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16-575: The Zenit 2M was a modernised version of the Zenit-2 , incorporating modifications and upgrades made to the design for the Sea Launch programme. Launches of Zenit-2M rockets were conducted from Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45/1 . Commercial launches are conducted by Land Launch , and use the designation 2SLB, however as of 2011, no commercial launches have been ordered and no launch of 2SLB has taken place as of 2023. Launches conducted by Roskosmos or

32-517: A fairly low flight rate, as the Russian government usually avoids flying national-security payloads on Ukrainian rockets. Zenit-2M itself flew only twice: in 2007 and 2011. During the late 1990s, the Zenit-2 was marketed for commercial launches. Only one such launch was conducted, with a group of Globalstar satellites, which ended in failure after a computer error resulted in the premature cutoff of

48-454: A number of rockets, both carrier rockets and sounding rockets , for orbital and sub-orbital spaceflight respectively. The first variant, the Kosmos , first flew on 27 October 1961. Over 700 Kosmos rockets have been launched overall. Kosmos ( GRAU Index: 63S1, also known as Cosmos ), was the name of a Soviet space rocket model active between 1961 and 1967. Kosmos was developed from

64-758: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Zenit-2 The Zenit-2 was a Ukrainian , previously Soviet , expendable carrier rocket . First flown in 1985, it has been launched 37 times, with 6 failures. It is a member of the Zenit family of rockets and was designed by the Yuzhmash . With 13–15 ton payload in LEO , it was intended as up-middle-class launcher greater than 7-ton-payload middle Soyuz and smaller than 20-ton-payload heavy Proton . Zenit-2 would be certified for crewed launches and placed in specially built launch pad at Baykonur spaceport, carrying

80-560: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This rocketry article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kosmos (rocket family) The Kosmos (also spelled Cosmos , Russian: Ко́смос ) rockets were a series of Soviet and subsequently Russian rockets, derived from the R-12 and R-14 missiles, the best known of which is the Kosmos-3M , which has made over 440 launches. The Kosmos family contained

96-734: The Fobos-Grunt and Yinghuo-1 spacecraft, was conducted on 8 November 2011, using a modified configuration designated the Zenit-2FG . This configuration incorporated the payload fairing used on the Zenit-3F rocket, and a special adaptor for the Fobos-Grunt spacecraft, which incorporated a Fregat -derived propulsion system. The Zenit-2 and Zenit-2M, however, were supplanted by the Zenit-3SLB after 2008. This rocketry article

112-646: The R-12 missile, was used to orbit satellites between 1961 and 1977. It was superseded by the R-14 derived Kosmos-3 and Kosmos-3M. The Kosmos-1 (GRAU Index: 65S3 , also known as Cosmos-1 ) was derived from the R-14 missile and used between 1964 and 1965, being quickly replaced by the Kosmos-3 . Eight Kosmos-1 were flown, all launched from Site 41/15 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome . Initial development

128-498: The Russian Space Forces use the designation 2M. The designation 2SB can also be applied to the rocket when it is being used as part of a larger vehicle, such as the Zenit-3SLB . The first launch of a Zenit-2M occurred on 29 June 2007, carrying the last Tselina-2 ELINT satellite for the Russian Space Forces , Tselina-2 satellites having been previously launched by older Zenit-2 rockets. The second launch, carrying

144-557: The R-12 medium-range missile. It was launched a total of 38 times, with twelve failures. The Kosmos-2M (GRAU Index: 63S1M , also known as Cosmos-2M ) rocket was the prototype preceding the Kosmos-2I rocket. It launched the Kosmos 106 and Kosmos 97 satellites, from Area 86 at Kapustin Yar . Kosmos-2I (GRAU Index: 11K63 , also known as Cosmos-2I or Kosmos-2 ), derived from

160-588: The new crewed partially reusable Zarya spacecraft that developed in end of the 1980s but was cancelled. Also in the 1980s Vladimir Chelomey 's firm proposed the never realised 15-ton Uragan spaceplane , which would have been launched by Zenit-2. A modified version, the Zenit-2S, is used as the first two stages of the Sea Launch Zenit-3SL rocket. Launches of Zenit-2 rockets are conducted from Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45/1 . A second pad, 45/2,

176-587: The rocket for the launching of multiple satellites at one time. PO Polyot manufactured these launch vehicles in the Russian city of Omsk for decades. It was originally scheduled to be retired from service in 2011; however, in April 2010 the Commander of the Russian Space Forces confirmed that it would be retired by the end of 2010. One further launch, with Kanopus-ST , was planned; however, this

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192-617: The second stage. The second stage, called the SL-16 by western governments, along with the second stages of the Vostok and Kosmos launch vehicles, makes up about 20% of the total mass of launch debris in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). An analysis that determined the 50 “statistically most concerning” debris objects in low Earth orbit determined that the top 20 were all SL-16 upper stages. This space - or spaceflight -related article

208-443: Was a liquid-fueled two-stage launch vehicle, first launched in 1967 and with over 420 successful launches to its name. The Kosmos-3M used UDMH fuel and AK27I oxidizer (red fuming nitric acid) to lift roughly 1,400 kg (3,100 lb) of payload into orbit. It differed from the earlier Kosmos-3 in its finer control of the second-stage burn, allowing operators to tune the thrust and even channel it through nozzles that helped orient

224-661: Was also constructed, but was only used for two launches before being destroyed in an explosion. A third pad, Site 35 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome was never completed, and work was abandoned after the dissolution of the Soviet Union . The Zenit-2 had its last flight in 2004; it has been superseded by the Zenit-2M , which incorporates enhancements made during the development of the Zenit-3SL. The Zenit-2 has

240-468: Was authorised in October 1961, leading to a maiden flight on 18 August 1964, carrying three Strela satellites. Strela-1 satellites were flown on seven flights, three on each of the first four and five on the next three. The eighth and final flight carried one. All flights were successful except the second. The Kosmos-3 (GRAU Index: 11K65 , also known as Cosmos-3 ), derived from the R-14 missile,

256-621: Was used to orbit satellites between 1966 and 1968, being quickly replaced by the modernised Kosmos-3M. Six were flown, four as orbital carrier rockets, and two on sub-orbital flights. All launches occurred from Site 41/15 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The Kosmos-3 made its maiden flight on 16 November 1966, carrying a Strela-2 satellite. Strela-2 satellites were flown on four flights, two of which failed. Two further, sub-orbital launches were conducted with VKZ  [ ru ] payloads, both of which were successful. The Kosmos-3M

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