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119-518: Zelimkhan Sultanovich Khangoshvili ( Chechen : Хангин Султан-кIант Зелимхан , Georgian : ზელიმხან სულთანის ძე ხანგოშვილი , romanized : zelimkhan sultanis dze khangoshvili , Russian : Зелимхан Султанович Хангошвили ; 15 August 1979 – 23 August 2019) was an ethnic Chechen born in Georgia who was a former platoon commander for the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria as a volunteer during

238-519: A glottal stop before a " pharyngealized " (actually epiglottalized) vowel. However, it does not have the distribution constraints characteristic of the anterior pharyngealized (epiglottalized) consonants . Although these may be analyzed as an anterior consonant plus / ʢ / (they surface for example as [dʢ] when voiced and [ pʰʜ ] when voiceless ), Nichols argues that given the severe constraints against consonant clusters in Chechen, it

357-420: A "Security Partner" (German: Sicherheitspartner ) program. Their main duty is crime prevention by: Bavaria has instituted a system of citizen patrols ( Sicherheitswacht ) in which unarmed teams of two volunteers patrol assigned areas to improve subjective security. These teams carry a radio to call for help if necessary and a pepper spray for protection. A white armband with black letters identifying them as

476-725: A "Security Watch" patrol. Citizens in Baden-Württemberg can participate in the volunteer police programme, where roughly 1,200 citizens voluntarily assist their local police in 20 towns. These volunteers are specially trained, wear regular uniforms and are sworn and armed with normal police gear. Citizens in Hesse and Saxony can also participate in a Volunteer Police program, where some citizens voluntarily assist their local police. The volunteers are trained for 50 hours in Hesse and 60 hours in Saxony, receive uniforms, pepper spray and

595-654: A Kremlin-linked legal defence foundation. On 4 December 2019, the German Federal Foreign Office accused Russia of refusing to cooperate in the investigation of the Khangoshvili murder and expelled two Russian foreign office diplomatic employees working in Berlin. An official request for assistance in the case was submitted to Russia two days after the expulsion. In response, Russia expelled two German diplomats on 12 December. On 10 August 2020,

714-667: A Russian prisoner in the United States, mentioning Konstantin Yaroshenko (who was later released in exchange for American Trevor Reed ), Viktor Bout , or Roman Seleznev . In July 2024 rumors about a possible prisoner exchange rekindled when Belarus president pardoned Rico Krieger , who had been facing a death sentence. The rumours appeared to be confirmed when an Antonov-148 tail number RA-61727, which had been used to exchange Viktor Bout for Brittney Griner , landed at Kaliningrad airport on 31 July. On 1 August, Krasikov

833-433: A college of administration and justice. The highest possible rank in this career is that of Erster Polizei-/Kriminal-hauptkommissar . The third career bracket is the so-called " höherer Dienst ". A direct entry into this career bracket is possible and requires a law degree of a university, but the majority of these officers had started their career in " mittlerer " or " gehobener Dienst ". The period of training

952-403: A consonant; as a consonant, it has an allophone [ v ] before front vowels. Approximately twenty pharyngealized consonants (marked with superscript ˤ ) also appear in the table above. Labial , alveolar and postalveolar consonants may be pharyngealized, except for ejectives . Except when following a consonant, / ʢ / is phonetically [ ʔˤ ] , and can be argued to be

1071-543: A feature of the vowels. However, Nichols argues that this does not capture the situation in Chechen well, whereas it is more clearly a feature of the vowel in Ingush : Chechen [tsʜaʔ] "one", Ingush [tsaʔˤ] , which she analyzes as /tsˤaʔ/ and /tsaˤʔ/ . Vowels have a delayed murmured onset after pharyngealized voiced consonants and a noisy aspirated onset after pharyngealized voiceless consonants. The high vowels /i/, /y/, /u/ are diphthongized, [əi], [əy], [əu] , whereas

1190-401: A federal reserve force to deal with major disturbances and other emergencies beyond the scope of Land police. The BPOL guards airports , and several highly trained detachments are available for special crisis situations requiring demolition equipment, helicopters, or combat vehicles. After shortcomings in police procedures and training were revealed by the terrorist attack on Israeli athletes at

1309-457: A great final step in creating a modified Arabic script that represents Chechen consonants. However, the Arabic alphabet still was not suitable in representing Chechen vowel sounds. Arabic script itself is an impure abjad , meaning that most but not all vowels are shown with diacritics , which are in most cases left unwritten. The process of transforming Arabic script into a full alphabet for use by

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1428-654: A higher police school or a college of public administration to qualify for a bachelor's degree ( Aufstieg in den gehobenen Polizeivollzugsdienst ). The very few candidates who qualify for the highest ranks of the police study for one year at the Federal Police Leadership Academy in Münster-Hiltrup. Depending on the certain state police regulation, German police officers may be authorized to carry their department-issued firearms while off duty. Some states allow their officers to apply for

1547-422: A higher rank, comparable to Lieutenant (Rank: Polizei-/Kriminalkommissar ), which they have to attend police college for and acquire a bachelor's degree. After about six years of duty as a patrol officer, an individual with an outstanding record who does well on a highly competitive examination and started off in the regular police academy ( mittlerer Polizeivollzugsdienst ) can go on to two or three years at

1666-596: A large degree of mutual intelligibility and shared vocabulary, it forms the Vainakh branch . There are a number of Chechen dialects: Aukh , Chebarloish, Malkhish, Nokhchmakhkakhoish, Orstkhoish, Sharoish, Shuotoish, Terloish, Itum-Qalish and Himoish. Dialects of Chechen can be classified by their geographic position within the Chechen Republic. The dialects of the northern lowlands are often referred to as " Oharoy muott " (literally "lowlander's language") and

