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63-480: Zhangjiagang ( simplified Chinese : 张家港 ; traditional Chinese : 張家港 ; pinyin : Zhāngjiāgǎng ; Wade–Giles : Chang¹-chia¹-kang³ ; lit. 'Zhang family port'), formerly Shazhou County (Chinese: 沙洲县 ), is a county-level city under the administration of Suzhou , Jiangsu province , China and one of the many ports along the Yangtze river . With 1,246,762 inhabitants as of

126-511: A characteristic of Jianghuai official dialect, for example, "nothing" is said to be "nope". Xinsha dialect is also known as "Shashang dialect" and "Chongming dialect", spoken by people in Jinfeng, Sanxing, Nanfeng and other towns along the river in the northeast and Changyinsha Farm, the population who speak Xinsha dialect accounts for about 23.13%. Northern Jiangsu dialect includes Nanhua dialect, Rugao dialect, and Taixing dialect. People in

189-595: A complete voice produced by the vibration of the vocal tract, and it’s always voiced. For example, the sound "sh" is often pronounced as "s" in Zhangjiagang dialect, and some words may be pronounced differently or have different meanings. Despite the prevalence of Mandarin Chinese in China , regional dialects like Zhangjiagang dialect remain an essential part of local culture and identity. Many locals continue to speak

252-443: A component—either a character or a sub-component called a radical —usually involves either a reduction in its total number of strokes , or an apparent streamlining of which strokes are chosen in what places—for example, the ⼓   ' WRAP ' radical used in the traditional character 沒 is simplified to ⼏   ' TABLE ' to form the simplified character 没 . By systematically simplifying radicals, large swaths of

315-434: A conversion table. While exercising such derivation, the following rules should be observed: Sample Derivations : The Series One List of Variant Characters reduces the number of total standard characters. First, amongst each set of variant characters sharing identical pronunciation and meaning, one character (usually the simplest in form) is elevated to the standard character set, and the rest are made obsolete. Then amongst

378-553: A county bearing Shazhou. When the county was turn into a county-level city in 1986, it was renamed Zhangjiagang. Located 140 kilometers from Shanghai , Zhangjiagang is located along the southern banks of the Yangtze River. The land surrounding Zhangjiagang is extremely fertile, with large spans of rice paddies. In addition, many fish farms are located around the city. Many tributaries of the Yangtze have been contaminated from

441-407: A few revised forms, and was implemented for official use by China's State Council on 5 June 2013. In Chinese, simplified characters are referred to by their official name 简化字 ; jiǎnhuàzì , or colloquially as 简体字 ; jiǎntǐzì . The latter term refers broadly to all character variants featuring simplifications of character form or structure, a practice which has always been present as

504-610: A newly coined phono-semantic compound : Removing radicals Only retaining single radicals Replacing with ancient forms or variants : Adopting ancient vulgar variants : Readopting abandoned phonetic-loan characters : Copying and modifying another traditional character : Based on 132 characters and 14 components listed in Chart 2 of the Complete List , the 1,753 derived characters found in Chart 3 can be created by systematically simplifying components using Chart 2 as

567-518: A part of the Chinese writing system. The official name tends to refer to the specific, systematic set published by the Chinese government, which includes not only simplifications of individual characters, but also a substantial reduction in the total number of characters through the merger of formerly distinct forms. According to Chinese palaeographer Qiu Xigui , the broadest trend in the evolution of Chinese characters over their history has been simplification, both in graphical shape ( 字形 ; zìxíng ),

630-558: A slight decrease. The majority of the population is concentrated in the Yangshe, Jingang, Tangqiao, and Jinfeng districts, indicating that these areas are the city's key residential and economic centers. Simplified Chinese characters Simplified Chinese characters are one of two standardized character sets widely used to write the Chinese language , with the other being traditional characters . Their mass standardization during

693-440: Is actually more complex than eliminated ones. An example is the character 搾 which is eliminated in favor of the variant form 榨 . The 扌   'HAND' with three strokes on the left of the eliminated 搾 is now seen as more complex, appearing as the ⽊   'TREE' radical 木 , with four strokes, in the chosen variant 榨 . Not all characters standardised in the simplified set consist of fewer strokes. For instance,

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756-503: Is an important activity in promoting economic growth and development . Nations that export manufactured products tend to generate higher marginal GDP growth, which supports higher incomes and therefore marginal tax revenue needed to fund such government expenditures as health care and infrastructure . Among developed countries , it is an important source of well-paying jobs for the middle class (e.g., engineering) to facilitate greater social mobility for successive generations on

