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81-454: Zeek's purpose is to inspect network traffic and generate a variety of logs describing the activity it sees. A complete list of log files is available at the project documentation site. The following is an example of one entry in JSON format from the conn.log: One of Zeek's primary use cases involves cyber threat hunting . The principal author, Paxson, originally named the software "Bro" as

162-750: A configuration language . However, it does not support comments . In 2012, Douglas Crockford, JSON creator, had this to say about comments in JSON when used as a configuration language: "I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn't. Suppose you are using JSON to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin before handing it to your JSON parser." MongoDB uses JSON-like data for its document-oriented database . Some relational databases, such as PostgreSQL and MySQL, have added support for native JSON data types. This allows developers to store JSON data directly in

243-455: A JSON-based format to define the structure of JSON data for validation, documentation, and interaction control. It provides a contract for the JSON data required by a given application and how that data can be modified. JSON Schema is based on the concepts from XML Schema (XSD) but is JSON-based. As in XSD, the same serialization/deserialization tools can be used both for the schema and data, and it

324-573: A browser side plug-in with a proprietary messaging format to manipulate DHTML elements (this system is also owned by 3DO ). Upon discovery of early Ajax capabilities, digiGroups, Noosh, and others used frames to pass information into the user browsers' visual field without refreshing a Web application's visual context, realizing real-time rich Web applications using only the standard HTTP, HTML, and JavaScript capabilities of Netscape 4.0.5+ and Internet Explorer 5+. Crockford then found that JavaScript could be used as an object-based messaging format for such

405-513: A company cofounded by Crockford and others in March 2001. The cofounders agreed to build a system that used standard browser capabilities and provided an abstraction layer for Web developers to create stateful Web applications that had a persistent duplex connection to a Web server by holding two Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) connections open and recycling them before standard browser time-outs if no further data were exchanged. The cofounders had

486-533: A lot of argument about how you pronounce that, but I strictly don't care." After RFC 4627 had been available as its "informational" specification since 2006, JSON was first standardized in 2013, as ECMA -404. RFC 8259, published in 2017, is the current version of the Internet Standard STD 90, and it remains consistent with ECMA-404. That same year, JSON was also standardized as ISO/IEC 21778:2017. The ECMA and ISO/IEC standards describe only

567-467: A practice which would have destroyed interoperability." JSON disallows "trailing commas", a comma after the last value inside a data structure. Trailing commas are a common feature of JSON derivatives to improve ease of use. RFC 8259 describes certain aspects of JSON syntax that, while legal per the specifications, can cause interoperability problems. In 2015, the IETF published RFC 7493, describing

648-572: A relational database without having to convert it to another data format. JSON being a subset of JavaScript can lead to the misconception that it is safe to pass JSON texts to the JavaScript eval () function. This is not safe, due to certain valid JSON texts, specifically those containing U+2028 LINE SEPARATOR or U+2029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR , not being valid JavaScript code until JavaScript specifications were updated in 2019, and so older engines may not support it. To avoid

729-424: A replacement for XML-RPC or SOAP . It is a simple protocol that defines only a handful of data types and commands. JSON-RPC lets a system send notifications (information to the server that does not require a response) and multiple calls to the server that can be answered out of order. Asynchronous JavaScript and JSON (or AJAJ) refers to the same dynamic web page methodology as Ajax , but instead of XML , JSON

810-613: A round-table discussion and voted on whether to call the data format JSML (JavaScript Markup Language) or JSON (JavaScript Object Notation), as well as under what license type to make it available. The JSON.org website was launched in 2001. In December 2005, Yahoo! began offering some of its Web services in JSON. A precursor to the JSON libraries was used in a children's digital asset trading game project named Cartoon Orbit at Communities.com (the State cofounders had all worked at this company previously) for Cartoon Network , which used

891-469: A single value and each attribute can appear at most once on each element. XML separates "data" from "metadata" (via the use of elements and attributes), while JSON does not have such a concept. Another key difference is the addressing of values. JSON has objects with a simple "key" to "value" mapping, whereas in XML addressing happens on "nodes", which all receive a unique ID via the XML processor. Additionally,

