metropolitanate was severely affected during the Morean War , and in 1692 the old Cetinje Monastery

3589-494: The Russian Holy Synod in 1833, establishing a practice that lasted until 1885. As a reformer of state administration, Petar II made preparations for separation of spiritual and secular power, and upon his death such separation was implemented. His successors became: Prince Danilo Petrović-Njegoš as a secular ruler, and metropolitan Nikanor Ivanović as a spiritual leader, new metropolitan of Montenegro. The Eparchy

3686-713: The Serbian Emperor Stefan Dušan . After the dissolution of the Serbian Empire (1371), the region of Zeta was ruled by the House of Balšići , and in 1421 it was integrated into the Serbian Despotate . During that period, the Republic of Venice gradually conquered coastal regions of Zeta, including cities of Kotor , Budva , and the Bar and Ulcinj . Metropolitanate of Zeta was directly affected by

3783-689: The Serbian Patriarchs of Peć (until 1766), and later by the Serbian Metropolitans of Karlovci in Habsburg monarchy (until 1830). After brief tenure of Arsenije Plamenac (1781–1784), several new policies were introduced by Metropolitan Petar I Petrović-Njegoš (1784–1830), who initiated the unification process between the Old Montenegro and the region of Brda . The same process was completed by his successor Petar II Petrović-Njegoš (1830–1851), who received consecration from

3880-561: The Venetian Republic 's influence. The Ottomans benefitted from this in gaining the region's salt. As a result of the Bosnian Uprising (1831–32) , the Vilayet was split to form the separate Herzegovina Eyalet , ruled by semi-independent vizier Ali-paša Rizvanbegović . After his death, the eyalets of Bosnia and Herzegovina were merged. The new joint entity was after 1853 commonly referred to as Bosnia and Herzegovina. Serbs in

3977-559: The 14th and start of the 15th century in Hum . Their seat was in Glavatičevo 's hamlet Biskupi, where today the family burial place with a stećci is still present and protected as a National monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina . The most prominent members were Sanko Miltenović, the eponymous founder of the Sanković's (the progenitor was Dražen Bogopenec ), who died in a battle while leading

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4074-630: The Bosnian army to aid Ragusa against Serbian lord, the Altomanović, who campaigned against Ragusa in 1370, and his oldest son, Radić Sanković . The Ottoman threat was brewing to the east, threatening Bosnia and its southeastern regions in Hum. On 27 August 1388, Radić participated in the Battle of Bileća , when the Bosnian army led by the Grand Duke Vlatko, defeated an Ottoman raiding party of up to 18,000 strong. Bosnian heavy cavalry

4171-467: The Bosnian state, with the King Tvrtko I Kotromanić extending territories even further, beyond what is modern-day Herzegovina proper. During this period, parts of Herzegovina, or as it was called at the time Humska zemlja , or simply Hum , were given by the King Tvrtko I to, at that point in time relatively insignificant Bosnian clan of Kosača family and its Vuković branch, headed by Vlatko Vuković , who received it as an award for his service as

4268-418: The Holy Mountain) is a periodical journal of the Serbian Orthodox Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral, founded in 1992 by Metropolitan Amfilohije Radović , and its currently published and edited by "Publishing and Information Institution of the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral". Contains mostly the church teachings, poetry, lectures, spiritual lessons, reportages, news and chronicles from

4365-490: The Kosača family's supremacy. In 1451, Stjepan attacked and laid siege to the city of Dubrovnik . He had earlier been made a nobleman of the Republic of Ragusa , so consequently, the Ragusan government now proclaimed him a traitor. A reward of 15,000 ducats , a palace in Dubrovnik worth 2,000 ducats, and an annual income of 300 ducats was offered to anyone who would kill him, along with the promise of hereditary Ragusan nobility which also helped hold this promise to whoever did

4462-425: The Metropolitanate, the Serbian Orthodox Church and the all other Orthodox churches. During 1998, Metropolitan Amfilohije also started nationwide radio station Svetigora . The Metropolitanate has the following monasteries: Zeta under the Nemanji%C4%87i Zeta ( Serbian Cyrillic : Зета ) as a crown land was a medieval region and province of the Serbian state ( Principality , Kingdom , and Empire ) of