819-454: Is derived. Merging homophonous characters: Adapting cursive shapes ( 草書楷化 ): Replacing a component with a simple arbitrary symbol (such as 又 and 乂 ): Omitting entire components : Omitting components, then applying further alterations : Structural changes that preserve the basic shape Replacing the phonetic component of phono-semantic compounds : Replacing an uncommon phonetic component : Replacing entirely with

882-457: Is divided into 8 towns: Besides, Changyinsha Modern Agriculture Demonstration Zone ( 常阴沙现代农业示范园区 ), Shuangshandao Island Tourist Resort ( 双山岛旅游度假区 ), ( 张家港经济技术开发区 ), ( 张家港保税区 ), ( 张家港市市稻麦良种场 ), ( 张家港市畜禽良种场 ), and ( 张家港市冶金工业园 ) are regarded as township level administrations with actual jurisdictions. In 2019, Zhangjiagang’s regional GDP reached CN¥ 254.726 billion, with an increase of 6.1% at comparable prices. Calculated by

945-813: Is now discouraged. A State Language Commission official cited "oversimplification" as the reason for restoring some characters. The language authority declared an open comment period until 31 August 2009, for feedback from the public. In 2013, the List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters was published as a revision of the 1988 lists; it included a total of 8105 characters. It included 45 newly recognized standard characters that were previously considered variant forms, as well as official approval of 226 characters that had been simplified by analogy and had seen wide use but were not explicitly given in previous lists or documents. Singapore underwent three successive rounds of character simplification , eventually arriving at

1008-623: Is referred to as the " big seal script ". The traditional narrative, as also attested in the Shuowen Jiezi dictionary ( c.  100 AD ), is that the Qin small seal script that would later be imposed across China was originally derived from the Zhou big seal script with few modifications. However, the body of epigraphic evidence comparing the character forms used by scribes gives no indication of any real consolidation in character forms prior to

1071-508: Is spoken in the surrounding region. This dialect is characterized by its distinctive pronunciation and vocabulary, which differ from the standard Mandarin Chinese . It contains a total of five different dialects, including Yuxi dialect, Chengdong dialect, Chengyao dialect (subdivided from Jiangyin dialect), Laosha dialect, Xinsha dialect (also known as Chongming dialect), and a small amount of Northern Jiangsu dialect. Among them, Yuxi dialect, Chengdong dialect, Laosha dialect, and Xinsha dialect are

1134-547: Is used instead of 叠 in regions using traditional characters. The Chinese government stated that it wished to keep Chinese orthography stable. The Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese was published in 1988 and included 7000 simplified and unsimplified characters. Of these, half were also included in the revised List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese , which specified 2500 common characters and 1000 less common characters. In 2009,

1197-431: The tertiary sector ). Many of these industries consume large quantities of energy, require factories and use machinery; they are often classified as light or heavy based on such quantities. This also produces waste materials and waste heat that may cause environmental problems or pollution (see negative externalities ). Examples include textile production , car manufacturing , and handicraft . Manufacturing

1260-402: The "Dot" stroke : The traditional components ⺥ and 爫 become ⺈ : The traditional component 奐 becomes 奂 : Secondary sector of the economy This sector generally takes the output of the primary sector (i.e. raw materials like metals, wood) and creates finished goods suitable for sale to domestic businesses or consumers and for export (via distribution through

1323-459: The "external appearances of individual graphs", and in graphical form ( 字体 ; 字體 ; zìtǐ ), "overall changes in the distinguishing features of graphic[al] shape and calligraphic style, [...] in most cases refer[ring] to rather obvious and rather substantial changes". The initiatives following the founding of the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) to universalize the use of their small seal script across

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1386-482: The 1986 General List of Simplified Chinese Characters , hereafter the General List . All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Chart 1 and Chart 2 in the 1986 Complete List . Characters in both charts are structurally simplified based on similar set of principles. They are separated into two charts to clearly mark those in Chart 2 as 'usable as simplified character components', based on which Chart 3

1449-520: The 1986 mainland China revisions. Unlike in mainland China, Singapore parents have the option of registering their children's names in traditional characters. Malaysia also promulgated a set of simplified characters in 1981, though completely identical to the mainland Chinese set. They are used in Chinese-language schools. All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Charts 1 and 2 of

1512-562: The 2010 census, the city is now part of Jiangyin-Zhangjiagang-Jingjiang built-up or metropolitan area with 3,526,260 inhabitants. Continued growth will encompass the Yangtze River Delta metropolitan region. It borders the prefecture-level cities of Taizhou and Nantong across the Yangtze River , as well as Wuxi to the west. Its total area is 986.53 square kilometers, including a land area of 791.05 kilometers. In

