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79-477: The city now known as Chiayi originally took its name from the aboriginal tribe who lived there: the Tirosen . The former Chinese placename was Tsu-lo-san ( Chinese : 諸羅山 ; pinyin : Zhūluóshān ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Chu-lô-san ), a representation of the original Formosan-language name. This town (in reality a village of perhaps one or two thousand people) gave its name to the surrounding area, dropping

158-617: A Chinese official suggested sending victims to Taiwan and provide "for each person three taels of silver and for each three people one ox". Although this plan was never carried out, the Zheng family maintained an interest in Taiwan that would have dire consequences for the Dutch Empire , who ruled Taiwan as Dutch Formosa at the time. In 1624 and 1626, the Dutch and Spanish forces occupied

237-437: A final consonant ⟨p⟩ , ⟨t⟩ , or ⟨k⟩ may appear. When this happens, it is impossible for the syllable to be nasal. Indeed, these are the counterpart to the nasal final consonants ⟨m⟩ , ⟨n⟩ , and ⟨ng⟩ , respectively, in other tones. However, it is possible to have a nasal 4th or 8th tone syllable such as ⟨siahⁿ⟩ , as long as there

316-441: A large number of Japanese loanwords into its language. Examples of such loanwords (some which had in turn been borrowed from English) include piān-só͘ from benjo ( 便所 , "toilet") , phêng from tsubo ( 坪 , " pyeong ", an areal measurement) (see also Taiwanese units of measurement ), ga-suh from gasu ( 瓦斯 , "gas") , o͘-tó͘-bái from ōtobai ( オートバイ , "autobicycle", motorcycle) . All of these caused

395-682: A military force again composed of fellow hometown hoklo soldiers of Southern Fujian, attacked Taiwan in the Battle of Penghu , ending the Tungning era and beginning Qing dynasty rule (until 1895). In the first decades of the 18th century, the linguistic differences between the Qing imperial bureaucrats and the commoners were recorded by the Mandarin-speaking first Imperial High Commissioner to Taiwan (1722), Huang Shujing : In this place,

474-637: A mixture of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien. A similar phenomenon occurred in Xiamen (Amoy) after 1842, when the mixture of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien displaced the Quanzhou dialect to yield the modern Amoy dialect . During the Japanese colonial rule of Taiwan , Taiwan began to hold Amoy Hokkien as its standard pronunciation; the Japanese called this mixture Taiwanese ( 臺灣語 , Taiwango ) . Due to

553-405: A program to set up solar panels at schools and offices in the city to reduce green house gases. The program is expected to produce 3.55 million kWh of electricity annually and to help reducing carbon emission by 1,700 tonnes. Chiayi is the city of wind music in Taiwan. The wind music festival started as a local event in 1988, when it was more like a joint performance by local wind music bands. Over

632-436: A result of following the tone change rule twice, these syllables are all pronounced as tone number 1 . Apart from the normal tone sandhi rules described above, there are two special cases where a different set of tone sandhi apply. In a noun with the noun suffix ' 仔 ' ( á ), the penultimate syllable is governed by the following rules: Finally, in the case of a single-syllable adjective triplication (for added emphasis),

711-535: A separate Taiwan Province was declared and the island was administratively divided into four prefectures; the city of Kagee belonged to Tainan Prefecture . In 1895, Taiwan was ceded to Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki . The 1906 Meishan earthquake devastated the entire city wall except the Eastern Gate. The Japanese authorities reconstructed the city. Industries and trades started to flourish. According to

790-410: A warm humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cwa ) that closely borders a true tropical climate . Northeasterly winds during fall and winter mean that rainfall is depressed during that time, while southwesterly winds during summer and the later portion of spring bring most of the year's rainfall, with more than 60% falling from June to August. Humidity is high year-round, even during winter. Chiayi City

869-481: A widower in an instant of time. No sooner had the Governor-General at Tai-pak received telegraphic information of the magnitude of the calamity, than instructions were issued for a large company of surgeons, nurses, and assistants to proceed at once to Ka-gi. Wide hospital-sheds were erected without delay, and the work of relief was carried on with a rare amount of self-denial and promptitude. Even already,