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972-527: A snapshot of the list. Internet standards are a set of rules that devices have to follow when they connect in a network. Since the technology has evolved, the rules of the engagement between computers had to evolve with it. These are the protocols that are in place used today. Most of these were developed long before the Internet Age , going as far back as the 1970s, not long after the creation of personal computers . TCP/IP The official date for when

1053-516: A standard for use in 1979. It was then updated several times and the final version. It took a few years for the protocol to be presented in its final form. ISO 7498 was published in 1984. Lastly in 1995 the OSI model was revised again satisfy the urgent needs of uprising development in the field of computer networking. UDP The goal of User Datagram Protocol was to find a way to communicate between two computers as quickly and efficiently as possible. UDP

1134-542: A system command, updating an internal metric, or calling another Zeek script. Zeek analyzers perform application layer decoding, anomaly detection, signature matching and connection analysis. Zeek's developers designed the software to incorporate additional analyzers. The latest method for creating new protocol analyzers relies on the Spicy framework. JSON JSON ( JavaScript Object Notation , pronounced / ˈ dʒ eɪ s ən / or / ˈ dʒ eɪ ˌ s ɒ n / )

1215-553: A system. The system was sold to Sun Microsystems , Amazon.com , and EDS . JSON was based on a subset of the JavaScript scripting language (specifically, Standard ECMA -262 3rd Edition—December 1999 ) and is commonly used with JavaScript, but it is a language-independent data format. Code for parsing and generating JSON data is readily available in many programming languages . JSON's website lists JSON libraries by language. In October 2013, Ecma International published

1296-587: A time. Normally, the standards used in data communication are called protocols. All Internet Standards are given a number in the STD series. The series was summarized in its first document, STD 1 (RFC 5000), until 2013, but this practice was retired in RFC 7100. The definitive list of Internet Standards is now maintained by the RFC Editor. Documents submitted to the IETF editor and accepted as an RFC are not revised; if

1377-510: A valid JSON text must consist of only an object or an array type, which could contain other types within them. This restriction was dropped in RFC   7158 , where a JSON text was redefined as any serialized value. Numbers in JSON are agnostic with regard to their representation within programming languages. While this allows for numbers of arbitrary precision to be serialized, it may lead to portability issues. For example, since no differentiation

1458-578: A warning regarding George Orwell 's Big Brother from the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four . In 2018 the project leadership team decided to rename the software. At LBNL in the 1990s, the developers ran their sensors as a pseudo-user named "zeek", thereby inspiring the name change in 2018. Security teams identify locations on their network where they desire visibility. They deploy one or more network taps or enable switch SPAN ports for port mirroring to gain access to traffic. They deploy Zeek on servers with access to those visibility points. The Zeek software on

1539-447: Is "pronounced / ˈ dʒ eɪ . s ə n / , as in ' Jason and The Argonauts ' ". The first (2013) edition of ECMA-404 did not address the pronunciation. The UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook states, " Douglas Crockford , who named and promoted the JSON format, says it's pronounced like the name Jason. But somehow, 'JAY-sawn' seems to have become more common in the technical community." Crockford said in 2011, "There's

1620-510: Is a statement describing all relevant aspects of a protocol, service, procedure, convention, or format. This includes its scope and its intent for use, or "domain of applicability". However, a TSs use within the Internet is defined by an Applicability Statement. An AS specifies how, and under what circumstances, TSs may be applied to support a particular Internet capability. An AS identifies the ways in which relevant TSs are combined and specifies

1701-514: Is allowed and ignored around or between syntactic elements (values and punctuation, but not within a string value). Four specific characters are considered whitespace for this purpose: space , horizontal tab , line feed , and carriage return . In particular, the byte order mark must not be generated by a conforming implementation (though it may be accepted when parsing JSON). JSON does not provide syntax for comments . Early versions of JSON (such as specified by RFC   4627 ) required that

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1782-520: Is also valid JavaScript syntax. The specification was started in 2012 and finished in 2018 with version 1.0.0. The main differences to JSON syntax are: JSON5 syntax is supported in some software as an extension of JSON syntax, for instance in SQLite . JSONC (JSON with Comments) is a subset of JSON5 used in Microsoft's Visual Studio Code : Several serialization formats have been built on or from