1785-626: A large number of postpositions to indicate the role of nouns in sentences. Word order is consistently left-branching (like in Japanese or Turkish ), so that adjectives , demonstratives and relative clauses precede the nouns they modify. Complementizers and adverbial subordinators , as in other Northeast and in Northwest Caucasian languages , are affixes rather than independent words. Chechen also presents interesting challenges for lexicography , as creating new words in

1904-658: A mobile phone in Hesse and a radio in Saxony. In Brandenburg there were established about 200 security partners along the Polish border as well as around Greater Berlin. The legal basis is a decree of the State Minister of the Interior of 11 October 1995. People can also join on a full-time basis the Wachpolizei , which has less authority (and less pay) than regular police officers to perform basic police tasks, like

2023-614: A national police force created (the Reich Security Main Office — Reichssicherheitshauptamt , or RSHA). The police became a tool of the centralized state and the Nazi party . Following the defeat of 1945, Germany was divided; in 1949 the three western zones were turned into the new West Germany , while the Soviet zone became East Germany . Each country pursued a different path concerning law enforcement . In light of

2142-563: A non-Arabic language has been a common occurrence, and has been done in Uyghur , Kazakh , Kurdish and several more Arabic-derived scripts. Thus a final revision on Chechen Arabic script occurred, in which vowel sounds were standardized. Table below lists the 41 letters of the final iteration of Chechen Arabic Alphabet, as published by Chechen Authorities at the time, prior to 1925, their IPA values, and their Cyrillic equivalents. The single letters and digraphs that count as separate letters of

2261-589: A reaction to several terrorist attacks in Europe since 2015, an additional unit, the BFE+, was implemented in summer 2015. The BFE+ should provide specialized operators for long lasting (search) operations for example after a terrorist attack. In general, the German law enforcement authorities of today have personnel of three available career brackets, the lowest being the " Mittlerer Dienst " ("middle service"), followed by

2380-669: A result of long-distance assimilation between vowel sounds. Additionally, the Himoy dialect preserves word-final, post-tonic vowels as a schwa [ə]. Literary Chechen is based on Plains Chechen, spoken around Grozny and Urus-Martan . According to the Russian Census of 2020 , 1,490,000 people reported being able to speak Chechen in Russia. Chechen is an official language of Chechnya . Chechens in Jordan have good relations with

2499-454: A specific prefix with which the verb or an accompanying adjective agrees. The verb does not agree with person or number, having only tense forms and participles. Among these are an optative and an antipassive . Some verbs, however, do not take these prefixes. Chechen is an ergative , dependent-marking language using eight cases ( absolutive , genitive , dative , ergative , allative , instrumental , locative and comparative ) and

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2618-407: A town or city can transfer more tasks and responsibilities to its police force, only if approved by the regional government of the state ( German : Regierungspräsidium ). In the state of Hesse, city police forces provide the local order enforcement. The officers wear police uniforms and are armed. Similar to the municipal order enforcement units, there are different denominations: Police training

2737-448: A valid Russian passport issued under the fake identity of Vadim Sokolov. Reports by Der Spiegel and other media disclosed that the suspect traveled from Moscow to Paris to Warsaw, where he rented a hotel room for five days, during which he traveled to Berlin. Sokolov's passport was issued without any biometric data, the inclusion of which has been the default option for all Russian passports since 2009, except "in emergency situations when

2856-498: A vowel use when needed to avoid confusions. This modification did not persist in Chechen Alphabet. otherwise, the 1910 iteration of the Arabic script continued being used until 1920. In 1920, two Chechen literaturists, A. Tugaev and T. Eldarkhanov, published a document. In this document they proposed new modifications, which were the addition of two new consonants: These modifications by A. Tugaev and T. Eldarkhanov were

2975-524: A wig the perpetrator was using were dumped into the Spree . The suspect, identified as 56-year-old Russian national "Vadim Sokolov" by German police, was apprehended soon after the assassination. The Russian government and Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov have both been linked to the killing. Khangoshvili's body was later transported to Georgia, and was buried in his birth village on 29 August 2019. Khangoshvili's assassin, detained by German police , traveled on

3094-488: Is 2 years at the Deutsche Hochschule der Polizei or German Police University. That is the only official centralised educational institution of the German police. Starting at the rank of " Polizeirat " or " Kriminalrat " (literally "police counsellor" or "detective counsellor") up to " Polizeipräsident " ("police president"), which is (in most German states) equivalent to the rank of Chief of Police in

3213-746: Is a clearinghouse for criminal intelligence records. It provides assistance to the State Criminal Police Offices (German: Landeskriminalamt / LKA ) in forensic matters, research, and criminal investigations. It is also the national point of contact for the International Criminal Police Organization ( Interpol ). The BKA conducts its own criminal investigations or enters existing cases only when requested by state authorities, or in cases involving two or more states. The BKA has been involved in investigations against various terrorist groups since

3332-585: Is a lie. No one can provide any evidence that a single civilian was injured or killed in any of my actions!" After returning to Georgia, Khangoshvili commanded an anti-terror military unit in South Ossetia during the 2008 war , but his unit was never deployed. In 2016, Khangoshvili, his wife, and four children sought refuge in Germany after several attempts on his life in Georgia, which his brother believes were orchestrated by Russian intelligence, although

3451-488: Is also a modern central office for information, analyzing police intelligence from home and abroad and transmitting it to police stations. It collates data on criminal offences and offenders in crime statistics that are used as a basis for new strategies, policy decisions and legislative initiatives. It also analyzes certain offense areas, evaluates the police measures executed in each case, forecasts expected tendencies and describes events in annual reports. The State Office for