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948-632: Is mutually intelligible with the Amoy and Zhangzhou varieties at the mouth of the Jiulong River in mainland China, and with Philippine Hokkien to the south in the Philippines , spoken altogether by about 3 million people. The mass popularity of Hokkien entertainment media from Taiwan has given prominence to the Taiwanese variety of Hokkien, especially since the 1980s. Taiwanese Hokkien

1027-454: Is 10.5 km (6.5 mi) with a total area of 60.0256 km (23.1760 sq mi). Chiayi City is completely surrounded by Chiayi County . Most of Chiayi City land is broad flat fertile plains. The terrain slowly rises from west to east. Chiayi is also one of the closest Taiwanese cities to the Tropic of Cancer , with the latitudinal line lying just south of the city. Chiayi City has

1106-625: Is a city located in Chianan Plain in southwestern Taiwan , surrounded by Chiayi County with a population of 263,188 inhabitants as of January 2023. The Hoanya people inhabited present-day Chiayi under its historical name of Tirosen prior to the arrival of Han Chinese in Taiwan and was ruled by the Dutch and the Kingdom of Tungning under various names. During the Qing dynasty , Tirosen

1185-720: Is a provincial city of Taiwan Province of the Republic of China . The city is governed by the Chiayi City Government , while the residence is represented in the Chiayi City Council . The current Mayor of Chiayi City is Huang Min-hui of the Kuomintang . Chiayi City is divided into two districts . East District is the city seat which houses the Chiayi City Government . Chiayi City voted one Democratic Progressive Party legislator to be in

1264-503: Is a ninth tone which is used for three main purposes: contractions, triplicated adjectives, and loan words . The writing conventions for this tone vary, but the most common are with a breve accent (U+0306, ⟨◌̆⟩) in POJ and with a double acute accent (U+030B, ⟨◌̋⟩) in Tai-lo. A syllable requires a vowel (or diphthong or triphthong ) to appear in the middle. All consonants can appear at

1343-470: Is a variety of Hokkien , a Southern Min language. Like many varieties of Min Chinese , it has distinct literary and colloquial layers of vocabulary, often associated with formal and informal registers respectively. The literary layer can be traced to the late Tang dynasty , and as such is related to Middle Chinese . In contrast, the colloquial layers of Min varieties are believed to have branched from

1422-737: Is a variety of the Hokkien language spoken natively by more than 70 percent of the population of Taiwan . It is spoken by a significant portion of those Taiwanese people who are descended from Hoklo immigrants of southern Fujian . It is one of the national languages of Taiwan . Taiwanese is generally similar to Hokkien spoken in Amoy , Quanzhou , and Zhangzhou , as well as dialectal forms used in Southeast Asia , such as Singaporean Hokkien , Penang Hokkien , Philippine Hokkien , Medan Hokkien , and Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien . It

1501-529: Is complex and, at times, controversial, even regarding its name. The language has no official name in Taiwan. Some dislike the name "Taiwanese" as they feel that it belittles other languages spoken on the island such as Mandarin, Hakka , and the indigenous languages . Others prefer the names Southern Min , Minnan or Hokkien as this views Taiwanese as a form of the Chinese variety spoken in Fujian province in mainland China . Others dislike those names for precisely

1580-419: Is no final consonant other than ⟨h⟩ . In the dialect spoken near the northern coast of Taiwan, there is no distinction between tones number 8 and number 4 – both are pronounced as if they follow the tone sandhi rules of tone number 4. Tone number 0, typically written with two consecutive hyphens (--a) or a point (·a) before the syllable with this tone, is used to mark enclitics denoting

1659-471: Is non-nasal, and ⟨aⁿ⟩ is the same vowel with concurrent nasal articulation. This is similar to French , Portuguese , Polish , and many other languages. There are two pronunciations of vowel ⟨o⟩ . In the south (e.g., Tainan and Kaohsiung ) it is [ ɤ ] ; in the north (e.g., Taipei ) it is [ o ] . Due to the development of transportation and communication, both pronunciations are common and acceptable throughout

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1738-442: Is not affected by the rules. What an ' utterance ' (or ' intonational phrase ') is, in the context of this language, is an ongoing topic for linguistic research, but some general rules apply: The following syllables are unaffected by tone sandhi: The following rules, listed in the traditional pedagogical mnemonic order, govern the pronunciation of tone on each of the syllables affected (that is, all but those described according to

