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79-459: Standard cash ( traditional Chinese : 制錢 ; simplified Chinese : 制钱 ; pinyin : zhì qián ; Manchu : ᡳ ᠵᡳᡴᠠ ; Möllendorff : Durun i jiha ), or regulation cash coins , is a term used during the Ming and Qing dynasties of China to refer to standard issue copper-alloy cash coins produced in imperial Chinese mints according to weight and composition standards that were fixed by

158-415: A bundle of 1 guàn Great Ming Treasure Note banknotes, as these European soldiers were happy with the gems and precious metals they acquired they handed the bundle of banknotes to US Army Surgeon Major Louis Livingston Seaman , who was a bystander and only unofficially present. Louis Seaman gave the bundle of banknotes to the museum of St. John's College in the city of Shanghai . One of these banknotes

237-509: A certain extent in South Korea , remain virtually identical to traditional characters, with variations between the two forms largely stylistic. There has historically been a debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters . Because the simplifications are fairly systematic, it is possible to convert computer-encoded characters between the two sets, with the main issue being ambiguities in simplified representations resulting from

316-560: A common form of currency throughout South , Southeast , and East Asia. In the year 1433, due to the devaluation of the Great Ming Treasure Note banknotes, the government of the Ming dynasty resumed the casting of cash coins again. The casting of these new Xuande Tongbao cash coins was divided between the two Ministry of Public Works mints in both capital cities. Furthermore, Xuande Tongbao cash coins were also produced at

395-603: A currency unit. Silver then started to occupy a paramount place in the Mongol economy and was supplemented by government issued paper money. Under the reign of Kublai Khan the Zhongtong Jiaochao (中統交鈔) was issued whose value was based on the fabric silk . In the year 1271 the Zhiyuan Baochao (至元寶鈔) was issued which was supplemented with the silver-based Zhida Yinchao (至大銀鈔), but these circulated only for

474-475: A high reward, finally the date of issuance was written with the era name , followed by the year, month, and day. Contrary to the paper money issued by the Song and Yuan dynasties, the Great Ming Treasure Note didn't have any geographical restrictions imposed upon them, nor did they have an expiration date . Paper notes issued by the Ming dynasty noted that they would circulate forever. The Great Ming Treasure Note

553-472: A number of currency reforms that re-introduced multiple denominations, these large denomination cash coins were referred to as Daqian ("big cash"). These cash coins were produced until the year 1890 and the standard 1 wén cash coin would become the norm again until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911. Xianfeng era Zhiqian (or 1 wén cash coins) were cast of copper, iron, and zinc. All Xianfeng era Zhiqian had

632-410: A square centre hole that allowed them to be strung together . The inner rim as well as the outer rim of the cash coin was slightly elevated, and on the obverse side of the coin was the era name (or reign motto) of the reigning emperor , during the Ming dynasty the reverse side of their cash coins tended to be blank, while Qing dynasty period cash coins often contained mint marks . In the year 1361

711-549: A weight of 1 qián to be transported to Tianjin to help alleviate copper shortages in Beijing. The Zhiqian of 1890 was officially given a weight of 1 qián to be cast by both the imperial mints in Beijing and provincial mints. In the year 1899 the weight of the Zhiqian was reduced to only 8 fēn . Peng Xinwei estimated that during the late Qing dynasty period, the total copper sector (copper coins including standard cash and

790-624: A year. The final series of paper money issued by the government of the Yuan dynasty from 1350 were the Zhizheng Jiaochao (至正交鈔). A major difference between how paper money was used under the Mongols and under the Song dynasty was that, in certain regions of the Yuan dynasty, paper notes were the only acceptable form of currency and could not be exchanged in either copper cash coins or silver sycees . Exchanging paper money into copper or silver