3570-548: Is an independent law enforcement agency in most German states, that is directly subordinated to the respective state ministry of the interior. The LKA supervises police operations aimed at preventing and investigating criminal offences and coordinates investigations of serious crime, involving more than one regional headquarter. They can take over investigative responsibility in cases of serious crime, e.g. drug trafficking, organized crime, environmental and white-collar crime or extremist and terrorist offences. Each Landeskriminalamt

3689-547: Is constitutionally vested solely with the states, which is one of the main features of the German political system. Policing has always been a responsibility of the German states even after 1871 when the country was unified . The 1919 constitution of the Weimar Republic did provide for the possibility of creating a national police force, should the necessity arise, but it was only in the Nazi era that Gestapo (Secret State Police) were unified under central control and

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3808-531: Is fluent but generally not literate in Chechen except for individuals who have made efforts to learn the writing system. The Cyrillic alphabet is not generally known in these countries, and thus for Jordan and Syria, they most use the Arabic alphabet, while in Turkey they use the Latin alphabet. Chechen is the most-spoken Northeast Caucasian language . Together with the closely related Ingush , with which there exists

3927-497: Is followed by a front vowel. The trill / r / is usually articulated with a single contact, and therefore sometimes described as a tap [ ɾ ] . Except in the literary register , and even then only for some speakers, the voiced affricates / dz / , / dʒ / have merged into the fricatives / z / , / ʒ / . A voiceless labial fricative / f / is found only in European loanwords . / w / appears both in diphthongs and as

4046-464: Is found in handwriting. Usually, palochka uppercase and lowercase forms consistent in print or upright, but only upper-case ⟨Ӏ⟩ is normally used in computers. In 1992, with the de facto secession of Chechen Republic of Ichkeria from Russia, a new Latin Chechen alphabet was introduced and used in parallel with the Cyrillic alphabet. This was the second time a Latin-based orthography

4165-421: Is found. Furthermore, all variants except the ejective are subject to phonemic pharyngealization. Nearly any consonant may be fortis because of focus gemination, but only the ones above are found in roots . The consonants of the t cell and / l / are denti-alveolar ; the others of that column are alveolar . / x / is a back velar , but not quite uvular . The lateral / l / may be velarized , unless it

4284-472: Is more useful to analyze them as single consonants. Unlike most other languages of the Caucasus, Chechen has an extensive inventory of vowel sounds, putting its range higher than most languages of Europe (most vowels being the product of environmentally conditioned allophonic variation, which varies by both dialect and method of analysis). Many of the vowels are due to umlaut , which is highly productive in

4403-407: Is primarily the responsibility of the individual states, although the federal government provides assistance and coordination. The high level of police professionalism is attributed in large degree to the length and thoroughness of training. The situation is different in the five new states of eastern Germany. Long accustomed to a society made compliant by eliminating opposing opinions, police forces of

4522-436: Is restricted to the investigation of threats originating outside of Germany. It depends heavily on wiretapping and other surveillance techniques applied to international communications. Such activities are authorized only to counter the danger of an armed threat to the country, but intelligence authorities have pressed for the added power to monitor suspected international traffickers of weapons and drugs. The Federal Office for

4641-1117: Is specialised: for civil and criminal cases, the highest court of appeal is the inquisitorial Federal Court of Justice (" Bundesgerichtshof " in Karlsruhe) and for other affairs the courts are the Federal Labour Court (" Bundesarbeitsgericht " in Erfurt), the Federal Social Court ("Bundessozialgericht" in Kassel), the Federal Fiscal Court (" Bundesfinanzhof " in Munich) and the Federal Administrative Court (" Bundesverwaltungsgericht " in Leipzig). The Völkerstrafgesetzbuch (International Penal Law Code) regulates

4760-405: Is that of Polizeihauptmeister mit Zulage . In the mid to late seventies the " mittlerer Dienst " was disestablished for the detective branch Kriminalpolizei , but in some states of the former GDR, they still exist. Rank designation, in this case, f.e. Kriminalhauptmeister . Entry into the " gehobener Dienst " requires a high-school diploma and period of training is 3 years at

4879-529: Is the Cyrillic alphabet. This script was created and adopted in 1938, replacing the Latin script prior to it. Up until 1992, only the Cyrillic script was used for Chechen. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the de facto secession of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria from Russia, a new Latin script was devised and was used parallel to Cyrillic until the dissolution of the separatist state . Modern alphabet: Lower-case palochka , ⟨ӏ⟩ ,

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4998-543: Is training police recruits. In this tasks it is comparable with Anti- Riot Police Forces in other countries. Beside this, the Federal Police maintains a Bereitschaftspolizei as well, to assist the state police forces if necessary. While the states are free to choose the equipment and to organize their police forces autonomously, the state and federal alert police units jointly procure standardized weapons, vehicles, anti-riot gears and communications equipment through

5117-690: The BePo contingents consists of one 600- to 800-member battalion, but in six of the larger states they are organized into regiments. Duties vary according to local requirements. In Hamburg, for example, the BePo patrol the subway system, assist in police raids in the red-light district, and are present at large demonstrations and soccer matches. Their units are equipped with their own transport, tents, and rations, enabling them to be shifted quickly to other Länder without having to rely on outside support. The Readiness Police have water cannons and armoured vehicles but are armed with lighter weapons than those of

5236-490: The 1972 Olympics , a task force known as Border Guard Group 9 ( GSG-9 ) was formed to deal with terrorist incidents, especially hostage situations. The GSG-9 won world attention when it rescued 86 passengers on a Lufthansa airliner hijacked to Mogadishu, Somalia , in 1977. A military rank structure similar to that of the Bundeswehr was replaced in the mid-1970s by civil service-type personnel grades. The service uniform