1817-521: Is now largely extinct. However, literary readings of the numbers are used in certain contexts, such as reciting telephone numbers (see Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters ). During the Yuan dynasty , Quanzhou became a major international port for trade with the outside world. From that period onwards, many people from the Hokkien -speaking regions (southern Fujian) started to emigrate overseas due to political and economic reasons. One of

1896-399: The -shan to leave Zhuluo as the name for the county as a whole. In some English-language texts the spellings Chu-lo or Choolo are used. When the Qing wrested the island from the control of the Kingdom of Tungning in 1683, Taiwan was made a prefecture under the administration of Fujian Province . This new Taiwan Prefecture included three hien or districts; Zhuluo County covered

1975-714: The East District and West District were established. Chiayi City is located on the north side of Chianan Plain , south west of Taiwan Island. On the east side is the Mount Ali , on the west side is the Chiayi Airport , on the north side is the Puzi River and on the south side is the Bazhang River . The distance from east to west of Chiayi City is 15.8 km (9.8 mi) and from north to south

2054-598: The Kingdom of Tungning , which was changed from Tien-Hsing County.) In 1704, the county seat was moved to Tsulosan, the site of modern-day Chiayi City, and had wooden city walls. In 1727, the county magistrate, Liu Liang-Bi rebuilt the gatehouses and set a gun platform for each gatehouse. The four gatehouses were named: "Chin Shan" ( 襟山 ) for East, "Tai Hai" ( 帶海 ) for West, "Chung Yang" ( 崇陽 ) for South, and "Kung Chen" ( 拱辰 ) for North. In 1734 (the 12th year of Yongzheng), magistrate Lu-Hung built piercing-bamboo to better protect

2133-480: The Kingdom of Tungning . Koxinga originated from the Quanzhou region. Chen Yonghua , who was in charge of establishing the education system of Tungning, also originated from Tong'an county of Quanzhou Prefecture. Because most of the soldiers he brought to Taiwan came from Quanzhou, the prestige variant of Hokkien on the island at the time was the Quanzhou dialect . In 1683, Chinese admiral Shi Lang , marshaling

2212-624: The Legislative Yuan during the 2020 Taiwanese legislative election . It has historically been a very pan-Green city. During the martial law era, most people of Chiayi supported tangwai politicians. However, the voting gap between the DPP and the KMT has narrowed in recent years. And in 2022 Taiwanese local elections , Chiayi City re-elected Huang Min-hui of Kuomintang to be the mayor . On 17 December 2015, Chiayi City Government launched

2291-582: The Lin Shuangwen rebellion against Qing rule began, and rebels gained control of almost the entire island. Imperial troops regained control of the city and vicinity in 1788. In 1787, the county was renamed Chiayi County ( Chinese : 嘉義 ; pinyin : Jiāyì ; lit. 'commended righteousness') to reflect the fidelity of the city during the incident. Chiayi Chiayi ( / ˈ dʒ j ɑː ˈ iː / , Taigi POJ : Ka-gī ; Chinese : 嘉義 ), officially known as Chiayi City ,

2370-512: The Mandarin cognate, zǒu , means "to walk". Moreover, cognates may have different lexical categories ; for example, the morpheme phīⁿ ( 鼻 ) means not only "nose" (a noun, as in Mandarin bí ) but also "to smell" (a verb, unlike Mandarin). Among the apparently cognate-less words are many basic words with properties that contrast with similar-meaning words of pan-Chinese derivation. Often

2449-557: The Qianlong Emperor to acknowledge the citizens' loyalty during the Lin Shuangwen rebellion . First inhabited by the Hoanya aborigines , the region was named Tirosen (variants Tirocen , Tiracen ). With the arrival of Han Chinese immigrants in southwestern Taiwan, the name evolved to become Tsulosan ( Chinese : 諸羅山 ; pinyin : Zhūluóshān ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Chu-lô-san ) in Hokkien . Eventually, Tsulosan