869-869: Is 産 (also the accepted form in Japan and Korea), while in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan the accepted form is 產 (also the accepted form in Vietnamese chữ Nôm ). The PRC tends to print material intended for people in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, and overseas Chinese in traditional characters. For example, versions of the People's Daily are printed in traditional characters, and both People's Daily and Xinhua have traditional character versions of their website available, using Big5 encoding. Mainland companies selling products in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan use traditional characters in order to communicate with consumers;

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948-407: Is a term used to refer to cash coins that were small, thin, and very fragile (comparable to Sizhuqian ) that were used to pay the wages of employees of the imperial government (including the mint workers themselves) and was one of the most commonly circulating types of cash coins during the Ming dynasty among the general population. The design of the standard Chinese cash coin was round, while it had

1027-492: Is still disputed among modern scholars. However, Schjöth noted that the proposal to also cast 95,000,000 strings of these 9 earlier reign titles might not have actually been adopted and that these cash coins were local and Japanese forgeries. The standard weight of Jiajing Tongbao was 1.2 qián . In the year 1570 during the reign of the Longqing Emperor cash coins with a weight of 1.3 qián were once again cast until

1106-493: The Chinese Commercial News , World News , and United Daily News all use traditional characters, as do some Hong Kong–based magazines such as Yazhou Zhoukan . The Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified characters. DVDs are usually subtitled using traditional characters, influenced by media from Taiwan as well as by the two countries sharing the same DVD region , 3. With most having immigrated to

1185-511: The Kensiu language . Great Ming Treasure Note The precursor of paper money (紙幣) known as " flying cash " were issued by the Tang dynasty ; however, these bills of exchange could in no way be considered to be a form of paper money as they were not meant to be a medium of exchange and were only negotiable between two distant points. The first true paper money in the world was issued under

1264-567: The Ming dynasty established its first imperial mint Baoyuanju (寶源局) in the capital city of Yingtian , by Zhu Yuanzhang who at the time ruled under the title of "Prince of Wu" and created the mint before the Mongol Yuan dynasty was driven out of China. The first cash coins produced by the Baoyuanju had the inscription Dazhong Tongbao (大中通寶), these new cash coins continued circulating and co-existing next to older cash coins. Following

1343-640: The Shanghainese -language character U+20C8E 𠲎 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-20C8E —a composition of 伐 with the ⼝   'MOUTH' radical—used instead of the Standard Chinese 嗎 ; 吗 . Typefaces often use the initialism TC to signify the use of traditional Chinese characters, as well as SC for simplified Chinese characters . In addition, the Noto, Italy family of typefaces, for example, also provides separate fonts for

1422-652: The Song dynasty , these were promissory notes issued by merchants in Sichuan known as the Jiaozi , under the reign of Emperor Zhenzong (997–1022) the government of the Song dynasty granted a monopoly for the production of Jiaozi notes to sixteen wealthy merchants in Sichuan, as these merchants were slow to redeem their banknotes and inflation started affecting these private banknotes the government nationalised paper money in

1501-706: The Southern Ming dynasty. Until the Kangxi Tongbao (康熙通寶) the official composition of the Zhiqian remained at 60% copper and 40% zinc and/or lead, the Yongzheng Tongbao (雍正通寶) cash coins had a composition of 50% copper and 50% zinc and/or lead, and the Qianlong Tongbao (乾隆通寶) had an additional 2% tin added to their official alloy. The Zhiqian that contained tin were referred to as Qingqian (青錢, "green cash"). The actual weight of

1580-523: The Yenching University who purchased two specimens for only a couple of coppers who later gave it to his friend Reverend Ballou who wrote about the account. Due to these circumstances it's relatively easy for modern collectors of banknotes and paper money to acquire the 1 guàn banknotes which are the only pre-Qing Chinese banknotes available on the market. A handful of notes from other denominations survive as they were issued only during

1659-480: The 1 guàn was 36.4 × 22 cm making them the biggest paper notes ever produced in the history of China. All paper notes from this first series of the Great Ming Treasure Note contained the inscription that they were a valid currency issued by the Palace Secretariat (中書省, zhōng shū shěng ), other texts explained that forgers would face punishment and those that expose these counterfeiters shall receive