5355-582: The Arabic script was introduced for Chechen, along with Islam . The Chechen Arabic alphabet was first reformed during the reign of Imam Shamil , and then again in 1910, 1920 and 1922. At the same time, the alphabet devised by Peter von Uslar , consisting of Cyrillic, Latin, and Georgian letters, was used for academic purposes. In 1911 it too was reformed but never gained popularity among the Chechens themselves. The current official script for Chechen language

5474-660: The Federal Security Service (FSB RF), and wanted in Russia. On 23 August 2019, Khangoshvili was assassinated in Kleiner Tiergarten , a park in Berlin, by FSB operative Vadim Krasikov . Zelimkhan Khangoshvili was born into the family of Sultan Khangoshvili on 15 August 1979, in the Duisi village of the Pankisi Gorge , a region of Georgia home to a large ethnic Chechen population known as

5593-650: The Kists . He was the nephew of Chechen and Kist historian Khaso Khangoshvili. Zelimkhan finished school in Pankisi and later went to work in Chechnya, the residence of his elder brother Zurab, in the late 1990s. Chechnya was at the time known as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria , a de facto independent break-away republic of Russia . In 2001, after the outbreak of the Second Chechen War, Khangoshvili joined

5712-513: The Kripo can be part of the ordinary police force, in some states it is organized separately. The idea of using the same colour for police uniforms and vehicles throughout the European Union has been realized in all German state police forces and the federal police. All vehicle liveries and uniforms changed from white/green to silver/blue until 2018. The basic silver colour for vehicles in

5831-635: The October Revolution , and the Latin script began to be used instead of Arabic for Chechen writing in the mid-1920s. The Cyrillic script was adopted in 1938. Almost the entire library of Chechen medieval writing in Arabic and Georgian script about the land of Chechnya and its people was destroyed by Soviet authorities in 1944, leaving the modern Chechens and modern historians with a destroyed and no longer existent historical treasury of writings. The Chechen diaspora in Jordan , Turkey , and Syria

5950-505: The Salishan languages of North America, as well as a large vowel system resembling those of Swedish and German . The Chechen language has, like most indigenous languages of the Caucasus , a large number of consonants : about 40 to 60 (depending on the dialect and the analysis), far more than most European languages . Typical of the region, a four-way distinction between voiced , voiceless , ejective and geminate fortis stops

6069-681: The Second Chechen War , and a Georgian military officer during the 2008 Russo-Georgian War . Later on, he allegedly turned into a useful source of information for the Georgian Intelligence Service by identifying Russian spies and jihadists operating on domestic and foreign soil to Georgian intelligence agents. Khangoshvili was considered a terrorist by the Government of the Russian Federation ,

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6188-696: The Slovak Foreign Ministry announced that three diplomats from the Russian embassy in Bratislava were to be expelled from the country by 13 August. Slovak authorities noted information provided by Slovak intelligence services that "[the diplomats'] activities were in contradiction with the Vienna convention on diplomatic relations ," according to a Slovak foreign ministry spokesman. He also added that "there had been an abuse of visas issued at

6307-499: The diphthongs /je/, /wo/ undergo metathesis , [ej], [ow] . Chechen permits syllable-initial clusters /st px tx/ and non-initially also allows /x r l/ plus any consonant, and any obstruent plus a uvular of the same manner of articulation . The only cluster of three consonants permitted is /rst/ . Numerous inscriptions in the Georgian script are found in mountainous Chechnya, but they are not necessarily in Chechen. Later,

6426-724: The 1960s. The Federal Customs Service (German: Bundeszollverwaltung ) is the executive and fiscal administrative agency of the Federal Ministry of Finance . It was founded in 1949 in West Germany. The purpose of the Customs Service is to administer federal taxes, execute demands for payment on behalf of the federal government and federal statutory corporations, monitor the cross border movements of goods with regard to compliance with bans and restrictions, and prevent illicit work. Uniformed federal agents are used for

6545-399: The Arabic script was well established among the speakers of Chechen. However, the Arabic alphabet, without modifications, would not be suitable for Chechen, and modifications would be needed. The Arabic alphabet underwent various iterations, improvements and modifications for the Chechen language. Within Chechen society, these modifications were not without controversy. The Muslim clergy and

6664-480: The Federal Republic of Germany” and summoned Russia’s ambassador in Berlin to discuss the court’s conclusion. At the end of July 2022, Russia demanded the release of imprisoned Russians in exchange for the release of two imprisoned US citizens. According to CNN , the Russian government demanded the release of Russian arms dealer Viktor Bout , who had served 10 years of a 25-year federal prison sentence in

6783-664: The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and are able to practice their own culture and language. Chechen language usage is strong among the Chechen community in Jordan. Jordanian Chechens are bilingual in both Chechen and Arabic, but do not speak Arabic among themselves, only speaking Chechen to other Chechens. Some Jordanians are literate in Chechen as well, having managed to read and write to people visiting Jordan from Chechnya. Some phonological characteristics of Chechen include its wealth of consonants and sounds similar to Arabic and

6902-713: The Protection of the Constitution (German: Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz / BfV ) is primarily the domestic intelligence service of Germany, concerned with espionage, treason, and sedition. It has no powers of arrest and cannot use force, but it carries out surveillance and supplies the BKA and other police agencies with information e.g. on terrorist groups. Its main office is in Wiesbaden. Similar and independent offices exist in each state. Although they cooperate closely with

7021-810: The Protection of the Constitution (German: Landesamt für Verfassungsschutz / lfV ) in every single state, is the domestic intelligence service, concerned with espionage, treason, and sedition. Due to the negative experiences of abusing power in Nazi-Germany, the domestic intelligence duties are not centralized and therefore maintained by the states. As the BfV, the LfV have no powers of arrest and cannot use force, but it carries out surveillance and supplies police agencies with information on extremist parties, international crime, drug trafficking, terrorism, and other illegal activities. The German states are responsible for managing