1575-511: The 20th century was part of an initiative by the People's Republic of China (PRC) to promote literacy, and their use in ordinary circumstances on the mainland has been encouraged by the Chinese government since the 1950s. They are the official forms used in mainland China and Singapore , while traditional characters are officially used in Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan . Simplification of

1638-456: The 5th century BC and is spoken by more than 8% of the population in China . It is the main local language of East China , and major cities include Shanghai , Suzhou , Hangzhou , and Wuxi . People can basically communicate with other dialects of Northern Jiangsu . through Wu Chinese . In Zhangjiagang, Mandarin is the official language. Zhangjiagang dialect is a sub-dialect of the broader Jianghuai Mandarin ( Lower Yangtze Mandarin ), which

1701-547: The China Information Industry Association. Zhangjiagang, like many regions in China , has its own unique dialect that differs from the standard Mandarin Chinese spoken throughout the country. The local dialect is often referred to as Zhangjiagang dialect or Lower Yangtze Mandarin . The vast majority of the residents of Zhangjiagang belong to Han Chinese , and Zhangjiagang dialect is derived from Wu Chinese . It originated from Suzhou in

1764-470: The Chinese government published a major revision to the list which included a total of 8300 characters. No new simplifications were introduced. In addition, slight modifications to the orthography of 44 characters to fit traditional calligraphic rules were initially proposed, but were not implemented due to negative public response. Also, the practice of unrestricted simplification of rare and archaic characters by analogy using simplified radicals or components

1827-505: The Han dynasty. It was transferred to Jiyang (then Liangfeng) county which established in 281, while the eastern part of Jiyang was separated as Nansha county in 335. Nansha was merged into Changshu and likewise Liangfeng was merged into Jiangyin. The two counties were demarcated formally by three rivers whose names were Chuan Gang, Jiejing He and South Gudu Gang since 1667. In 1874, a canal called Chang-Tong gang demarcating then Changshu and Nantong

1890-418: The added value of the secondary industry is CN¥ 130.848 billion, with an increase of 5.3%; the added value of the tertiary industry is CN¥120.996 billion, with an increase of 7.2%. The proportion of the three industries is 1.1:51.4:47.5. In 2019, there are 783 buses operating in Zhangjiagang, with 47.93 million bus passengers and 65 bus routes. At the end of the year, the city has 443,300 motor vehicles. By

1953-428: The character set are altered. Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms that embody graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms. In addition, variant characters with identical pronunciation and meaning were reduced to a single standardized character, usually the simplest among all variants in form. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification and are thus identical between

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2016-407: The chosen variants, those that appear in the "Complete List of Simplified Characters" are also simplified in character structure accordingly. Some examples follow: Sample reduction of equivalent variants : Ancient variants with simple structure are preferred : Simpler vulgar forms are also chosen : The chosen variant was already simplified in Chart 1 : In some instances, the chosen variant

2079-425: The construction and operation of chemical factories in the suburb areas. Zhangjiagang is a special industrial zone. The conceptualization of the port originated with urban city planner Wang Weifeng, PhD (王维锋], in 1986. Till 1993, it was a small village with no more than fields, fish farms and a small fishing port. In 1993, the area was declared an experimental industrial zone and opened up to international trade. It

2142-473: The country's writing system as a serious impediment to its modernization. In 1916, a multi-part English-language article entitled "The Problem of the Chinese Language" co-authored by the Chinese linguist Yuen Ren Chao (1892–1982) and poet Hu Shih (1891–1962) has been identified as a turning point in the history of the Chinese script—as it was one of the first clear calls for China to move away from

2205-605: The dialect daily and use it to communicate with family and friends. However, with the increasing homogenization of language and culture throughout China , the use of regional dialects like Zhangjiagang dialect is slowly declining. In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in preserving and promoting local dialects in China , including Zhangjiagang dialect. Efforts to document and study these dialects are underway, and some schools and community organizations are offering classes in local dialects to help preserve them for future generations. Overall, while Mandarin Chinese remains

2268-410: The dominant language in China , regional dialects like Zhangjiagang dialect continue to play an important role in local culture and identity. As China continues to modernize and globalize, it will be interesting to see how these dialects evolve and adapt to changing circumstances. Zhangjiagang has experienced population growth over the years, with a noticeable spike between 2018 and 2019. In contrast,

2331-476: The early 20th century. In 1909, the educator and linguist Lufei Kui formally proposed the use of simplified characters in education for the first time. Over the following years—marked by the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that toppled the Qing dynasty , followed by growing social and political discontent that further erupted into the 1919 May Fourth Movement —many anti-imperialist intellectuals throughout China began to see

