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37-620: The bridge is also commonly known as the Zhaozhou Bridge (simplified Chinese: 赵 州 桥 ; traditional Chinese: 趙 州 橋 ; pinyin: Zhàozhōu Qiáo ), after Zhao County , which was formerly known as Zhaozhou ( 趙州 ). Another name for the bridge is the Great Stone Bridge (simplified Chinese: 大石桥 ; traditional Chinese: 大石橋 ; pinyin: Dàshí Qiáo ). It crosses the Xiaohe River ( 洨河 ) south of

74-421: A unit of volume has continued in the capacity of cargo ships and in units such as the freight ton and a number of other units, ranging from 35 to 100 cubic feet (0.99 to 2.83  m ) in size. Recent specialized uses include the ton as a means of truck classification . It can also be used as a unit of energy , or in refrigeration as a unit of power , sometimes called a ton of refrigeration . Because

111-465: A relatively low, consistent moisture level ( dry weight ). If the material is in its natural, wet state, it is called a wet ton or wet tonne . Both the UK definition of long ton and US definition of short ton have similar underlying bases. Each is equivalent to 20 hundredweight; however, they are long 51 kilograms (112 lb) or short hundredweight 45 kilograms (100 lb), respectively. Before

148-509: A report and drawing, after which the bridge became world-famous. The Anji Bridge underwent several renovations during the following dynasties. It was severely damaged in the late Qing dynasty and renovations from 1952 and 1956 were criticized for changing the basic appearance and structure. Anji bridge was dedicated as an International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1991. In 1996,

185-499: A ton is defined as 2,240 pounds (1,016.04691 kg). In the United States and Canada, a ton is defined as 2,000 pounds (907.18474 kg). Assay ton (abbreviation 'AT') is not a unit of measurement but a standard quantity used in assaying ores of precious metals. A short assay ton is approximately 29.17 g (1.029 oz) and a long assay ton is approximately 32.67 g (1.152 oz). These amounts bear

222-466: A volume between 175 and 213 imperial gallons (210 and 256  US gal ; 800 and 970  L ), which could weigh around 2,000 pounds (910  kg ) and occupy some 60 cubic feet (1.7  m ) of space. There are several similar units of mass or volume called the ton : The difference between the short ton and the other common forms ("long" and "metric") is about 10%, while the metric and long tons differ by less than 2%. The metric tonne

259-512: Is a 26 m (85 ft) long stone segmental-arch bridge built in 1130 by the Song structural engineer Pou Qianer. The intriguing design of the Anji bridge has given rise to many legends. According to one legend, the bridge was built by a master architect of the mid-1st millennium BC named Lu Ban in a single night. In another story the bridge was put to the test by two immortals who crossed it at

296-411: Is a conventional value, based on the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of coal. Plural name is tonnes of coal equivalent . The unit ton is used in refrigeration and air conditioning to measure the rate of heat absorption. Prior to the introduction of mechanical refrigeration, cooling was accomplished by delivering ice. Installing one ton of mechanical refrigeration capacity replaced

333-555: Is a conventional value, based on the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil. The unit is used, for example, by the International Energy Agency (IEA), for the reported world energy consumption as TPES in millions of toe (Mtoe). Other sources convert 1 toe into 1.28 tonne of coal equivalent (tce). 1 toe is also standardized as 7.33 barrel of oil equivalent (boe). A tonne of coal equivalent ( tce ), sometimes ton of coal equivalent ,

370-537: Is based on net tonnage , modified for Panama Canal billing purposes. PC/UMS is based on a mathematical formula to calculate a vessel's total volume; a PC/UMS net ton is equivalent to 100 cubic feet of capacity. The water ton is used chiefly in Great Britain, in statistics dealing with petroleum products, and is defined as 224 imperial gallons (35.96 cu ft; 1.018 m ), the volume occupied by 1 long ton (2,240 lb; 1,016 kg) of water under

407-416: Is considerably smaller than the rise-to-span ratio of 0.5 of a semicircular arch bridge and slightly smaller than the rise-to-span ratio of 0.207 of a quarter circle. The arch length to span ratio is 1.1, less than the arch-to-span ratio of 1.57 of a semicircle arch bridge by 43%, thus the saving in material is about 40%, making the bridge lighter in weight. The elevation of the arch is about 45°, which subjects

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444-439: Is located in the middle of North China Plain ; its elevation is fairly low and topography fairly flat. Towns: Townships: This Shijiazhuang location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ton Ton is any of several units of measure of mass, volume or force . It has a long history and has acquired several meanings and uses. As a unit of mass , ton can mean: Its original use as