7140-631: The Russian Federation's Central Government, the governments of its autonomous republics Chechnya and Ingushetia , and the pro-Russian government of the Republic of Georgia . This was followed by a conversation between the Russian ambassador to Germany with the German Foreign Office. According to Bellingcat, the prosecution also named "Roman D." as a possible accomplice, in accord with their suspicion that more than one person

7259-400: The Russian Republic of Ingushetia that neighbours Chechnya. Zelimkhan was reportedly wounded in the leg during this battle. Russian president Vladimir Putin claimed that he was one of the perpetrators of a Moscow metro bombing . Zelimkhan denied that he was ever responsible for war crimes, telling Georgian media, "The Russians are blaming me for many things, including terrorist attacks. This

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7378-399: The Slovak general consulate in St Petersburg , and in this connection a serious crime was committed on the territory of another EU and NATO member state". In December 2021, two Russian diplomats were expelled after a Berlin court determined that the murder was a state-ordered killing. Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock called the murder a “grave breach of German law and the sovereignty of

7497-475: The USA. The German legal system is a civil law mostly based on a comprehensive compendium of statutes , as compared to the common law systems. The Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court, being located in the city of Karlsruhe) is the German supreme court responsible for constitutional matters, with power of judicial review . Germany's supreme court system, called Oberste Gerichtshöfe des Bundes ("Supreme Federal Courts of Justice"),

7616-446: The United States, and the convicted Russian assassin of Khangoshvili, Vadim Krasikov, who was serving a life sentence in Germany until the 2024 Russian prisoner exchange . The US requested the release of US basketball player Brittney Griner , imprisoned in Russia on minor drug charges and former US Marine Paul Whelan , serving 16 years in Russia for espionage. In July 2022, US Secretary of State Antony Blinken called Sergei Lavrov for

7735-416: The accusation has been denied by Russian authorities. On 23 August 2019, at around midday in the Kleiner Tiergarten park in Berlin, Khangoshvili was walking down a wooded path on his way back from the mosque he attended when he was shot three times—once in the shoulder and twice in the head—by a Russian assassin on a bicycle with a suppressed Glock 26. The bicycle, a plastic bag with the murder weapon, and

7854-489: The alphabet, along with their correspondences, are as follows. Those in parentheses are optional or only found in Russian words: In addition, several sequences of letters for long vowels and consonants, while not counted as separate letters in their own right, are presented here to clarify their correspondences: Chechen is an agglutinative language with an ergative–absolutive morphosyntactic alignment . Chechen nouns belong to one of several genders or classes (6), each with

7973-431: The applicant has no time to wait for the fingerprint encryption and printing process". The Daily Beast noted that "20 GRU operatives outed by the independent investigative research network Bellingcat in recent years, including those suspected of poisoning the Skripals in England , had used these 'old-style' passports in ultimately futile attempts to hide their cover identities." The research network Bellingcat and

8092-541: The approval to purchase a private firearm, that can be carried off-duty. Further restrictions that forbid off-duty carry exist (i.e. when drinking alcohol, at public events). In their private properties, the officers are required to have a safe to store their gun while not carrying it. The state police forces have had female members since the implementation of the several police forces after World War II. Initially, female officers were assigned to cases involving juveniles and women, working in plainclothes without weapons. Since

8211-399: The armed resistance of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in their fight against Russia. He was a field commander and had close ties to former Chechen president Aslan Maskhadov , who was killed in March 2005 in a raid by the Federal Security Service (FSB RF). Khangoshvili's brother, Zurab, confirmed that Zelimkhan participated in the 2004 Nazran raid on security, military and police forces in

8330-526: The bulk of Germany's police forces. Each state has its own police force known as the State Police (German: Landespolizei ). Each state promulgates a law which lays down the organisation and duties of its police ( Landespolizeigesetz or Sicherheits- und Ordnungsgesetz ). Although the state police forces are regulated by sixteen different legislatures and are, in fact, different police forces, there has been an increasing tendency toward standardization of police activities nationwide. Concerns about terrorism and

8449-462: The conduct of shop owners, sanitation inspections, veterinary inspections and minor infractions and misdemeanors such as illegal parking, littering, state and local dog regulations etc. They usually only hand out warnings and fines and can only perform a citizen's arrest as any other citizen can. If they see any major crimes they are required to call the state police for a criminal investigation, while they can intervene in ongoing crimes themselves. Even

8568-547: The consequences of crimes against humanity , genocide and war crimes , and gives German courts universal jurisdiction under specific circumstances. Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in the Strafgesetzbuch (literally Penal Law Book) and the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (literally Civil Law Book) respectively. The German penal system is aimed towards rehabilitation of

8687-682: The country in connection with the investigation." On 6 December 2019, several media outlets reported that the German Federal Intelligence Service (BND) received credible information that a Russian secret service agent was attempting to kill Krasikov while in remand to prevent possible statements from him; as a result, Krasikov was moved from the JVA Moabit to the high-security wing of the JVA Tegel. In February 2020, Bellingcat reported that it suspected that

8806-529: The criminal and the protection of the general public. Except for petty crimes, which are tried before a single professional judge, and serious political crimes , all charges are tried before mixed tribunals on which lay judges ( Schöffen or assessors) sit side by side with professional judges. German police typically use cars from German manufacturers. Mercedes-Benz , Volkswagen , Audi , Opel and BMW are commonly used as patrol cars ( Streifenwagen ). States used to prefer vehicles built in or close to

8925-453: The denominations are manifold, depending on local regulations as well, most of the time the denominations are: In Baden-Württemberg municipal police officers do have the same rights, powers and obligations like the counterparts of the state police. The tasks of a municipal police force depend on the size of the municipality's territory and the number of inhabitants in which it is operating. The "police authority" ( German : Polizeibehörde ) of