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2528-476: The Tainan and Keelung areas, respectively. During the 40 years of Dutch colonial rule of Taiwan , the Dutch recruited many Chinese from the regions around Quanzhou and Zhangzhou in southern Fujian to help develop Taiwan. In the 1661 Siege of Fort Zeelandia , Chinese general Koxinga , marshaling a military force composed of fellow hometown hoklo soldiers of Southern Fujian, expelled the Dutch and established

2607-636: The Hsin-Kang River ( Chinese : 新港溪 , now the Yanshui River ). Chiayi was under the jurisdiction of the Tien-Hsing County. In 1683, when Qing rule began, the island was governed as Taiwan Prefecture under the administration of Fujian Province . In 1684, Tsulo County was established and initially encompassed the underdeveloped northern two-thirds of Taiwan. (Taiwan and Hongsoa counties were divided from Wan-Nien County during

2686-463: The Taiwanese to deviate from Hokkien used elsewhere. During Kōminka of the late Japanese colonial period, the Japanese language appeared in every corner of Taiwan. The Second Sino-Japanese War beginning in 1937 brought stricter measures into force, and along with the outlawing of romanized Taiwanese , various publications were prohibited and Confucian-style private schools which taught Classical Chinese with literary Southern Min pronunciation –

2765-522: The administrative seat of the county was relocated to Zhuluoshan, today known as Chiayi City . By 1723, following the Zhu Yigui rebellion, the number of Han Chinese settlements in central and northern Taiwan had increased dramatically. To facilitate better administration Zhuluo was split into three. The northernmost section, corresponding to modern-day Taipei , New Taipei , Keelung , Taoyuan City , Hsinchu City , Hsinchu County , and Miaoli County ,

2844-587: The basic vocabulary of the colloquial Taiwanese with the Austronesian and Tai language families; however, such claims are controversial. The literary form of Hokkien once flourished in Fujian and was brought to Taiwan by early emigrants. Tale of the Lychee Mirror , a manuscript of a series of plays published during the Ming dynasty in 1566, is one of the earliest known works. This form of language

2923-464: The belligerents usually grouped around the language they used. History has recorded battles between Hakka speakers and Hokkien speakers, between these and the aborigines , and even between those who spoke different variants of Hokkien. In the early 20th century, the Hoklo people in Taiwan could be categorized as originating from modern-day Xiamen , Quanzhou , Zhangzhou , and Zhangpu . People from

3002-420: The census taken in 1904, Kagi was the fourth most populous city in Taiwan, with a population of over twenty thousand. The Great Kagi earthquake (later also known as the 1906 Meishan earthquake) struck the city in mid March 1906. In looking over some of my more recent Notes, it seems impossible to make the foregoing references to Ka-gi without adding a few words about that dreadful earthquake which devastated

3081-404: The central western plains and the north. The county started as a catch-all for the areas not incorporated into one of the other, smaller, more developed counties. Zhuluo County was initially made up of four Villages ( 里 ; Lǐ ; Lí ) and 34 Communities ( 社 ; Shè ; Siā - the name normally given to aboriginal settlements). The villages were all near the border with Taiwan County, with

3160-520: The city (renamed Chiayi City) and administered it as a provincial city of Taiwan Province before being integrated into Chiayi County in 1950 as a county-administered city . The city was restored to its status as a provincial city in 1982. In 1998, Taiwan Province was streamlined and Chiayi City has been governed directly since then by the Executive Yuan . The city is known for Alishan National Scenic Area and warm humid subtropical climate in

3239-580: The city has lost much of its most desolate appearance, and the projected improvements give promise that it will have a more attractive look than ever. – William Campbell , 1915 In 1907, the construction of Alishan Forest Railway to Mount Ali was begun. In 1920, the city became an autonomous group as Kagi Town ( 嘉義街 ) , Kagi District, within Tainan Prefecture , which included modern-day Tainan City , Chiayi County and Yunlin County . In 1930,

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3318-474: The city. In 1786, the Lin Shuangwen rebellion was an attempt to siege Tsulosan but failed to overcome the defense of the inhabitants. Consequently, on November 3 of the next year, the Qing Emperor conferred the name Kagee ( 嘉義 ; lit. 'commended righteousness') to praise the citizens' loyalty. In the mid-1800s, a custom of annual riotous mass stoning developed in the city. In 1887,