481-552: Is usually distinguished by its spelling when written, but in the United States and United Kingdom, it is pronounced the same as ton, hence is often spoken as "metric ton" when it is necessary to make the distinction. In the United Kingdom the final "e" of "tonne" can also be pronounced ( / ˈ t ʌ n i / ). In Australia, it is pronounced / t ɒ n / . In Ireland and most members of the Commonwealth of Nations,

518-435: The steel industry, the abbreviation THM means 'tons/tonnes hot metal', which refers to the amount of liquid iron or steel that is produced, particularly in the context of blast furnace production or specific consumption. A dry ton or dry tonne has the same mass value, but the material ( sludge , slurries, compost , and similar mixtures in which solid material is soaked with or suspended in water ) has been dried to

555-505: The 20th century there were several definitions. Prior to the 15th century in England, the ton was 20 hundredweight, each of 108 lb, giving a ton of 2,160 pounds (980 kg). In the 19th century in different parts of Britain, definitions of 2,240, or 2,352, or 2,400 lb were used, with 2,000 lb for explosives; the legal ton was usually 2,240 lb. In the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and other areas that had used

592-559: The Chinese authorities nominated it for inclusion in the World Heritage List as having "a very important place in the world bridge building history". Zhao County Zhao County (Zhaoxian) ( simplified Chinese : 赵县 ; traditional Chinese : 趙縣 ; pinyin : Zhào Xiàn ), a historic town called Zhaozhou ( 赵州 ) in the past, is located in the southwest of Hebei province 40 km (25 mi) southeast of

629-482: The abutments of the bridge to downward force and sideways force. This bridge was built in 605. The central arch is made of 28 thin, curved limestone slabs which are joined with iron butterfly joints . This allows the arch to adjust to shifts in its supports and prevents the bridge from collapsing even when a segment of the arch breaks. The bridge has two small side arches on either side of the main arch. These side arches serve two important functions: first, they reduce

666-448: The amount of money to be charged in loading, unloading, or carrying different sorts of cargo. In general if a cargo is heavier than salt water, the actual weight is used. If it is lighter than salt water, e.g. feathers, freight is calculated in measurement tons of 40 cubic feet. Gross tonnage and net tonnage are volumetric measures of the cargo-carrying capacity of a ship. The Panama Canal/Universal Measurement System (PC/UMS)

703-399: The approximate volume occupied by one ton of seawater (the actual volume varies with salinity and temperature). It is slightly less than the 224 imperial gallons (1.018 m ) of the water ton (based on distilled water ). One measurement ton or freight ton is equal to 40 cubic feet (1.133 m ), but historically it has had several different definitions. It is used to determine

740-404: The arch tangentially meets the pier. The double pair of openings piercing both ends of the arch spandrel, which as well as accentuating its lithe curvature, lightens the weight of the bridge and facilitates the diversion of flood waters by allowing them to pass through the auxiliary arches rather than pound against the spandrels. The Zhaozhou Bridge is celebrated as China's oldest standing bridge and

777-425: The conditions that define the imperial gallon . These are small calories (cal). The large or dietary calorie (Cal) is equal to one kilocalorie (kcal), and is gradually being replaced by the latter correct term. Early values for the explosive energy released by trinitrotoluene (TNT) ranged from 900 to 1100 calories per gram. In order to standardise the use of the term TNT as a unit of energy, an arbitrary value

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814-523: The decline of the Han dynasty in the third century. Thus immense public works projects were carried out, including the rebuilding of two grand imperial capitals, the excavation of the 2400-kilometer-long Grand Canal, and major improvements to the fortifications that predated the Great Wall. Economically, the long-distance transport of goods and men was a critical component to the interests and sustainability of

851-476: The economic integration of China's regions. It was under these circumstances that Li Chun, who directed masons and other craftsmen, built the Anji (Safe Passage) Bridge, also called Dashi (Great Stone) Bridge. Although Chinese history credits Li Chun with the design and building of the Anji Bridge, no contemporaneous materials recorded the process, however later chronicles do make notes of it in brief. Among

888-434: The imperial system, the tonne is the form of ton legal in trade. The displacement , essentially the weight, of a ship is traditionally expressed in long tons . To simplify measurement it is determined by measuring the volume , rather than weight, of water displaced, and calculating the weight from the volume and density. For practical purposes the displacement ton (DT) is a unit of volume, 35 cubic feet (0.9911 m ),

925-412: The most remarkable achievements of Chinese bridge building—indeed an advancement unrivaled in the world—was the creation of this segmental arch bridge of wholly stone construction. This innovation, which occurred between the end of the sixth century and beginning of the seventh century, repudiated conventional wisdom that a semicircular arch was necessary to transfer the weight of a bridge downwards to where