1863-401: Is an open standard file format and data interchange format that uses human-readable text to store and transmit data objects consisting of name–value pairs and arrays (or other serializable values). It is a commonly used data format with diverse uses in electronic data interchange , including that of web applications with servers . JSON is a language-independent data format. It

1944-435: Is defined in several "Best Current Practice" documents, notably BCP 9 (currently RFC 2026 and RFC 6410). There were previously three standard maturity levels: Proposed Standard , Draft Standard and Internet Standard . RFC 6410 reduced this to two maturity levels. RFC 2026 originally characterized Proposed Standards as immature specifications, but this stance was annulled by RFC 7127. A Proposed Standard specification

2025-561: Is formally created by official standard-developing organizations. These standards undergo the Internet Standards Process . Common de jure standards include ASCII , SCSI , and Internet protocol suite . Specifications subject to the Internet Standards Process can be categorized into one of the following: Technical Specification (TS) and Applicability Statement (AS). A Technical Specification

2106-570: Is gathered. Many Proposed Standards are actually deployed on the Internet and used extensively, as stable protocols. Actual practice has been that full progression through the sequence of standards levels is typically quite rare, and most popular IETF protocols remain at Proposed Standard. In October 2011, RFC 6410 merged the second and third maturity levels into one Internet Standard . Existing older Draft Standards retain that classification, absent explicit actions. For old Draft Standards two possible actions are available, which must be aproved by

2187-422: Is made between integer and floating-point values, some implementations may treat 42 , 42.0 , and 4.2E+1 as the same number, while others may not. The JSON standard makes no requirements regarding implementation details such as overflow , underflow , loss of precision, rounding, or signed zeros , but it does recommend expecting no more than IEEE 754 binary64 precision for "good interoperability". There

2268-405: Is necessary is the serialization of data types that are not part of the JSON standard, for example, dates and regular expressions . The official MIME type for JSON text is application/json , and most modern implementations have adopted this. Legacy MIME types include text/json , text/x-json , and text/javascript . The standard filename extension is .json. JSON Schema specifies

2349-535: Is no inherent precision loss in serializing a machine-level binary representation of a floating-point number (like binary64) into a human-readable decimal representation (like numbers in JSON) and back since there exist published algorithms to do this exactly and optimally. Comments were intentionally excluded from JSON. In 2012, Douglas Crockford described his design decision thus: "I removed comments from JSON because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives,

2430-401: Is not a data interchange language. CBOR has a superset of the JSON data types, but it is not text-based. Ion is also a superset of JSON, with a wider range of primary types, annotations, comments, and allowing trailing commas. XML has been used to describe structured data and to serialize objects. Various XML-based protocols exist to represent the same kind of data structures as JSON for

2511-440: Is not encrypted so in practice HTTPS is used, which stands for HTTP Secure. TLS/SSL TLS stands for Transport Layer Security which is a standard that enables two different endpoints to interconnect sturdy and privately. TLS came as a replacement for SSL. Secure Sockets Layers was first introduced before the creation of HTTPS and it was created by Netscape. As a matter of fact HTTPS was based on SSL when it first came out. It

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2592-465: Is not the fifth version of JSON). YAML version 1.2 is a superset of JSON; prior versions were not strictly compatible. For example, escaping a slash / with a backslash \ is valid in JSON, but was not valid in YAML. YAML supports comments, while JSON does not. CSON (" CoffeeScript Object Notation") uses significant indentation , unquoted keys, and assumes an outer object declaration. It

2673-614: Is recognizably useful in some or all parts of the Internet. An Internet Standard is documented by a Request for Comments (RFC) or a set of RFCs. A specification that is to become a Standard or part of a Standard begins as an Internet Draft , and is later, usually after several revisions, accepted and published by the RFC Editor as an RFC and labeled a Proposed Standard . Later, an RFC is elevated as Internet Standard , with an additional sequence number, when maturity has reached an acceptable level. Collectively, these stages are known as

2754-452: Is self-describing. It is specified in an Internet Draft at the IETF, with the latest version as of 2024 being "Draft 2020-12". There are several validators available for different programming languages, each with varying levels of conformance. The JSON standard does not support object references , but an IETF draft standard for JSON-based object references exists. JSON-RPC is a remote procedure call (RPC) protocol built on JSON, as