9044-839: The development of the European Union and spread of the Schengen Agreement to all neighbouring countries, the Bundesgrenzschutz was renamed to Federal Police (German: Bundespolizei ). The duties of the Federal Police still are limited to the security of railway lines , main railway stations , airports , sea ports, and several other special duties. Another central police agency, the Federal Criminal Police Office (German: Bundeskriminalamt / BKA ), with approximately 7,100 agents, operates nationwide from headquarters in Wiesbaden . The BKA

9163-407: The dialect of the southern mountain tribes is known as " Laamaroy muott " (lit. "mountainer's language"). Oharoy muott forms the basis for much of the standard and literary Chechen language, which can largely be traced to the regional dialects of Urus-Martan and contemporary Grozny . Laamaroy dialects include Chebarloish, Sharoish, Itum-Qalish, Kisti, and Himoish. Until recently, however, Himoy

9282-407: The dialect. /æ/, /æː/ and /e/, /eː/ are in complementary distribution ( /æ/ occurs after pharyngealized consonants, whereas /e/ does not and /æː/ —identical with /æ/ for most speakers—occurs in closed syllables, while /eː/ does not) but speakers strongly feel that they are distinct sounds. Pharyngealization appears to be a feature of the consonants, though some analyses treat it as

9401-428: The eastern states have to adapt to the growing numbers of opposing right-wing groups and factions. Most police recruits spend about two and a half years in the regular police academy training ( Mittlerer Polizeivollzugsdienst ). The auxiliary police forces, with fewer powers and often not equipped with a duty-weapon, are trained in just 12 weeks. In case of higher education ( Abitur ), recruits can also start off at

9520-564: The execution of the financial legislation. Subordinated to the federal customs service, the Customs Investigation Bureau in Cologne (German: Zollkriminalamt / ZKA ) coordinates customs investigations nationwide in particular monitoring foreign trade, uncovering violations of EU market regulations, illegal technology exports, subsidy fraud in the agricultural sector, drug trafficking and money laundering. In response to

9639-616: The federal government. Through a Contract between States and the Federal Government an office in the Federal Ministry of Interior monitors and coordinates the deployment of the BePo units, which can be called upon to assist the police of other states in case of riots or other civil unrest. The Alert Police is assigned to barracks where they are organized along military lines into squads, platoons, and 120- to 150-member training or standby companies. In most states,

9758-549: The federal office, they operate under the control of state authorities. Established in 1951, the Bundespolizei (BPOL) is the uniformed federal police force . It is subordinated to the Federal Ministry of the Interior ( Bundesministerium des Innern (BMI) ). The Bundespolizei was previously known as the Bundesgrenzschutz (BGS) ("Federal Border Guard") and had a more restricted role until July 1, 2005 when

9877-424: The federal police. All state alert police forces and the federal alert police force maintain specialized units as well, the so-called Arrest Units ( German : Beweissicherungs- und Festnahmeeinheiten , lit. "Units for arrests and securing evidence", abbreviated BFE). The BFE units were established in 1987 after two police officers were killed during demonstrations against the expansion of Frankfurt Airport . As

9996-525: The first time since the start of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine . Blinken made an offer from the US to secure the release of Griner and Whelan. In December 2022, Griner was exchanged for Bout. According to the German television news programme Tagesschau , it was then unlikely that Krasikov would be returned to Russia. Putin reiterated in a February 2024 interview that he desired Krasikov in return for imprisoned American Evan Gershkovich (accused of espionage). In

10115-492: The gross misuse of power by the centralized Nazi state, the new West German constitution provided a strict separation of powers, placing law enforcement firmly in the hands of the states . The only policing agencies allowed at the federal level were the paramilitary Federal Border Guard (German: Bundesgrenzschutz ), also responsible for coast guard services, and the Federal Criminal Police , both under

10234-516: The growth of organized crime have strengthened the movement to centralize police procedures and operations. The idea of creating one single police code for the whole of Germany ( allgemeines Polizeigesetz ) came up in the 1960s but never passed. These forces are organized by cities, towns, or rural communities, but all are integral components of the police forces of the state in which they are located. The respective state minister of interior supervises police operations in his or her jurisdiction. Although

10353-414: The guarding of premisses like an embassy , to release regular officers for patrol work. In Germany municipal code enforcement is organized very heterogeneously, depending on state, county and municipal regulations. Currently, many cities in Germany maintain local order enforcement agencies, with limited police-type duties. Those bylaw enforcement officers in general are city employees. Contingent on

10472-599: The increasing violence against law enforcement officers, the customs SWAT team, the Central Customs Support Group (German: Zentrale Unterstützungsgruppe Zoll / ZUZ ) was implemented in 1997 as the customs tactical unit for dangerous missions. The Federal Intelligence Service (German: Bundesnachrichtendienst / BND ) was based in Munich. Since February 2019, the Service is based in Berlin. The BND

10591-474: The internal organizations differ somewhat, all state police are divided into the Protective Police (German: Schutzpolizei / SchuPo ), a uniformed service carrying out routine law and order duties, and Criminal Police Office (German: Kriminalpolizei / almost always abbreviated with KriPo ), who carry out criminal investigations. The separate Administrative Police formerly had duties that included

10710-497: The investigation into the case. This was justified by the fact that "there were sufficient factual indications that the killing of Tornike K. [Zelimkhan Khangoshvili's alias] was either commissioned by government agencies of Russia or those of the Chechen Republic as part of the Russian Federation. On the same day, two members of the military intelligence service (GRU) in the Russian Embassy in Berlin were expelled from