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1738-466: The Dazhong Tongbao were abolished. The government of the Ming dynasty attempted to collect all older cash coins and to recast them into 1 wén coins with a weight of 1 qián (which is about 3.7 grams in the metric system ). While standard 1 wén cash coins with the inscriptions Yongle Tongbao (永樂通寶), Xuande Tongbao (宣德通寶), and Hongzhi Tongbao (弘治通寶) were produced, the government of

1817-600: The Great Ming Tongxing Baochao (大明通行寶鈔, dà míng tōng xíng bǎo chāo ) were made of mulberry bark . Notes with the denomination of 1 guàn could be exchanged for one thousand bronze cash coins throughout all of the Ming Empire, this was illustrated by an image of a string of bronze cash coins split into ten segments, smaller denominations contained images fewer segments of the string and were issued in 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 wén . The size of

1896-430: The Ming conquest of all of China the Ming government started establishing provincial mints, known as Baoquanju (寶泉局), these new cash coins had the inscription Hongwu Tongbao (洪武通寶). The government of the Ming dynasty then made the private production of cash coins illegal. These early Hongwu Tongbao cash coins were issued in multiple denominations, however, after only four years, the denominations larger than 1 wén and

1975-487: The Ming dynasty for various types of cash coins include yangqian (样錢, "Model coin"), also known as Beiqian (北錢, "Northern coin"), which referred to full weight (1 qián ) and fine quality cash coins had were delivered to Beijing as seigniorage revenue. Fengqian (俸錢, "Stipend coin") which referred to second rate cash coins that had a weight of 0.9 qián and were distributed through the salaries of government officials and emoluments. and Shangqian (賞錢, "Tip money") which

2054-680: The Ming dynasty had a preference for making and receiving payments in Great Ming Treasure Note paper notes and privately issued banknotes . The composition of the Yongle Tongbao was generally 63–90% copper (Cu), 10–25% lead (Pb), 6–9% tin (Sn), and 0.04–0.18% zinc (Zn). The Yongle Tongbao cash coins were notably not manufactured for the internal Chinese market where silver coinage and paper money would continue to dominate, but were in fact produced to help stimulate international trade as Chinese cash coins were used as

2133-676: The Ministry of Revenue mint would later bear the Manchu mint mark " ᠪᠣᠣ ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ " (Boo Ciowan) and those cast at the Ministry of Public Works mint would have the Manchu mint mark " ᠪᠣᠣ ᠶᡠᠸᠠᠨ " (Boo Yuwan). The Qing government then further stipulated that every province should establish their own provincial mint for the production of copper-alloy cash coins. Standard copper-alloy cash coins were cast by using models, known as fanzhu (笵鑄), in these state-operated mints, of which there were two in

2212-477: The Ministry of Works (工部, gōng bù ) for that of the copper-alloy Hongwu Tongbao cash coins. In 1389 the Ming government released treasury notes with lower denominations "as a help to the people" (以便民用) and improve internal trade, these were the denominations of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wén and depicted unstrung cash coins. Under the reign of the Yongle Emperor the Great Ming Treasure Note was fixed to be

2291-555: The People's Republic of China, traditional Chinese characters are standardised according to the Table of Comparison between Standard, Traditional and Variant Chinese Characters . Dictionaries published in mainland China generally show both simplified and their traditional counterparts. There are differences between the accepted traditional forms in mainland China and elsewhere, for example the accepted traditional form of 产 in mainland China

2370-409: The Qing dynasty period consisted solely of cash coins with a denomination of 1 wén , which could be strung together into strings of 1,000 cash coins for larger payments. While strings officially consisted of 1,000 cash coins, normally it would contain only around 980 copper-alloy cash coins. Because all copper-alloy cash coins of the Qing dynasty had both uniform shapes and weights, the denomination of

2449-587: The United States during the second half of the 19th century, Chinese Americans have long used traditional characters. When not providing both, US public notices and signs in Chinese are generally written in traditional characters, more often than in simplified characters. In the past, traditional Chinese was most often encoded on computers using the Big5 standard, which favored traditional characters. However,