3397-554: The communities making up the rest of Zhuluo County. At this point in time the county covered 18,499 km, more than half the total area of Taiwan, with the county seat in the Jialixing area of Kaihua Village (modern-day Jiali District , Tainan ). In 1697, the Qing Imperial official Yu Yonghe visited the area and wrote that "Zhuluo and Fengshan have no residents, only savages" i.e. there were no Han Chinese settlements in

3476-445: The country. / i / is a diphthong [ i ɪ ] before -k or -ng (POJ: ek, eng), and is slightly shortened and retracted before -p or -t to something more like [ í̞ ]. Similarly, / u / is slightly shortened and retracted before -t or -n to something more like [ ʊ ]. In the traditional analysis, there are eight "tones", numbered from 1 to 8. Strictly speaking, there are only five tonal contours . But as in other Sinitic languages,

3555-654: The county. In 1694, there was only one registered market in Zhuluo as opposed to 17 in the far smaller Taiwan County, a situation which reflected the disparity in the Han Chinese populations in both counties. In the first two decades of the eighteenth century Han settlers began to encroach more extensively into Zhuluo, with significant Chinese populations cultivating in the areas around modern-day Douliu and Changhua City . Settlers who attempted to move further north were however violently resisted by aboriginal tribes. In 1704,

3634-555: The death of Peter and another pirate, Li Dan of Quanzhou, Zheng sought to dominate the Strait of Taiwan . By 1628, he had grown so powerful that the Ming court bestowed him the official title, "Patrolling Admiral". In 1624, the number of Chinese on the island was about 25,000. During the reign of Chongzhen Emperor (1627–1644), there were frequent droughts in the Fujian region. Zheng and

3713-591: The destinations for the emigrants was the island of Taiwan (formerly Formosa), starting around 1600. They brought with their native Hokkien language with them. During the late Ming dynasty , the political chaos pushed more migrants from southern Fujian and eastern Guangdong to Taiwan. The earliest immigrants involved in Taiwan's development included pirate-merchants Pedro Yan Shiqi and Zheng Zhilong . In 1621, Chinese Peter and his forces, hailing from Zhangzhou , occupied Ponkan (modern-day Beigang, Yunlin ) and started to develop Tirosen (modern-day Chiayi ). After

3792-418: The earth into deep, open chasms in several places. Many of the narrow escapes and calamities were very affecting ; particularly that of our blind evangelist Toa-un, who ran out of doors with his wife as the shaking began. The demented mother, however, could not bear the thought of her two helpless young children being left behind, and she darted in to rescue them, when my poor blind pupil became childless and

3871-403: The extent of a verb action, the end of a noun phrase, etc. A frequent use of this tone is to denote a question, such as in "Chia̍h-pá--bōe?", literally meaning 'Have you eaten yet?'. This is realized by speaking the syllable with either a low-falling tone (3) or a low stop (4). The syllable prior to the ⟨--⟩ maintains its original tone. Although uncommon in written Taiwanese, there

3950-542: The first syllable is governed by the following rules (the second syllable follows the normal tone sandhi rules above): See Tiuⁿ (2001) , Chiung (2003) and the work of Robert L. Cheng (鄭良偉; Tēⁿ Liông-úi) for modern linguistic approaches to tones and tone sandhi in Taiwanese. Modern linguistic studies (by Robert L. Cheng and Chin-An Li, for example) estimate that most (75% to 90%) Taiwanese words have cognates in other Sinitic languages. False friends do exist; for example, cháu ( 走 ) means "to run" in Taiwanese, whereas

4029-451: The following vowels : The vowel ⟨o⟩ is akin to a schwa ; in contrast, ⟨ o͘ ⟩ (with dot) is a more open vowel . In addition, there are several diphthongs and triphthongs (for example, ⟨iau⟩ ). The consonants ⟨m⟩ and ⟨ng⟩ can function as a syllabic nucleus and are therefore included here as vowels. The vowels may be either plain or nasal : ⟨a⟩