10829-571: The investigative authorities concluded that Sokolov was actually Vadim Krasikov , born in August 1965 in the then Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic . Krasikov was also named as a suspect in the murder of a Russian businessman on 19 June 2013 in Moscow. The murder was recorded by a surveillance camera and had a similar pattern: a cyclist murdered the businessman from behind with a head shot. The Russian Interpol red notice on 23 April 2014 against Krasikov

10948-573: The language relies on fixation of whole phrases rather than adding to the end of existing words or combining existing words. It can be difficult to decide which phrases belong in the dictionary, because the language's grammar does not permit the borrowing of new verbal morphemes to express new concepts. Instead, the verb dan (to do) is combined with nominal phrases to correspond with new concepts imported from other languages. Chechen nouns are divided into six lexically arbitrary noun classes . Morphologically, noun classes may be indexed by changes in

11067-501: The law renaming the BGS as the BPOL was enacted. All personnel on duty carry sidearms. Some units have light aircraft and helicopters to facilitate rapid access to remote border areas and for patrol and rescue missions. A coast guard force forms a part of the BPOL. It is equipped with 14 large patrol craft and several helicopters. In addition to controlling Germany's border, the BPOL serves as

11186-581: The letters ص ‎ ( ṣād/sād ) and ض ‎ ( zād/ḍād ) had their usage limited to Arabic loanwords but were not eliminated due to opposition from Clergy and conservative segments of Chechen society. In another short-lasting modification, Sugaip Gaisunov proposed adding a overline (◌ٙ) ( U+0659 ) over letters that can be read as either a consonant or a vowel, namely the letters و ‎ ( waw ) (equivalent to Cyrillic letter "В" or to letters "О, Оь, У, Уь") and ی ‎ ( yāʼ ) (equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Й" or to letter "И"). The overbar signified

11305-409: The mid-1970s, female police officers have performed general police patrol duties and their proportion of total police officers is steadily rising. However, their representation in leadership positions is still relatively low. The Alert Police ( German : Bereitschaftspolizei / BePo ), literally "Readiness or Standby Police" is available in each state for riot control, although their primary function

11424-644: The modifications in Chechen were done independently from these two nearby and influential literary traditions and were focused on needs of Chechen language. Initially, the Chechen Arabic alphabet looked like this. ي ﻻ ه و ن م ل ڮ ك ڨ ق ف غ ع ظ ط ض ص ش س ز ر ذ د خ ح ج ث ت ب ا In this alphabet, two additional letters were added to the base Arabic script: In 1910, Sugaip Gaisunov proposed additional reforms that brought Arabic alphabet closer to Chechen's phonetic requirements. Sugaip Gaisunov introduced four additional consonants: In Sugaip Gaisunov's reforms,

11543-493: The more conservative segments of Chechen society initially resisted any changes to the Arabic script, with the belief that this script was sacred due to its association with Islam, and was not to be changed. The clergy and Islamic educational institutions opposed each and every iteration of proposed reforms in the Arabic script. While modifications to the Arabic script to match local languages had been common practice for centuries, for languages such as Persian and Ottoman Turkish ,

11662-479: The most states, is actually increasing the resale value and thus lowers leasing costs. The uniforms already have been changed by all state police forces and the federal police from the green/beige version introduced in 1979 to blue ones. Hamburg was the first state to make the transition, Bavaria the last state, finishing the replacement of the green/beige uniforms in 2018. Some German states maintain auxiliary police forces under different denominations, depending on

11781-530: The operation had been supported by the FSB RF, both with training and the false passport. In June 2020, the federal prosecutor general brought charges against a Russian citizen, called the act a contract killing , and accused the Government of the Russian Federation as the mastermind behind Khangishvili's murder. According to the prosecution, the background to the killing order was Khangoshvili's opposition to

11900-469: The prefix of the accompanying verb and, in many cases, the adjective too. The first two of these classes apply to human beings, although some grammarians count these as two and some as a single class; the other classes however are much more lexically arbitrary. Chechen noun classes are named according to the prefix that indexes them: When a noun denotes a human being, it usually falls into v- or y-Classes (1 or 2). Most nouns referring to male entities fall into

12019-467: The prefixes before the nouns indicates grammatical gender; thus: vоsha ' brother ' → yisha ' sister ' . Some nouns denoting human beings, however, are not in Classes 1 or 2: bēr ' child ' , for example, is in class 3. Only a few of Chechen's adjectives index noun class agreement, termed classed adjectives in the literature. Classed adjectives are listed with the d-class prefix in

12138-516: The prisoners involved in the prisoner exchange, Ilya Yashin , would condemn the fact that Krasikov was involved in the large prisoner exchange. Chechen language Before the Russian conquest , most writings in Chechnya consisted of Islamic texts and clan histories, written usually in Arabic but sometimes also in Chechen using Arabic script. The Chechen literary language was created after

12257-462: The registration of residents and the issuance of passports, identity cards, and various permits. These functions have been transferred to civil state government departments (Einwohnermeldeamt—Resident registration office) in all states. The uniforms and vehicle colour schemes of the state police forces are different, but somewhat similar all over Germany, the state police forces are structured differently in each state as well. For example, in some states

12376-407: The respective unit, the officers wear - usually police like - uniforms or wear plain clothes with an armband or a labeled jacket, they could be armed or unarmed. The order enforcement officers are the municipal administration's "eyes and ears on the street". Mostly they are charged with monitoring municipal by-laws and laws that fall under the responsibility of municipalities, which include monitoring

12495-476: The romanizations below: Whereas Indo-European languages code noun class and case conflated in the same morphemes , Chechen nouns show no gender marking but decline in eight grammatical cases , four of which are core cases (i.e. absolutive , ergative , genitive , and dative ) in singular and plural. Below the paradigm for "говр" (horse). Law enforcement in Germany Law enforcement in Germany