2394-490: The economy. Currently, an estimated 20% of the labor force in the United States is involved in the secondary industry. The secondary sector depends on the primary sector for the raw materials necessary for production. Countries that primarily produce agricultural and other raw materials (i.e., primary sector ) tend to grow slowly and remain either under-developed or developing economies . The value added through

2457-719: The end of the year, the number of privately-licensed cars in the city reaches 358,100. The city is involved in the Shanghai-Nantong Railway , the Nantong-Suzhou-Jiaxing Intercity Railway and the Southern Jiangsu Riverside Intercity Railway. In 2019, the total tourism revenue of Zhangjiagang is CN¥ 19.7 billion. Among them, foreign exchange income from tourism is US$ 76,017,500. The number of domestic tourists received throughout

2520-634: The first official list of simplified forms was published, consisting of 324 characters collated by Peking University professor Qian Xuantong . However, fierce opposition within the KMT resulted in the list being rescinded in 1936. Work throughout the 1950s resulted in the 1956 promulgation of the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme , a draft of 515 simplified characters and 54 simplified components, whose simplifications would be present in most compound characters. Over

2583-463: The first round—but was massively unpopular and never saw consistent use. The second round of simplifications was ultimately retracted officially in 1986, well after they had largely ceased to be used due to their unpopularity and the confusion they caused. In August 2009, China began collecting public comments for a revised list of simplified characters; the resulting List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters lists 8,105 characters, including

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2646-475: The following decade, the Script Reform Committee deliberated on characters in the 1956 scheme, collecting public input regarding the recognizability of variants, and often approving forms in small batches. Parallel to simplification, there were also initiatives aimed at eliminating the use of characters entirely and replacing them with pinyin as an official Chinese alphabet, but this possibility

2709-511: The founding of the Qin. The Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) that inherited the Qin administration coincided with the perfection of clerical script through the process of libian . Eastward spread of Western learning Though most closely associated with the People's Republic, the idea of a mass simplification of character forms first gained traction in China during

2772-428: The highest share, with 29.11% of the permanent residence population and 26.67% of the household population in 2021. Other significant districts include Jingang, Tangqiao, and Jinfeng. The remaining districts, namely Fenghuang, Leyu, Nanfeng, and Daxin, have relatively smaller populations. Overall, Zhangjiagang's population trends show consistent growth in permanent residence, while the household population has experienced

2835-497: The household population has seen a slight decline during the same period. This could be attributed to various factors, such as migration or changes in household sizes. As of 2022, the total permanent residence population in Zhangjiagang is 1,447,658, while the household population is 927,364. The city population is mainly consisted by the eight districts: Yangshe, Jingang, Jinfeng, Tangqiao, Fenghuang, Leyu, Nanfeng, and Daxin. In terms of population distribution, Yangshe District has

2898-466: The increased usage of 朙 was followed by proliferation of a third variant: 眀 , with 目 'eye' on the left—likely derived as a contraction of 朙 . Ultimately, 明 became the character's standard form. The Book of Han (111 AD) describes an earlier attempt made by King Xuan of Zhou ( d.  782 BC ) to unify character forms across the states of ancient China , with his chief chronicler having "[written] fifteen chapters describing" what

2961-465: The left, with the 月 'Moon' component on the right. Li Si ( d.  208 BC ), the Chancellor of Qin, attempted to universalize the Qin small seal script across China following the wars that had politically unified the country for the first time. Li prescribed the 朙 form of the word for 'bright', but some scribes ignored this and continued to write the character as 明 . However,

3024-402: The most prominent Chinese authors of the 20th century, stated that "if Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die" ( 漢字不滅，中國必亡 ). During the 1930s and 1940s, discussions regarding simplification took place within the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) party. Many members of the Chinese intelligentsia maintained that simplification would increase literacy rates throughout the country. In 1935,

3087-467: The most widely distributed and have the most populations. They have become the representative dialects of the city. Yuxi dialect is spoken by the southeastern town of Tangqiao, which is basically the same as the Changshu urban area, commonly known as the "Changshu dialect", distributed in the southeast near Changshu , Tangqiao, and other towns and the east of Yangshe. Yuxi dialect accounts for 25.53% of

3150-430: The public and quickly fell out of official use. It was ultimately formally rescinded in 1986. The second-round simplifications were unpopular in large part because most of the forms were completely new, in contrast to the familiar variants comprising the majority of the first round. With the rescission of the second round, work toward further character simplification largely came to an end. In 1986, authorities retracted