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4108-536: The former group lacks a standard Han character, and the words are variously considered colloquial, intimate, vulgar, uncultured, or more concrete in meaning than the pan-Chinese synonym. Some examples: lâng ( 人 or 儂 , person, concrete) vs. jîn (人, person, abstract); cha-bó͘ ( 查某 , woman) vs. lú-jîn (女人, woman, literary). Unlike the English Germanic/Latin contrast , however, the two groups of Taiwanese words cannot be as strongly attributed to

4187-575: The former two areas (Quanzhou-speaking) were dominant in the north of the island and along the west coast, whereas people from the latter two areas ( Zhangzhou -speaking) were dominant in the south and perhaps the central plains as well. Although there were conflicts between Quanzhou- and Zhangzhou speakers in Taiwan historically, their gradual intermingling led to the mixture of the two accents . Apart from Lukang city and Yilan County , which have preserved their original Quanzhou and Zhangzhou accents, respectively, almost every region of Taiwan now speaks

4266-424: The influx of Japanese loanwords before 1945 and the political separation after 1949, Amoy Hokkien and Taiwanese Hokkien began to diverge slightly. Later, in the 20th century, the conceptualization of Taiwanese was more controversial than most variations of Chinese because, at one time, it marked a clear division between the mainlanders who arrived in 1949 and the pre-existing majority native Taiwanese. Although

4345-423: The initial position. The consonants ⟨p, t, k⟩ and ⟨m, n, ng⟩ (and some consider ⟨h⟩ ) may appear at the end of a syllable. Therefore, it is possible to have syllables such as ⟨ngiau⟩ ("(to) tickle") and ⟨thng⟩ ("soup"). Taiwanese has extremely extensive tone sandhi (tone-changing) rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced

4424-439: The language is as birdcall – totally unintelligible! For example: for the surname Liú , they say 'Lâu'; for Chén , 'Tân'; Zhuāng , 'Chng'; and Zhāng is 'Tioⁿ'. My deputy's surname Wú becomes 'Ngô͘'. My surname Huáng does not even have a proper vowel: it is 'N̂g' here! It is difficult to make sense of this. ( 郡中鴃舌鳥語，全不可曉。如：劉呼「澇」、陳呼「澹」、莊呼「曾」、張呼「丟」。余與吳待御兩姓，吳呼作「襖」，黃則無音，厄影切，更為難省。 ) The tone of Huang's message foretold

4503-506: The lifting of martial law in 1987 and the mother tongue movement in the 1990s did Taiwan finally see a true revival in Taiwanese Hokkien. Today, there are a large number of Taiwanese Hokkien scholars dedicated to researching the language. Despite this, however, according to census data, the number of people speaking Taiwanese continued to drop. The history of the Taiwanese variety of Hokkien and its interaction with Mandarin

4582-415: The mainland immigrated. In 1621, Chinese Peter  [ zh ] , who came from Zhangzhou , Fujian Province, first led his people to cultivate this land after they landed at Ponkan (modern-day Beigang ). Records from the Dutch era , beginning in 1624, show Tirosen as the usual form of the name; it also occurred as Tirassen , Tirozen , Tilocen , Tilossen , Tilocen , and Thilocen . The place

4661-628: The mainstream of Chinese around the time of the Han dynasty . Regional variations within the Taiwanese variant may be traced back to Hokkien variants spoken in Southern Fujian, specifically those from Quanzhou and Zhangzhou , and later from Amoy . Taiwanese also contains loanwords from Japanese and native Formosan languages . Recent work by scholars such as Ekki Lu, Toru Sakai, and Li Khin-hoann, based on former research by scholars such as Ong Iok-tek , has gone so far as to associate part of

4740-630: The most violent events during the 228 Incident . In early March, local militas surrounded the Shueishang Airport and fought against the KMT military. There were over 300 casualties. On 12 March 1947, negotiators for peace, including Tan Teng-pho and Phuan Bok-tsi  [ zh ] , were arrested after arriving at the airport and were executed on 25 March. The Kuomintang also executed many civilians in Chiayi. On 16 August 1950, because of