12614-478: The same interview, Putin accused Khangoshvili of running over the heads of Russian soldiers in a truck. On 24 May 2024, DW News broadcast a piece which related that Alexei Navalny and Evan Gershkovich had in early 2024 almost been exchanged for Krasikov. Family members of Paul Whelan , arrested in Russia in 2018 and sentenced to 16 years in prison on espionage charges, have said that Whelan had initially been told that he had been arrested to be exchanged for

12733-648: The so-called " gehobener Dienst " ("elevated service") and the " Höherer Dienst " ("higher service"). Only the Federal Customs Administration (Bundeszollverwaltung) and the Departments of Justice and Corrections of the states ( Justizvollzugsdienst — Justice Enforcement Service) still have personnel of the very lowest career bracket " Einfacher Dienst " ("simple service"). To understand this structure it may be helpful to compare it with military rank structures because decades ago it

12852-764: The standard dialect. None of the spelling systems used so far have distinguished the vowels with complete accuracy. All vowels may be nasalized . Nasalization is imposed by the genitive , infinitive , and for some speakers the nominative case of adjectives . Nasalization is not strong, but it is audible even in final vowels, which are devoiced. Some of the diphthongs have significant allophony : /ɥø/ = [ɥø], [ɥe], [we] ; /yø/ = [yø], [ye] ; /uo/ = [woː], [uə] . In closed syllables , long vowels become short in most dialects (not Kisti ), but are often still distinct from short vowels (shortened [i] , [u] , [ɔ] and [ɑ̈] vs. short [ɪ] , [ʊ] , [o] , and [ə] , for example), although which ones remain distinct depends on

12971-412: The state's legislation. In most auxiliary forces, the officers are armed with pepper spray , in some forces with the regular equipment of professional police officers. Some states maintain a " Voluntary Police Service " (German: Freiwilliger Polizeidienst ) like Baden-Württemberg and Hesse , some a "Security Watch" (German: Sicherheitswacht ), like Bavaria and Saxony , and only Brandenburg offers

13090-530: The supervision of the Federal Ministry of the Interior . East Germany created a centralized police force under the Ministry of the Interior, the paramilitary Volkspolizei (literally "People's Police"). It also established a border police force (German: Grenztruppen der DDR ), initially an independent force, later integrated into the army and then reorganized as an independent military organization. Because Germany's borders became largely open in 2005, due to

13209-474: The v-class, whereas Class 2 contains words related to female entities. Thus lūlaxuo ' a neighbour ' is normally considered class 1, but it takes v- if referring to a male neighbour and y- if a female. This is similar to the Spanish word estudiante ' student ' , where el estudiante refers to a male student, and la estudiante refers to a female student. In a few words, changing

13328-547: Was created for Chechen. But after the defeat of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria government by the Russian Armed Forces , the Cyrillic alphabet was restored. The first time that the Latin alphabet was introduced , was in 1925, replacing Arabic alphabet. Further minor modifications in 1934, unified Chechen orthography with Ingush. But the Latin alphabet was abolished in 1938, being replaced with Cyrillic. The first, most widespread modern orthography for Chechen

13447-489: Was freed in a large prisoner exchange with several European countries and the US, along with several other convicted Russian nationals, in exchange for the release of a number of prisoners in Russia and Belarus, including Russian dissidents and German nationals. Vladimir Putin greeted Krasikov with a hug on the tarmac, and on 2 August the Kremlin officially recognized the assassin as an FSB operative. However, at least one of

13566-647: Was green but has been changed to blue. The West German Railway Police ( Bahnpolizei ), formerly an independent force, and the East German Transportpolizei were restructured under the BGS to form the Bundespolizei in 1990. The Feldjäger are responsible for carrying out military law in Germany. It was formed in October 1955. They have no power over civilians. The State Criminal Police Office (German: Landeskriminalamt / LKA ),

13685-441: Was involved in the murder. Bellingcat pointed out that deliberately false references to the identity of the suspect had been circulated. On 15   December 2021, a Berlin court found Krasikov guilty of murder and sentenced him to life imprisonment without automatic parole. The court also determined that the murder was ordered by the Russian government as a "state-contracted killing". Krasikov's legal fees were paid by Pravfond ,

13804-458: Was really similar. Today nine of sixteen State Police Forces recruit only for the career bracket of the " gehobener Dienst ". Entry into " Mittlerer Dienst " requires successful completion of 10 years of schooling, or a successful training in any other job and some years of working in this job. Period of training is 2 years at the police academy starting with the rank of Polizeimeister-Anwärter . The highest possible rank in this bracket

13923-516: Was the Arabic script, adopted in the 19th century. Chechen was not a traditionally written language, but due to the public's familiarity with the Arabic script - as the script of instruction in the region's Islamic and Quranic schools - the Arabic alphabet was first standardized and adopted for Chechen during the reign of Imam Shamil . Islam has been the dominant religion in Chechnya since the 16th century, and there were 200 religious schools as well as more than 3000 pupils in Chechnya and Ingushetia. Thus

14042-407: Was undocumented and was considered a branch of Sharoish, as many dialects are also used as the basis of intertribal (teip) communication within a larger Chechen " tukkhum ". Laamaroy dialects such as Sharoish, Himoish and Chebarloish are more conservative and retain many features from Proto-Chechen. For instance, many of these dialects lack a number of vowels found in the standard language which were

14161-506: Was withdrawn on 7 July 2015 without a reason. Investigations reported by Bellingcat suggest that Krasikov was a member of the elite unit Vympel . Police investigations in connection with the murder in Berlin revealed that Sokolov and Krasikov are the same person. No personal connections between him and Khangoshvili were found to exist. On 4 December 2019, the Federal Attorney General (Public Prosecutor General) took over

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