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2528-408: The Zhiqian in favour of lead. Cash coins with the inscriptions Tianqi Tongbao (天啟通寶) and Chongzhen Tongbao (崇禎通寶) were of poorer quality than those producing during preceding periods, these cash coins tended to be both thin and bristle, due to the reduced amount of copper in their composition. Chinese people at this point started to refrain from using copper-alloy cash coins and the markets preferred

2607-493: The already ad reputation of the Tianqi Tongbao cash coins. Some Chongzhen Tongbao cash coins were produced with the denomination 2 wén and Chongzhen Tongbao cash coins produced by the Ministry of Public Work mint had the mint mark "工" (Gong) inscribed to its reverse. The standard Chongzhen Tongbao cash coins initially weighed 1.3 qián , but by 1630 cash coins produced in the north had a weight of 1 qián and those in

2686-498: The branch mints in Zhejiang , Jiangxi, Fujian , and Guangdong . The official production of cash coins ceased once again for seven decades in 1435 and the private production of copper-alloy cash coins would once again become commonplace. Despite the government preferring paper money over copper-alloy cash coins, the Chinese market had a high demand for them, this demand would stimulate an overproduction of forgeries that inundated

2765-459: The cash coins were not written down anywhere on the coins themselves, this was because for most of their history, a cash coin was always valued at 1 wén and payments were processed by counting the number of cash coins. The government of the Qing dynasty monopolised the production of copper-alloy cash coins, which constituted less than 20% of the total money circulating in China at the time, as well as

2844-456: The city of Beijing, and one in almost each provincial capital city. Zhiqian were to be produced in casting rounds, known as mǎo (卯), these casting rounds had a predefined number of cash coins to be produced, copying the imperial standard with their exact standardised dimensions and metallic compositions. The obverse side of the standard cash coin would always contain the current reign era name with "Tongbao" (通寶) inscribed on it. The initial alloy

2923-637: The death of the emperor in 1572. In the spring of 1572, the Ming dynasty government once again resumed the production of standard cash coins at the Beijing and Nanjing mints. It did not take long for the mints to be opened in Yunnan , Shanxi, Shandong , Henan, Shaanxi , Jiangxi, Fujian, and Huguang , these Zhiqian all weighed 1.3 qián . The alloy of the Wanli Tongbao (萬曆通寶) cash coins was set at 93.8% brass and 6.2% tin . The rising price of copper, lack of skilled mint workers, and poor distribution from

3002-433: The establishment of the Ming dynasty the Mongol Yuan dynasty had suffered from a severe case of hyperinflation which made the paper money issued by them worthless. Under the reign of the Yuan dynasty copper cash coins remained in circulation with the inscriptions Zhida Tongbao (至大通寶), Dayuan Tongbao (大元通寶), and Zhizheng Tongbao (至正通寶) forming the majority of the circulating issues and " strings of cash coins " remaining

3081-406: The exclusive valid paper money for the rest of the dynasty and because of this the paper currency of the Ming would see no further alterations or reforms. Overprinting led to severe hyperinflation and distrust of paper currency. The Hongzhi Emperor and Zhengde Emperor abolished the production and use of banknotes. By 1535, 1 guàn of paper money was valued at only 0.28th of a coin. A proposal

3160-605: The first of these discoveries occurred in the year 1900 when foreign forces occupied the capital city of Beijing in response to the Boxer Rebellion . During the occupation a number of European soldiers of the Eight-Nation Alliance had overthrown a sacred image of Gautama Buddha in the Summer Palace which uncovered a large number of gold and silver ingots alongside various gems and jewelry and

3239-462: The government mints all contributed to the failure of the Wanli Tongbao cash coins by the year 1579. The first provincial mint to close was that of Yunnan in the year 1580 which was quickly followed by most provincial mints in 1582. The only successful provincial mints were of Huguang, where three different local mints cast their own cash coins that did not conform to the Zhiqian standards. In