2835-420: Is sent via global networks. IPsec Internet Protocol Security is a collection of protocols that ensure the integrity of encryption in the connection between multiple devices. The purpose of this protocol is to protect public networks. According to IETF Datatracker the group dedicated to its creation was proposed into existence on 25 November 1992. Half a year later the group was created and not long after in

2916-608: Is stable, has resolved known design choices, has received significant community review, and appears to enjoy enough community interest to be considered valuable. Usually, neither implementation nor operational experience is required for the designation of a specification as a Proposed Standard. Proposed Standards are of such quality that implementations can be deployed in the Internet. However, as with all technical specifications, Proposed Standards may be revised if problems are found or better solutions are identified, when experiences with deploying implementations of such technologies at scale

2997-472: Is the data format. AJAJ is a web development technique that provides for the ability of a web page to request new data after it has loaded into the web browser . Typically, it renders new data from the server in response to user actions on that web page. For example, what the user types into a search box , client-side code then sends to the server, which immediately responds with a drop-down list of matching database items. JSON has seen ad hoc usage as

3078-519: Is the existing BGP safeguard called Routing Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI). It is a database of routes that are known to be safe and have been cryptographically signed. Users and companies submit routes and check other users' routes for safety. If it were more widely adopted, more routes could be added and confirmed. However, RPKI is picking up momentum. As of December 2020, tech giant Google registered 99% of its routes with RPKI. They are making it easier for businesses to adopt BGP safeguards. DNS also has

3159-551: The Internet Engineering Task Force obsoleted RFC   7159 when it published RFC   8259 , which is the current version of the Internet Standard STD 90. Crockford added a clause to the JSON license stating, "The Software shall be used for Good, not Evil", in order to open-source the JSON libraries while mocking corporate lawyers and those who are overly pedantic. On the other hand, this clause led to license compatibility problems of

3240-835: The Standards Track , and are defined in RFC 2026 and RFC 6410. The label Historic is applied to deprecated Standards Track documents or obsolete RFCs that were published before the Standards Track was established. Only the IETF , represented by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), can approve Standards Track RFCs. The definitive list of Internet Standards is maintained in the Official Internet Protocol Standards . Previously, STD 1 used to maintain

3321-523: The Unicode line terminators U+2028 LINE SEPARATOR and U+2029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR to appear unescaped in quoted strings, while ECMAScript 2018 and older do not. This is a consequence of JSON disallowing only "control characters". For maximum portability, these characters should be backslash-escaped. JSON exchange in an open ecosystem must be encoded in UTF-8 . The encoding supports

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3402-633: The World Wide Web . They allow for the building and rendering of websites. The three key standards used by the World Wide Web are Hypertext Transfer Protocol , HTML , and URL . Respectively, they specify the transfer of data between a browser and a web server, the content and layout of a web page, and what web page identifiers mean. Network standards are a type of internet standard which defines rules for data communication in networking technologies and processes. Internet standards allow for

3483-411: The "I-JSON Message Format", a restricted profile of JSON that constrains the syntax and processing of JSON to avoid, as much as possible, these interoperability issues. While JSON provides a syntactic framework for data interchange, unambiguous data interchange also requires agreement between producer and consumer on the semantics of specific use of the JSON syntax. One example of where such an agreement

3564-575: The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and Domain Name System (DNS).   This reflects common practices that focus more on innovation than security.  Companies have the power to improve these issues.  With the Internet in the hands of the industry, users must depend on businesses to protect vulnerabilities present in these standards. Ways to make BGP and DNS safer already exist but they are not widespread. For example, there

3645-563: The IESG: A Draft Standard may be reclassified as an Internet Standard as soon as the criteria in RFC 6410 are satisfied; or, after two years since RFC 6410 was aproved as BCP (October 2013), the IESG can choose to reclassify an old Draft Standard as Proposed Standard . An Internet Standard is characterized by a high degree of technical maturity and by a generally held belief that the specified protocol or service provides significant benefit to