3213-465: The recently conquered parts of the empire is generally seen as being the first real attempt at script reform in Chinese history. Before the 20th century, variation in character shape on the part of scribes, which would continue with the later invention of woodblock printing , was ubiquitous. For example, prior to the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) the character meaning 'bright' was written as either 明 or 朙 —with either 日 'Sun' or 囧 'window' on

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3276-400: The registered population, the per capita GDP is CN¥ 273,900, which is equivalent to US$ 39,700 at the average exchange rate. Based on the permanent population, the per capita GDP is CN¥ 201,800, which is equivalent to US$ 29,300 at the average exchange rate. Among the total GDP of Zhangjiagang in 2019, the added value of the primary industry is CN¥ 2.882 billion, with a decrease of 2.0%;

3339-571: The registered population. Chengdong dialect is represented by Yangshe dialect in the urban area, it is actually the transition zone between the Wu language around Lake Tai and the surrounding districts of Suzhou. Chengdong dialect accounts for 26.4% of the registered population. Represented by Deji, Laosha dialect is distributed in Chenyang, Daxin, and other towns in the northwest, with the using population taking up about 20.76%. Laosha dialect contains

3402-481: The same set of simplified characters as mainland China. The first round was promulgated by the Ministry of Education in 1969, consisting of 498 simplified characters derived from 502 traditional characters. A second round of 2287 simplified characters was promulgated in 1974. The second set contained 49 differences from the mainland China system; these were removed in the final round in 1976. In 1993, Singapore adopted

3465-467: The second round completely, though they had been largely fallen out of use within a year of their initial introduction. That year, the authorities also promulgated a final version of the General List of Simplified Chinese Characters . It was identical to the 1964 list save for 6 changes—including the restoration of 3 characters that had been simplified in the first round: 叠 , 覆 , 像 ; the form 疊

3528-448: The southern part of Zhangjiagang are original residents, and the northern part is where immigrants live. Therefore, the residents in the south part are called Jiangnan (south part of Yangtze River) people in tradition, which accounts for 51.93% of the population. The rest of the residents in the north are called Shashang people and account for 48.07% of the population. These vernaculars share some basic properties like voice Sonorant . It’s

3591-462: The top 100 country-level city list in China, Zhangjiagang ranks the third in 2019, and 2020. Zhangjiagang is named a national civilized city in China in 2020, and this is the sixth time that the city achieves this honor. Zhangjiagang is derived from a port in the city, while the port is named after a tributary, Zhangjia. All of them are written as " 张家港 " in Chinese. The area of the city was under jurisdiction of Jiyang township, Piling county during

3654-497: The traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies. The Chinese government has never officially announced the completion of the simplification process after the bulk of characters were introduced by the 1960s. In the wake of the Cultural Revolution , a second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977—largely composed of entirely new variants intended to artificially lower the stroke count, in contrast to

3717-833: The traditional character 強 , with 11 strokes is standardised as 强 , with 12 strokes, which is a variant character. Such characters do not constitute simplified characters. The new standardized character forms shown in the Characters for Publishing and revised through the Common Modern Characters list tend to adopt vulgar variant character forms. Since the new forms take vulgar variants, many characters now appear slightly simpler compared to old forms, and as such are often mistaken as structurally simplified characters. Some examples follow: The traditional component 釆 becomes 米 : The traditional component 囚 becomes 日 : The traditional "Break" stroke becomes

3780-522: The use of characters entirely. Instead, Chao proposed that the language be written with an alphabet, which he saw as more logical and efficient. The alphabetization and simplification campaigns would exist alongside one another among the Republican intelligentsia for the next several decades. Recent commentators have echoed some contemporary claims that Chinese characters were blamed for the economic problems in China during that time. Lu Xun , one of

3843-485: The year is 9,355,900; the number of foreign tourists received is 46,100. The city has 4 national AAAA-level tourist attractions, 3 national AAA-level tourist attractions, and 1 provincial-level tourist resort. The city is claimed to be one of 100 Chinese countries or country-level cities with the biggest potential to develop tourism in 2020 by organizations including the China Economic Herald newspaper and

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3906-464: Was abandoned, confirmed by a speech given by Zhou Enlai in 1958. In 1965, the PRC published the List of Commonly Used Characters for Printing  [ zh ] (hereafter Characters for Printing ), which included standard printed forms for 6196 characters, including all of the forms from the 1956 scheme. A second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977, but was poorly received by

3969-529: Was built. The shoals formed by alluvial deposits in varying of shape and size border the Yangtze River were called shazhou in Chinese. Thus, when the CPC established a new county which located in then Northern Changshu, it was designated as Shazhou. The county was disestablished after the Double Tenth Agreement was signed. In 1962, Changshu and Jiangyin separated their owned parts to establish

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