4559-435: The Nemanjić family. By the early 13th century Raška held control of most of Hum, and Sava created a Serbian a bishopric at Ston in 1220. In the 1220s Peter is referred to as the Prince of Hum, and he was also elected Prince of Split . The Catholic Church excommunicated him because of his Orthodoxy , but the citizens of Split kept him as prince. Following his death his descendants continued to rule at least part of Hum for

4656-441: The Patriarchal Throne until the election of new Serbian Patriarch Irinej Gavrilović in 2010. Since Montenegro became a sovereign country in 2006, after a narrow independence referendum , relations between state authorities and the Metropolitanate became increasingly complex. As a strong supporter of Serbian-Montenegrin unionism , Metropolitan Amfilohije was seen as an opponent to newly proclaimed Montenegrin independence, and thus

4753-402: The Sanjak of Herzegovina besieged Vlatko's capital Novi but just before 14 December 1481, Vlatko ceased resisting and agreed with the Ottomans to move with his family to Istanbul. Now the entirety of Herzegovina was reorganized into the already established Sanjak of Herzegovina with the seat in Foča, and later, in 1580, would become one of the sanjaks of the Bosnia Eyalet . This signified

4850-446: The Serbian Orthodox Church, the Eparchy of Zahumlje and Raška with its seat in Nikšić was abolished, and its territory was added to the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral. In the same time, the Eparchy of Kotor and Dubrovnik was also abolished, and divided, its Bay of Kotor region being added to the Metropolitanate. In 1938, Metropolitan Gavrilo Dožić of Montenegro was elected Serbian Patriarch , and Joanikije Lipovac

4947-534: The Venetian advance. In 1452, the Venetians destroyed the Cathedral Monastery in Prevlaka, in order to facilitate their plans for the gradual conversion of the Eastern Orthodox Christians from these parts of the coast into the Roman Catholic faith. After that, the seat of the Metropolitanate moved several times, transferring between St Mark's Monastery in Budva, the Monastery of Prečista Krajinska , St Nicholas's Monastery on Vranjina ( Skadar Lake ), and St Nicholas's Monastery in Obod ( Rijeka Crnojevića ). Finally, it

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5044-415: The Weak ruled Serbia during the fall of the Serbian Empire ; a gradual disintegration of the Empire was a result of decentralization in which provincial lords gained semi-autonomy and eventually independence. The Balšićs wrestled the region in 1360-1362, when they defeated the two lords of Upper and Lower Zeta. Over the decades, they became an important player in the politics of the Balkans. The Lordship

5141-425: The autocephalous Orthodox Church in the Kingdom of Serbia". Soon after that, further steps towards ecclesiastical unification were made. From 24 to 28 May 1919, a conference of all Eastern Orthodox bishops within the borders of the unified state was held in Belgrade , and it was presided by metropolitan Mitrofan Ban of Montenegro, who was also elected president of the newly created Central Synod . Under his leadership,

5238-426: The bishops of Zeta was the Monastery of Holy Archangel Michael in Prevlaka (near modern Tivat ). The first bishop of Zeta was St. Sava's disciple Ilarion ( fl. 1219). Upon the proclamation of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć in 1346, the Bishopric of Zeta was among several eparchies elevated to the honorary rank of metropolitanate , by the decision of the state-church council, held in Skopje , and presided by

5335-428: The border between two regions, Herzegovina and Bosnia, is unclear as it has never been strictly defined. To the south-southwest of region lies Croatian region of Dalmatia , and to the east-southeast is Montenegro . The land area is c. 11,500 km (4,400 sq mi), or around 23% of the total area of the present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, to c. 12,300 km (4,700 sq mi), or around 24% of

5432-494: The borders of the new state. Initial decision to include dioceses in Montenegro into the process of ecclesiastical unification was reached on 29 (16 o.s. ) December 1918 by the Holy Synod , consisted of all three hierarchs in Montenegro: Mitrofan Ban of Cetinje, Kirilo Mitrović of Nikšić, and Gavrilo Dožić of Peć. On that day, the Holy Synod met in Cetinje and unanimously accepted the following proposal: "The independent Serbian Orthodox Holy Church in Montenegro shall be united with