3726-411: The IETF offers include RFCs, internet-drafts, IANA functions, intellectual property rights, standards process, and publishing and accessing RFCs. There are two ways in which an Internet Standard is formed and can be categorized as one of the following: "de jure" standards and "de facto" standards. A de facto standard becomes a standard through widespread use within the tech community. A de jure standard

3807-768: The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It is the leading Internet standards association that uses well-documented procedures for creating these standards. Once circulated, those standards are made easily accessible without any cost. Till 1993, the United States federal government was supporting the IETF. Now, the Internet Society's Internet Architecture Board (IAB) supervises it. It is a bottom-up organization that has no formal necessities for affiliation and does not have an official membership procedure either. It watchfully works with

3888-465: The Internet became global, Internet Standards became the lingua franca of worldwide communications. Engineering contributions to the IETF start as an Internet Draft , may be promoted to a Request for Comments , and may eventually become an Internet Standard. An Internet Standard is characterized by technical maturity and usefulness. The IETF also defines a Proposed Standard as a less mature but stable and well-reviewed specification. A Draft Standard

3969-438: The Internet community. Generally Internet Standards cover interoperability of systems on the Internet through defining protocols, message formats, schemas, and languages. An Internet Standard ensures that hardware and software produced by different vendors can work together. Having a standard makes it much easier to develop software and hardware that link different networks because software and hardware can be developed one layer at

4050-518: The Internet language in order to remain competitive in the current Internet phase. Some basic aims of the Internet Standards Process are; ensure technical excellence; earlier implementation and testing; perfect, succinct as well as easily understood records. Creating and improving the Internet Standards is an ongoing effort and Internet Engineering Task Force plays a significant role in this regard. These standards are shaped and available by

4131-438: The JSON license with other open-source licenses since open-source software and free software usually imply no restrictions on the purpose of use. The following example shows a possible JSON representation describing a person. Although Crockford originally asserted that JSON is a strict subset of JavaScript and ECMAScript , his specification actually allows valid JSON documents that are not valid JavaScript; JSON allows

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4212-486: The JSON specification. Examples include Internet Standard In computer network engineering , an Internet Standard is a normative specification of a technology or methodology applicable to the Internet . Internet Standards are created and published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). They allow interoperation of hardware and software from different sources which allows internets to function. As

4293-561: The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and other standard development organizations. Moreover, it heavily relies on working groups that are constituted and proposed to an Area Director. IETF relies on its working groups for expansion of IETF conditions and strategies with a goal to make the Internet work superior. The working group then operates under the direction of the Area Director and progress an agreement. After

4374-447: The XML standard defines a common attribute xml:id , that can be used by the user, to set an ID explicitly. XML tag names cannot contain any of the characters !"#$ %&'()*+,/;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~ , nor a space character, and cannot begin with - , . , or a numeric digit, whereas JSON keys can (even if quotation mark and backslash must be escaped). XML values are strings of characters , with no built-in type safety . XML has

4455-401: The allowed syntax, whereas the RFC covers some security and interoperability considerations. JSON grew out of a need for a real-time server-to-browser session communication protocol without using browser plugins such as Flash or Java applets, the dominant methods used in the early 2000s. Crockford first specified and popularized the JSON format. The acronym originated at State Software,

4536-607: The circulation of the proposed charter to the IESG and IAB mailing lists and its approval then it is further forwarded to the public IETF. It is not essential to have the complete agreement of all working groups and adopt the proposal. IETF working groups are only required to recourse to check if the accord is strong. Likewise, the Working Group produce documents in the arrangement of RFCs which are memorandum containing approaches, deeds, examination as well as innovations suitable to

4617-414: The common consideration of the necessities that the effort should discourse. Then an IETF Working Group is formed and necessities are ventilated in the influential Birds of a Feather (BoF) assemblies at IETF conferences. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is the premier internet standards organization. It follows an open and well-documented processes for setting internet standards. The resources that

4698-524: The communication procedure of a device to or from other devices. In reference to the TCP/IP Model, common standards and protocols in each layer are as follows: The Internet has been viewed as an open playground, free for people to use and communities to monitor. However, large companies have shaped and molded it to best fit their needs. The future of internet standards will be no different. Currently, there are widely used but insecure protocols such as