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3318-516: The government of the Qing dynasty to alter the official copper-alloy of the Zhiqian over time. During the Shunzhi period another type of Zhiqian known as the Yiliqian (一厘錢, "one- cash coin"), referred to as Zheyinqian (折銀錢, "conversion coins") by Chinese numismatists, was cast, this term was used to designate Shunzhi Tongbao cash coins produced from the year 1653 that had the inscription "一厘" on

3397-502: The imperial government. The term was first used for Hongwu Tongbao cash coins following the abolition of large denomination versions of this cash coin series. The term "Zhiqian" was used to discern full-valued cash coins produced by the imperial government from older ones from the Song dynasty period, which were known as jiuqian (舊錢), and privately produced forgeries of non-standard weights and alloys that were referred to as siqian (私錢) or sizhuqian (私鑄錢). Other terms used during

3476-493: The inverse is equally true as well. In digital media, many cultural phenomena imported from Hong Kong and Taiwan into mainland China, such as music videos, karaoke videos, subtitled movies, and subtitled dramas, use traditional Chinese characters. In Hong Kong and Macau , traditional characters were retained during the colonial period, while the mainland adopted simplified characters. Simplified characters are contemporaneously used to accommodate immigrants and tourists, often from

3555-546: The last few decades of the Yuan dynasty the inflation caused people to lose their trust in paper money and barter became the most common means of exchange. The first banknotes of the Ming dynasty bore the reign title of the Hongwu Emperor and were issued in the year 1375, a year prior he created the Supervisorate of Paper Money (寶鈔提舉司, bǎo chāo tí jǔ sī ) to supervise their production. The initial series of

3634-479: The left to the square centre hole on their reverse sides, this inscription indicates that the nominal value of the cash coin corresponded to 0.001 tael of silver (1 li (釐 or 厘, "cash"), as a weight). This would mean that the official government conversation rate was set as zhé yín yì lí qián (折銀一厘錢), which was proof that silver was of continuing importance as a currency of account. Similar cash coins with this reverse inscription were also being produced by some rulers of

3713-725: The mainland. The increasing use of simplified characters has led to concern among residents regarding protecting what they see as their local heritage. Taiwan has never adopted simplified characters. The use of simplified characters in government documents and educational settings is discouraged by the government of Taiwan. Nevertheless, with sufficient context simplified characters are likely to be successfully read by those used to traditional characters, especially given some previous exposure. Many simplified characters were previously variants that had long been in some use, with systematic stroke simplifications used in folk handwriting since antiquity. Traditional characters were recognized as

3792-682: The majority of Chinese text in mainland China are simplified characters , there is no legislation prohibiting the use of traditional Chinese characters, and often traditional Chinese characters remain in use for stylistic and commercial purposes, such as in shopfront displays and advertising. Traditional Chinese characters remain ubiquitous on buildings that predate the promulgation of the current simplification scheme, such as former government buildings, religious buildings, educational institutions, and historical monuments. Traditional Chinese characters continue to be used for ceremonial, cultural, scholarly/academic research, and artistic/decorative purposes. In

3871-476: The market in various forms such as military salaries (軍餉, jūn xiǎng ), while they themselves hardly accepted or replaced any existing paper money causing the people to lose trust in the Great Ming Treasure Note. In the year 1380, the Imperial Secretariat was abolished, and the Ministry of Revenue (戶部, hù bù ) was made responsible for the manufacture of the Great Ming Treasure Note paper notes, and

3950-524: The markets of Ming China, often these forged cash coins were cast in such miserable quality that a single real Zhiqian could buy 300 fake ones. Consequently, this caused inflation in many different places. In the year 1503 under the Hongzhi Emperor the production of cash coins was resumed and the Zhiqian were given a standard weight of 1.2 qián , the government stipulated that for each catty of pure copper two taels of haoyin (好鍚, "superior tin")