5529-409: The communist regime. He was imprisoned from 1954 to 1958, and then kept under house arrest until 1960. He was succeeded by Metropolitan Danilo Dajković (1961–1990), whose activities were also monitored closely by state authorities. In 1970–1972, the communist regime destroyed the Lovćen Church, dedicated to Saint Petar of Cetinje , and desecrated the tomb of metropolitan Petar II Petrović-Njegoš , who

5626-465: The counties of Hum and Dubrava, then in 1945, Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina became one of the republics of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . It remained so until the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. During the Bosnian War , large parts of western and central Herzegovina came under control of the Croat republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (which later joined the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina ) while eastern Herzegovina became

5723-487: The country. It borders the Adriatic Sea along its 20 km (12 mi) coastline. The terrain of Herzegovina is mostly hilly karst with high mountains in the north such as Čvrsnica and Prenj , except for the central valley of the river Neretva . The upper reaches of the River Neretva lie in northern Herzegovina, a heavily forested area with fast-flowing rivers and high mountains. Konjic and Jablanica lie in this area. The Neretva rises on Lebršnik Mountain, close to

5820-420: The deed. The threat worked and Stjepan eventually raised the siege. Stjepan Vukčić died in 1466 and was succeeded as herceg by his second-youngest son Vlatko Hercegović , who struggled to retain as much of the territory as he could. In 1471, the Ottomans excluded Hum from the Bosnian Sanjak and established a new, separate Sanjak of Herzegovina with its seat in Foča . In November 1481, Ajaz-Bey of

5917-415: The disappearance of the last-remaining independent point of the medieval Bosnian state. In 1482, the lands of Stefan Vukčić's successors were occupied by Ottoman forces. The Ottomans were the first to begin officially using the name Herzegovina (Hersek) for the region. The Bosnian beylerbey Isa-beg Ishaković mentioned the name in a letter from 1454. In the Ottoman Empire , Herzegovina was organized as

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6014-415: The end of the Sanković family. When Sandalj died, Stjepan Vukčić , as Sandalj's nephew, inherited lordship over the Hum, and was the last Bosnian nobleman who had effective control over the province ( zemlja ) before Ottoman conquest . He titled himself Duke of Hum and Primorje, Bosnian Grand Duke, Knyaz of Drina , and later Herzog of Saint Sava, Lord of Hum and Bosnian Grand Duke, Knyaz of Drina and

6111-410: The field of Gacko . The Candian War of 1645 to 1669 caused great damage to the region as the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire fought for control over Dalmatia and coastal Herzegovina. As a result of the Treaty of Karlowitz of 1699, the Ottomans gained access to the Adriatic Sea through the Neum - Klek coastal area. The Republic of Dubrovnik ceded this to distance themselves from

6208-404: The first university in Herzegovina in 1895 in Mostar . In 1908, Austria-Hungary annexed the province, leading to the Bosnian Crisis , an international dispute which barely failed to precipitate a world war immediately, and was an important step in the buildup of international tensions during the years leading up to the First World War . The assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand came as

6305-464: The future Serbian King and Emperor, co-ruled Zeta with his father. Dušan the Mighty was crowned Emperor in 1331, and ruled until his death in 1355. Žarko held the Lower Zeta region: he is mentioned in records from 1356, when he raided some traders from Dubrovnik , not far from Sveti Srđ at Lake Skadar . Zeta itself was held by the widow of Dušan, Jelena , who at the time was in Serres where she had her court. The next year, in June, Žarko becomes

6402-478: The last few years of his life became inseparable from his name, to a region previously called Humska zemlja or Hum . The Ottoman custom of calling newly acquired lands by the names of their earlier rulers was of decisive importance. Also, Stjepan did not establish this province as a feudal and political unit of the Bosnian state; that honor befell Grand Duke of Bosnia Vlatko Vuković , who received it from King Tvrtko I ; Sandalj Hranić expanded it and reaffirmed

6499-438: The lawful throne and a descendant of the Patriarchate of Peć . Such aspirations were strengthened after the liberation of Peć during the successful enlargement of state territory of Montenegro in 1912, when another eparchy was created for several annexed territories that until then belonged to the Eparchy of Raška and Prizren . Its regions annexed to Montenegro were reorganized as the new Eparchy of Peć (1913). From that time,