4779-553: The concept of schema , that permits strong typing, user-defined types, predefined tags, and formal structure, allowing for formal validation of an XML stream. JSON has several types built-in and has a similar schema concept in JSON Schema . XML supports comments, while JSON does not. Support for comments and other features have been deemed useful, which has led to several nonstandard JSON supersets being created. Among them are HJSON, HOCON, and JSON5 (which despite its name,

4860-498: The concluding form. This process is followed in every area to generate unanimous views about a problem related to the internet and develop internet standards as a solution to different glitches. There are eight common areas on which IETF focus and uses various working groups along with an area director. In the "general" area it works and develops the Internet standards. In "Application" area it concentrates on internet applications such as Web-related protocols. Furthermore, it also works on

4941-486: The development of internet infrastructure in the form of PPP extensions. IETF also establish principles and description standards that encompass the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP). The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) along with the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) counterpart the exertion of the IETF using innovative technologies. The IETF is the standards making organization concentrate on

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5022-553: The document has to be changed, it is submitted again and assigned a new RFC number. When an RFC becomes an Internet Standard (STD), it is assigned an STD number but retains its RFC number. When an Internet Standard is updated, its number is unchanged but refers to a different RFC or set of RFCs. For example, in 2007 RFC 3700 was an Internet Standard (STD 1) and in May 2008 it was replaced with RFC 5000. RFC 3700 received Historic status, and RFC 5000 became STD 1. The list of Internet standards

5103-437: The first edition of its JSON standard ECMA-404. That same year, RFC   7158 used ECMA-404 as a reference. In 2014, RFC   7159 became the main reference for JSON's Internet uses, superseding RFC   4627 and RFC   7158 (but preserving ECMA-262 and ECMA-404 as main references). In November 2017, ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22 published ISO/IEC 21778:2017 as an international standard. On December 13, 2017,

5184-610: The first internet went live is January 1, 1983. The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) went into effect. ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) and the Defense Data Network were the networks to implement the Protocols. These protocols are considered to be the essential part of how the Internet works because they define the rules by which the connections between servers operate. They are still used today by implementing various ways data

5265-616: The full Unicode character set, including those characters outside the Basic Multilingual Plane (U+0000 to U+FFFF). However, if escaped, those characters must be written using UTF-16 surrogate pairs . For example, to include the Emoji character U+1F610 😐 NEUTRAL FACE in JSON: JSON became a strict subset of ECMAScript as of the language's 2019 revision. JSON's basic data types are: Whitespace

5346-457: The functioning of the Internet and Internet-linked arrangements. In other words, Requests for Comments (RFCs) are primarily used to mature a standard network protocol that is correlated with network statements. Some RFCs are aimed to produce information while others are required to publish Internet standards. The ultimate form of the RFC converts to the standard and is issued with a numeral. After that, no more comments or variations are acceptable for

5427-528: The generation of "standard" stipulations of expertise and their envisioned usage. The IETF concentrates on matters associated with the progress of current Internet and TCP/IP know-how. It is alienated into numerous working groups (WGs), every one of which is accountable for evolving standards and skills in a specific zone, for example routing or security. People in working groups are volunteers and work in fields such as equipment vendors, network operators and different research institutions. Firstly, it works on getting

5508-481: The language's 2019 revision. Various JSON parser implementations have suffered from denial-of-service attack and mass assignment vulnerability . JSON is promoted as a low-overhead alternative to XML as both of these formats have widespread support for creation, reading, and decoding in the real-world situations where they are commonly used. Apart from XML, examples could include CSV and supersets of JSON. Google Protocol Buffers can fill this role, although it

5589-464: The many pitfalls caused by executing arbitrary code from the Internet, a new function, JSON . parse () , was first added to the fifth edition of ECMAScript, which as of 2017 is supported by all major browsers. For non-supported browsers, an API-compatible JavaScript library is provided by Douglas Crockford . In addition, the TC39 proposal "Subsume JSON" made ECMAScript a strict JSON superset as of