4819-955: The neighboring Taibao City . Chiayi City Bus serves the urban areas of Chiayi City. Chiayi City is served by Chiayi Airport in the neighboring Shuishang Township . Chiayi City and its street foods, including the famous Chiayi turkey rice , were featured on the Netflix TV series , Street Food , in season 1. 23°28′48″N 120°26′59″E  /  23.48000°N 120.44972°E  / 23.48000; 120.44972 Taiwanese Hokkien Taiwanese Hokkien ( / ˈ h ɒ k i ɛ n / HOK -ee-en , US also / ˈ h oʊ k i ɛ n / HOH -kee-en ; Chinese : 臺灣話 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tâi-oân-ōe ; Tâi-lô : Tâi-uân-uē ), or simply Taiwanese , also known as Taiuanoe , Taigi , Taigu ( Chinese : 臺語 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī / Tâi-lô : Tâi-gí / Tâi-gú ), Taiwanese Minnan ( Chinese : 臺灣閩南語 ), Hoklo and Holo ,

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4898-461: The original Formosan-language name Tirosen . A shortened version, Tsulo, was then used to name Tsulo County , which originally covered the underdeveloped northern two-thirds of the island. In 1704, the county seat was moved to Tsulosan, the site of modern-day Chiayi City . Following the 1723 Zhu Yigui rebellion, the county was reduced in size. In 1787, the county and city were renamed Chiayi ( 嘉義 ; lit. 'commended righteousness') by

4977-594: The political and linguistic divisions between the two groups have blurred considerably, the political issues surrounding the Taiwanese have been more controversial and sensitive than for other varieties of Chinese . After the First Sino-Japanese War , due to military defeat to the Japanese, the Qing dynasty ceded Taiwan to Japan, causing contact with the Hokkien -speaking regions of mainland China to stop. During Japanese rule, Japanese became an official language in Taiwan, and Taiwanese began to absorb

5056-444: The re-allocation of administrative areas in which Taiwan was divided into 16 counties, five provincial cities and a special bureau, Chiayi City was downgraded to a county-administered city and merged with Chiayi County to be the county seat . As a result, a shortage of capital hindered its development. On 1 July 1982, Chiayi City was elevated again to a provincial city as a result of pressure from local elites. On 6 October 1990,

5135-568: The region in March 1906. I was there soon after, and had a profound feeling of sadness on seeing whole streets covered with fallen beams and other debris  ; on seeing, too, so many traces of the awful suffering on every side. Within Ka-gi city, and a limited area around, 1,216 persons were suddenly thrust out into the eternal world. Not fewer than 2,306 persons were seriously injured, and 13,259 houses were laid low. The great mysterious Power then tore

5214-417: The rules listed above): An example of the normal tone sandhi rule is: There are a number of a single syllable words that undergo double tone sandhi, that is, they follow the tone change rule twice and are pronounced according to the second tone change. These syllables are almost always a 4th tone ending in -h , and include the words 欲 (beh), 佮 (kah), 閣 (koh), 才 (chiah), as well as the 3rd tone verb 去 khì. As

5293-803: The same reason. In the American Community Survey run by the United States Census Bureau , Taiwanese was referred to as "Formosan" from 2012 to 2015 and as "Min Nan Chinese" since 2016. Phonologically , Hokkien is a tonal language with extensive tone sandhi rules. Syllables consist maximally of an initial consonant , a vowel , a final consonant, and a tone. Unlike many other varieties of Chinese such as Mandarin, Cantonese , Hakka , etc., there are no native labiodental phonemes (i.e. [ f ] , [ v ] , [ ʋ ] , etc.). Taiwanese has

5372-402: The summer months. Left with the landmarks of Japanese colonial rule, Chiayi City has the round-island railway system and Alishan Forest Railway where the city is the starting point along with various Japanese temples. Like the county, Chiayi City's former Chinese placename was Tsu-lo-san ( Chinese : 諸羅山 ; pinyin : Zhūluóshān ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Chu-lô-san ), a representation of

5451-815: The town was upgraded to an autonomous city under the same prefecture. After the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China in October 1945, Chiayi City was established as a provincial city of Taiwan Province . The city consisted of 8 districts, which were Bajiang, Beimen, Beizhen, Nanmen, Tungmen, Tungshan , Ximen and Zhuwei Districts . In 1946, the districts was reorganized to 6 districts in which Bajiang and Nanmen were merged to become Xinnan, Beimen and Beizhen were merged to become Xinbei, Tungmen and Tungshan were merged to become Xindong, Ximen and Zhuwei were merged to become Xinxi District and there were 2 addition of districts from Tainan County which were Shuishang and Taibao Districts . Chiayi saw some of