6596-453: The name Hercegovina (English: Herzegovina ; Turkish : Hersek , Ottoman Turkish : هرسك ) for the region in their administrative affairs in a letter from 1 February 1454, written by the Ottoman commander Esebeg from Skopje , and established a sanjak bearing that name in 1470, the Sanjak of Herzegovina , with its first seat at Foča . They simply followed their established custom of naming places and territories they conquered by

6693-423: The name of its prior rulers. In this case Ottomans used Stjepan Vukčić Kosača 's title, herceg , a title he gave himself in 1448, and a year later changed it to Herceg of St. Sava, after the Serb saint buried on his territory, considered a miracle worker by Christians of all faiths. It practically became part of his name, in the last few years of his life when he was commonly referred to as Herceg-Stjepan, to name

6790-503: The new head of the diocese, Joanikije Mićović , who had been the administrator of the Metropolitanate from 30 October 2020, was enthroned in the Cetinje Monastery by the Serbian Patriarch Porfirije Perić . The Serbian Orthodox Church's intention to hold the ceremony at a historic monastery in the town of Cetinje , the country's former capital, further exacerbated political and ethnic tensions in Montenegro and provoked violent protests in Cetinje . Svetigora (Serbian: Светигора, English:

6887-521: The new king of Serbia, Stefan Dušan , sold Pelješac and Ston to Dubrovnik for cash and an annual tribute. Under Bosnia Kotoromanović's allies, the Draživojević/ Sankovic family of Nevesinje , became the leading family in Hum, while Serbian vassals retained eastern Herzegovina. Other than a rebellion by Toljen of Hum's son, Peter, whom Stjepan captured and put to death, the Hum nobles remained largely loyal to Kotoromanić, while also continuing to manage their local regions. Stjepan did take direct control of

6984-492: The newly created Eparchy of Zahumlje and Raška, centered in Nikšić. No ecclesiastical province with joint church bodies was created until 1904, under the metropolitan Mitrofan Ban (1884–1920), when a Holy Synod was established, formally consisting of two bishops, but because of the long vacancy in Nikšić, it did not start to function until 1908. During the long reign of Prince and (from 1910) King Nikola I Petrović (1860–1918), who

7081-416: The political spectrum. Metropolitan Joanikije Lipovac co-operated closely with several right-wing movements, and also tried to mediate with local Italian and German officials in occupied Montenegro, thus provoking animosity of the left-wing Yugoslav Partisans . In 1944, when Yugoslav Communists took the power, he had to flee, but was arrested and executed without trial in 1945. In 2001, he was sanctified as

7178-418: The provisions of new laws, while other were taken illegally and forcefully. Several churches and even some minor monasteries were closed, and their buildings turned into police stations and warehouses. In the same time, new Montenegrin nation was proclaimed, as distinctive and separate from Serbian nation . In 1954, Metropolitan Arsenije Bradvarević (1947–1960) was arrested, tried and sentenced as an enemy of

7275-614: The region revolted against the Ottomans (1852–62) and were aided by the Montenegrins, who sought the liberation of the Serb people from Ottoman rule. The Herzegovinian Serbs frequently rose up against the Ottoman rule; culminating in the Herzegovina Uprising (1875-78) , which was supported by the Principality of Serbia and Montenegro. Montenegro did succeed in liberating and annexing large parts of Herzegovina before

7372-511: The region was reorganized: some northern and western regions were detached from the Metropolitanate, and on that territory new Eparchy of Budimlja and Nikšić was created. In the spring of 2006, the independence referendum was held, and Montenegro became a sovereign state. In the same time, the Bishops' Council of the Serbian Orthodox Church decided to form a regional Bishops' Council for Montenegro, consisted of bishops representing dioceses on

7469-557: The rest . Following the Ottomans conquest and fall of Bosnian Kingdom , Hum or Humska zemlja became known as Hercegovina ( transl.  Herzegovina ), which literally means "Herzog's land". The name "Herzegovina" , which still exists with the name Bosnia and Herzegovina , is the most-important and indelible legacy of Stjepan Vukčić Kosača; it is unique within the Serbo-Croatian-speaking Balkans, because one person gave his noble title, which in