5670-540: The mid 1993 the first draft was published. HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol is one of the most commonly used protocols today in the context of the World Wide Web. HTTP is a simple protocol to govern how documents, that are written in HyperText Mark Language(HTML) , are exchanged via networks. This protocol is the backbone of the Web allowing for the whole hypertext system to exist practically. It

5751-459: The parameters or sub-functions of TS protocols. An AS also describes the domains of applicability of TSs, such as Internet routers, terminal server, or datagram-based database servers. An AS also applies one of the following "requirement levels" to each of the TSs to which it refers: TCP/ IP Model & associated Internet Standards Web standards are a type of internet standard which define aspects of

5832-421: The process is called the Standards Track . If an RFC is part of a proposal that is on the Standards Track, then at the first stage, the standard is proposed and subsequently organizations decide whether to implement this Proposed Standard. After the criteria in RFC 6410 is met (two separate implementations, widespread use, no errata etc.), the RFC can advance to Internet Standard. The Internet Standards Process

5913-427: The same kind of data interchange purposes. Data can be encoded in XML in several ways. The most expansive form using tag pairs results in a much larger (in character count) representation than JSON, but if data is stored in attributes and 'short tag' form where the closing tag is replaced with /> , the representation is often about the same size as JSON or just a little larger. However, an XML attribute can only have

5994-638: The server deciphers network traffic as logs, writing them to local disk or remote storage. Zeek's event engine analyzes live or recorded network traffic to generate neutral event logs. Zeek uses common ports and dynamic protocol detection (involving signatures as well as behavioral analysis) to identify network protocols. Developers write Zeek policy scripts in the Turing complete Zeek scripting language. By default Zeek logs information about events to files, but analysts can also configure Zeek to take other actions, such as sending an email, raising an alert, executing

6075-446: Was an intermediate level, discontinued in 2011. A Draft Standard was an intermediary step that occurred after a Proposed Standard but prior to an Internet Standard. As put in RFC 2026: In general, an Internet Standard is a specification that is stable and well-understood, is technically competent, has multiple, independent, and interoperable implementations with substantial operational experience, enjoys significant public support, and

6156-599: Was apparent that one common way of encrypting data was needed so the IETF specified TLS 1.0 in RFC 2246 in January, 1999. It has been upgraded since. Last version of TLS is 1.3 from RFC 8446 in August 2018. OSI Model The Open Systems Interconnection model began its development in 1977. It was created by the International Organization for Standardization . It was officially published and adopted as

6237-589: Was conceived and realized by David P. Reed in 1980. Essentially the way it works is using compression to send information. Data would be compressed into a datagram and sent point to point. This proved to be a secure way to transmit information and despite the drawback of losing quality of data UDP is still in use. Becoming a standard is a two-step process within the Internet Standards Process: Proposed Standard and Internet Standard . These are called maturity levels and

6318-491: Was created by the team of developers spearheaded by Tim Berners-Lee . Berners-Lee is responsible for the proposal of its creation, which he did in 1989. August 6, 1991 is the date he published the first complete version of HTTP on a public forum. This date subsequently is considered by some to be the official birth of the World Wide Web. HTTP has been continually evolving since its creation, becoming more complicated with time and progression of networking technology. By default HTTP

6399-462: Was derived from JavaScript , but many modern programming languages include code to generate and parse JSON-format data. JSON filenames use the extension .json . Douglas Crockford originally specified the JSON format in the early 2000s. He and Chip Morningstar sent the first JSON message in April 2001. The 2017 international standard (ECMA-404 and ISO/IEC 21778:2017) specifies that "JSON"

6480-472: Was originally published as STD 1 but this practice has been abandoned in favor of an online list maintained by the RFC Editor. The standardization process is divided into three steps: There are five Internet standards organizations: the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Internet Society (ISOC), Internet Architecture Board (IAB), Internet Research Task Force (IRTF), World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). All organizations are required to use and express

6561-426: Was used for configuring GitHub 's Atom text editor . There is also an unrelated project called CSON ("Cursive Script Object Notation") that is more syntactically similar to JSON. HOCON ("Human-Optimized Config Object Notation") is a format for human-readable data, and a superset of JSON. The uses of HOCON are: JSON5 ("JSON5 Data Interchange Format") is an extension of JSON syntax that, just like JSON,

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