5530-535: The two kinds of stopped syllables are also considered to be tones and assigned numbers 4 and 8. Words of tone 6 have merged into either tone 2 or tone 7 in most Taiwanese variants, and thus tone 6 is duplicated in the count. Here the eight tones are shown, following the traditional tone class categorization, named after the tones of Middle Chinese : See (for one example) the modern phonological analysis in Chiung (2003) , which challenges these notions. For tones 4 and 8,

5609-477: The uneasy relationships between different language communities and colonial establishments over the next few centuries. During the 200 years of Qing dynasty rule, thousands of immigrants from Fujian arrived yearly; the population was over one million in the middle of the 18th century. Civil unrest and armed conflicts were frequent. In addition to resistance against governments (both Chinese and later Japanese), battles between ethnic groups were also significant:

5688-456: The use of written Taiwanese Hokkien (e.g. Pe̍h-ōe-jī , a phonetic rendering of spoken Hokkien using the Latin alphabet) as part of its general policy of political repression. In 1964 the use of spoken Taiwanese Hokkien or Hakka in schools or in official settings was forbidden; violations of the prohibition in schools often resulted in physical punishments, fines, or humiliation. Only after

5767-704: The years the festival has become the most anticipated annual event in Chiayi. Major sporting events held by Chiayi include: Chiayi is twinned with: Chiayi City is served by Chiayi Station and Jiabei Station of the Taiwan Railways Administration . Chiayi Station is the starting point for the Alishan Forest Railway . The city is also accessible from THSR Chiayi Station in Chiayi County . Chiayi Bus Rapid Transit connects Chiayi City to Chiayi HSR station in

5846-488: Was a brief cultural exchange with mainland China followed by further oppression. The Chinese Civil War resulted in another political separation when the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) government retreated to Taiwan following their defeat by the communists in 1949. The influx of two million soldiers and civilians caused the population of Taiwan to increase from 6 million to 8 million. The government subsequently promoted Mandarin while suppressing, but short of banning,

5925-461: Was called Tamsui Subprefecture ( 淡水廳 ). Changhua County ( 彰化縣 ) was also created, encompassing the area of modern Changhua County , Taichung , half of Yunlin County and three townships of Nantou County . The remaining area, some 3,844 km from the Huwei River ( 虎尾溪 ) to the borders with Taiwan County and the ungoverned aboriginal areas, remained under the name of Zhuluo County. In 1787,

6004-401: Was closed down in 1939. Taiwanese thus was reduced to a common daily language . In 1937 the colonial government introduced a concept called "National Language Family" ( 国語 の 家 ), which meant that families that proved that they adopted Japanese as their daily language enjoyed benefits such as greater access to education. After the handover of Taiwan to the Republic of China in 1945, there

6083-418: Was governed as part of Taiwan Prefecture in Fujian under Zhuluo County and the city was renamed Kagee in 1787. The city was renamed Kagi during the Japanese era but an earthquake in 1906 destroyed much of the town. Kagi was administered as part of Tainan Prefecture from 1920 onwards. Following the surrender of Japan in 1945, the Republic of China , who deposed the Qing in 1911 , took control of

6162-403: Was north of Mattau (modern-day Madou, Tainan ) and south of Favorlang ( Huwei, Yunlin ). In 1661 (the 15th year of Yung-Li , Ming dynasty ), Koxinga defeated the Dutch based in Taiwan and founded the Kingdom of Tungning . He established one province, Cheng-Tien-Fu  [ zh ] , and two counties, Tien-Hsing  [ zh ] and Wan-Nien  [ zh ] , demarcated by

6241-430: Was shortened to simply Tsulo. Because of the choice of the characters, it has been mistakenly suggested that the origin of the name came from the expression "mountains surrounding the east". "Peach City" is another name for Chiayi City due to its peach-shaped territory in ancient times. The tip of the peach is around Central Fountain and was called "Peach-tip" by citizens. Tsulosan was once the foothold to which people from

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