7566-471: The southwest; the Montenegrin region of Old Herzegovina lies to the southeast. The land area of Herzegovina is around 12,000 km (4,600 sq mi), or around 23–24% of the country. The largest city is Mostar , in the center of the region. Other large settlements include Trebinje , Široki Brijeg , Ljubuški , Čapljina , Konjic and Posušje . The Ottomans were the first to officially use

7663-569: The state further deteriorated as authorities adopted a new legislation on religious organisations, which was interpreted by the Serbian Orthodox Church as aimed at potential confiscation of church properties. Prolonged mass public manifestations ensued in support for the Metropolitanate that lasted until the parliamentary election in August 2020 and the Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (DPS) losing power. On 5 September 2021,

7760-591: The strongest. With their court at Ston they claimed lands from the Cetina River to Kotor, including Pelješac. The Bosnian Ban , Stjepan Kotoromanić , with allied Hum nobles and Serbia refusing to support the Branivojević , took over and annexed Hum in 1326. As part of the war for Hum, Dubrovnik sought to take over Pelješac and Ston , part of Hum held by the Branivojević. Serbia refused to yield it, which led to conflict between Dubrovnik and Serbia. In 1333

7857-400: The territory of Montenegro lost their lives during the war. During that time, Montenegrin fascist Sekula Drljević tried to create an independent Kingdom of Montenegro , as a satellite state of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany , but that project failed because of the lack of support among people. His attempt was challenged by the 13 July Uprising in 1941, which had support from both sides of

7954-554: The territory of Montenegro. By the same decision, Metropolitan of Montenegro and the Littoral was appointed president of the regional Bishops' Council. In the autumn of 2007, due to illness and advanced age of Serbian Patriarch Pavle Stojčević , Metropolitan Amflohije Radović of Montenegro was appointed administrator of the Patriarchal Throne, by the Holy Synod of the Serbian Orthodox Church . Old Patriarch Pavle died in 2009, and Metropolitan Amfilohije continued to administer

8051-594: The town of Jablanica. From here on, the Neretva turns southward, continuing toward the Adriatic Sea . With the mountains lining its shores gradually receding, the Neretva enters a valley where the city of Mostar lies. It flows under the old bridge ( Stari most ) and continues, now wider, toward the town of Čapljina and the Neretva Delta in Croatia before emptying into the Adriatic Sea . The largest city

8148-546: The upper reaches are mostly short, due to the mountainous terrain: the River Rakitnica has cut a deep canyon, its waters being one of the least explored areas in this part of Europe. The Rakitnica flows into Neretva upstream from Konjic. The Neretva then flows northwest, through Konjic. It enters the Jablanica Reservoir ( Jablaničko jezero ), one of the largest in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The lake ends near

8245-534: The valuable custom's house at Drijeva ( Metković ). The population of Hum remained overwhelmingly Orthodox, compared to elsewhere in Bosnia where the Bosnian Church predominated, and after the arrival of the Franciscans in the 1340s, Catholicism also began to spread. During the 13th and early 14th centuries the Bosnian bans Stjepan I Kotromanić and Stjepan II Kotromanić joined these regions to

8342-681: The whole of Duklja, at first in Kekaumenos 's military manual, written in the 1080s. Over the following decades, the term Zeta gradually replaced Duklja to denote the region. Serbian Prince Desa Urošević conquered Duklja and Travunia in 1148, combining the title as " Prince of Primorje " (the Maritime) and co-ruled Serbia with his brother Uroš II Prvoslav from 1149 to 1153, and alone until 1162. In 1190, Grand Župan of Rascia and Stefan Nemanja 's son, Vukan II , asserted his right over Zeta. In 1219, Đorđe Nemanjić succeeded Vukan. He

8439-555: Was a Serbian patriot, rising political aspirations of his government included not only the securing of the Serbian throne for his dynasty, but also the renewal of the old Serbian Patriarchate of Peć . On the occasion of the elevation of Montenegro to the rank of Kingdom, in 1910, the prime minister of Montenegro, Lazar Tomanović, stated: The Metropolitanate of Cetinje is the only Saint Sava 's episcopal seat which has been preserved without interruption to this day, and as such it represents