962-463: The oldest open spandrel stone bridge in the world. The Anji bridge is about 64 metres (210 ft) long with a central span of 37.37 metres (122.6 ft). It stands 7.3 metres (24 ft) tall and has a width of 9 metres (30 ft). The arch covers a circular segment less than half of a semicircle (84°) and with a radius of 27.27 metres (89.5 ft), has a rise-to-span ratio of approximately 0.197 (7.3 to 37 metres (24 to 121 ft)). This

999-604: The provincial capital Shijiazhuang , and 280 km (170 mi) south of Beijing . Its total land area is 675 km (261 sq mi) and total population is around 550,000. There are many historical sites in Zhao County, including the Anji Bridge , Yongtong Bridge , Tuoluonijing Tower ( 陀罗尼经幢 ), and Bailin (Cypress Grove) Temple ( 柏林寺 ). The county is also famous for its agricultural products: snowflake pears (xuehua pear), asparagus , and wheat . Zhao Xian

1036-656: The ruling house. The movement of goods by land south and southwest from the North China Plain to the Central Plains around Kaifeng and Luoyang followed a path that crossed the Xiao River near Luanzhou (later Zhaozhou and now Zhaoxian) in today's Hebei province. Flowing west to east through a plain that was relatively low-lying on both sides, the Xiao River was an important artery for transporting goods, but an impediment to continuous overland movement and

1073-516: The same ratio to a milligram as a short or long ton bears to a troy ounce . Therefore, the number of milligrams of a particular metal found in a sample weighing one assay ton gives the number of troy ounces of metal contained in a ton of ore. In documents that predate 1960 the word ton is sometimes spelled tonne , but in more recent documents tonne refers exclusively to the metric ton . In nuclear power plants tHM and MTHM mean tonnes of heavy metals , and MTU means tonnes of uranium . In

1110-522: The same time, and Lu Ban saved it by wading into the water and supporting the structure. Although Ming dynasty (1368–1644) authors compared the bridge to "a new moon rising above the clouds" and "a long rainbow hanging on a mountain waterfall", it later fell into obscurity. When Professor Liang Sicheng of Tsinghua University rediscovered the bridge on a field exploration of ancient architecture in Hebei province, he made detailed measurements and published

1147-512: The stones together. The four small arches inserted, on either side two, break the anger of the roaring floods, and protect the bridge mightily. Such a master-work could never have been achieved if this man had not applied his genius to the building of a work which would last for centuries to come. The Anji bridge influenced the design of later Chinese bridge structures, such as the similar Yongtong Bridge near Zhaoxian in Hebei . The Yongtong Bridge

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1184-433: The ton (of any system of measuring weight) is usually the heaviest unit named in colloquial speech, its name also has figurative uses, singular and plural, informally meaning a large amount or quantity, or to a great degree, as in "There's a ton of bees in this hive," "We have tons of homework," and "I love you a ton." The ton is derived from the tun , the term applied to a cask of the largest capacity. This could contain

1221-408: The total weight of the bridge by about 15.3% or approximately 700 tons , which is vital because of the low rise-to-span ratio and the large forces on the abutments it creates. Second, when the bridge is submerged during a flood, they allow water to pass through, thereby reducing the forces on the structure of the bridge. Li Chun's innovative spandrel-arch construction, while economising in materials,

1258-536: The town of Zhaoxian, in Zhao County , approximately 52 kilometres (32 mi) southeast of the provincial capital Shijiazhuang . It is a pedestrian bridge and is currently open to the public. In English literature, it is also referred as Chiao Shui Bridge, after the river it crosses. Starting from 581 CE, the Sui dynasty reasserted imperial control over the competing powers that had ruled various regions of China since

1295-408: The wedge-shaped stones fit together so perfectly... How lofty is the flying-arch! How large is the opening, yet without piers!.. Precise indeed are the cross-bondings and joints between the stones, masonry blocks delicately interlocking like mill wheels, or like the walls of wells; a hundred forms (organised into) one. And besides the mortar in the crevices there are slender-waisted iron cramps to bind

1332-414: Was also of considerable aesthetic merit. An inscription left on the bridge by Tang dynasty officials seventy years after its construction reads: This stone bridge over the Xiao River is the result of the work of the Sui engineer Li Chun. Its construction is indeed unusual, and no one knows on what principle he made it. But let us observe his marvellous use of stone-work. Its convexity is so smooth, and

1369-592: Was assigned based on 1,000 calories (1 kcal or 4.184  kJ ) per gram. Thus there is no longer a direct connection to the chemical TNT itself. It is now merely a unit of energy that happens to be expressed using words normally associated with mass (e.g., kilogram, tonne, pound). The definition applies for both spellings: ton of TNT and tonne of TNT . Measurements in tons of TNT have been used primarily to express nuclear weapon yields , though they have also been used since in seismology as well. A tonne of oil equivalent (toe), sometimes ton of oil equivalent ,

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