8536-695: Was buried there, replacing the church with a secular mausoleum. In 1990, Amfilohije Radović was elected new Metropolitan of Montenegro and the Littoral. By that time, the communist regime in Yugoslavia was collapsing, and first democratic elections in Montenegro were held in 1990. In 1992, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was created, consisting of Montenegro and Serbia. Under the Constitution of Montenegro (1992) , freedom of religion

8633-458: Was devastated. In 1697, new metropolitan Danilo Petrović-Njegoš was elected, as first among several hierarchs from the Petrović-Njegoš family, who would hold the same office in succession up to 1851. Metropolitan Danilo (1697–1735) was greatly respected, not only as a spiritual leader, but also as leader of the people. He combined in his hands both spiritual and secular power, thus establishing

8730-609: Was elected new Metropolitan of Montenegro and the Littoral, in 1940. During the Second World War , Yugoslavia was occupied by Axis powers in 1941, and the territory of Montenegro was organized as the Italian governorate of Montenegro (1941–1943), followed by the German occupation of Montenegro (1943–1944). The Metropolitanate was affected severely during the occupation, and more than hundred priests and other clergymen from

8827-541: Was moved to Cetinje , in the region of Old Montenegro , where the Cetinje Monastery was built in 1484, by Prince Ivan Crnojević of Zeta. Starting from the end of the 15th century, mountainous regions of Zeta became known as Crna Gora ( Serbian : Црна Гора ), meaning the Black Mountain , hence the Montenegro . In 1493, Prince Ivan's son and successor, Prince Đurađ Crnojević (1490–1496), opened

8924-416: Was reorganized during the rule of Prince Danilo I (1852–1860), first secular ruler of the newly proclaimed Principality of Montenegro . Offices of ruling prince and metropolitan were separated, and diocesan administration was modernized. First metropolitan to be elected just as a church leader was Nikanor Ivanović in 1858. He was deposed and exiled in 1860 by new prince Nikola (1860–1918), who established

9021-510: Was restored. Political changes were followed by a period of church revival. The number of priests, monks and nuns, as well as the number of the faithful, increased and many monasteries and parish churches were rebuilt and reopened. For example, from only 10 active monasteries with about 20 monks and nuns in 1991, Montenegro now has 30 active monasteries with more than 160 monks and nuns. The number of parish priests also increased from 20 in 1991 to more than 60 today. In 2001, diocesan administration in

9118-436: Was reunified with the Serbian crown in 1421, when Balša III abdicated and passed the rule to his uncle, Despot Stefan Lazarević . Herzegovina Herzegovina ( / ˌ h ɛər t s ɪ ˈ ɡ oʊ v ɪ n ə / HAIRT -sih- GOH -vih-nə or / ˌ h ɜːr t s ə ɡ oʊ ˈ v iː n ə / HURT -sə-goh- VEE -nə ; Serbo-Croatian : Hercegovina / Херцеговина , pronounced [xɛ̌rt͡se̞ɡoʋina] )

9215-789: Was succeeded by his nephew the Grand Duke of Bosnia , Sandalj Hranić , who continued struggle against Radič, who regained his freedom in 1398, immediately seeking to restore his lost lands, becoming an important ally of the King Stjepan Ostoja . Radič participated in the Bosnian-Dubrovnik War in 1403-1404 , leading the attacks on Dubrovnik in the name of the King Stjepan Ostoja. Sandalj captured Radič, took all of his land, and after blinding him he throw him in prison, where Radić died in 1404 marking

9312-546: Was succeeded by his second oldest son, Uroš I , who built the 'Uspenje Bogorodice' monastery in Morača. Between 1276 and 1309, Zeta was ruled by Queen Jelena , widow of Serbia 's King Uroš I . She restored around 50 monasteries in the region, most notably Saint Srđ and Vakh on the Bojana River . From 1309 to 1321, Zeta was co-ruled by the oldest son of King Milutin, Young King Stefan Uroš III Dečanski . Similarly, from 1321 to 1331, Stefan's young son Stefan Dušan Uroš IV Nemanjić ,

9409-557: Was under constant jurisdiction of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć . During the 16th and 17th centuries, the bishops and the local Christian leaders led armed resistance against the Ottomans on several occasions, with some degree of success. Though the Ottomans nominally ruled the Sanjak of Montenegro , the Montenegrin mountains were never completely conquered. The bishops and local leaders often allied themselves with

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