4029-983: The merging of previously distinct character forms. Many Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between these character sets. Traditional characters are known by different names throughout the Chinese-speaking world. The government of Taiwan officially refers to traditional Chinese characters as 正體字 ; 正体字 ; zhèngtǐzì ; 'orthodox characters'. This term is also used outside Taiwan to distinguish standard characters, including both simplified, and traditional, from other variants and idiomatic characters . Users of traditional characters elsewhere, as well as those using simplified characters, call traditional characters 繁體字 ; 繁体字 ; fántǐzì ; 'complex characters', 老字 ; lǎozì ; 'old characters', or 全體字 ; 全体字 ; quántǐzì ; 'full characters' to distinguish them from simplified characters. Some argue that since traditional characters are often

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4108-625: The mining of copper, while the government allowed for the market to determine the price of silver. Following capture of Beijing by the Manchus from the Shun dynasty in the year 1644, the government of the Qing dynasty established two imperial mints, one under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Revenue and one under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Works . The standard cash coins produced at

4187-485: The new Great Qing Copper Coin minted after the year 1900) constituted only 17% of the total money in circulation in China. The standard Xuantong Tongbao (宣統通寶) cash coins produced at the Ministry of Revenue mint between the years 1909 and 1910 had a weight of 6 fēn and were both cast and machine-struck. Traditional Chinese characters Traditional Chinese characters are a standard set of Chinese character forms used to write Chinese languages . In Taiwan ,

4266-508: The obverse inscription Xianfeng Tongbao (咸豐通寶). During the Tongzhi era the weight of the Zhiqian remained at 1.2 qián , but due to the depletion of copper in Yunnan and the high import costs of Japanese copper provincial mints would often reduce the weights. In the year 1867 the imperial government issued an unsuccessful edit for all central and eastern provincial mints to cast Zhiqian with

4345-677: The official script in Singapore until 1969, when the government officially adopted Simplified characters. Traditional characters still are widely used in contexts such as in baby and corporation names, advertisements, decorations, official documents and in newspapers. The Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative in Southeast Asia regarding simplification. Although major public universities teach in simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications such as

4424-700: The original standard forms, they should not be called 'complex'. Conversely, there is a common objection to the description of traditional characters as 'standard', due to them not being used by a large population of Chinese speakers. Additionally, as the process of Chinese character creation often made many characters more elaborate over time, there is sometimes a hesitation to characterize them as 'traditional'. Some people refer to traditional characters as 'proper characters' ( 正字 ; zhèngzì or 正寫 ; zhèngxiě ) and to simplified characters as 簡筆字 ; 简笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'simplified-stroke characters' or 減筆字 ; 减笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'reduced-stroke characters', as

4503-833: The predominant forms. Simplified characters as codified by the People's Republic of China are predominantly used in mainland China , Malaysia, and Singapore. "Traditional" as such is a retronym applied to non-simplified character sets in the wake of widespread use of simplified characters. Traditional characters are commonly used in Taiwan , Hong Kong , and Macau , as well as in most overseas Chinese communities outside of Southeast Asia. As for non-Chinese languages written using Chinese characters, Japanese kanji include many simplified characters known as shinjitai standardized after World War II, sometimes distinct from their simplified Chinese counterparts . Korean hanja , still used to

4582-466: The set of traditional characters is regulated by the Ministry of Education and standardized in the Standard Form of National Characters . These forms were predominant in written Chinese until the middle of the 20th century, when various countries that use Chinese characters began standardizing simplified sets of characters, often with characters that existed before as well-known variants of

4661-549: The south at most 8 fēn . Prior to the Manchu conquest of China , the Later Jin dynasty already produced its own cash coins with the inscriptions Abkai fulingga han jiha ( ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ ᡥᠠᠨ ᠵᡳᡴᠠ ), Tianming Tongbao (天命通寶), and Sure han ni jiha ( ᠰᡠᡵᡝ ᡥᠠᠨ ᠨᡳ ᠵᡳᡴᠠ ). During the Qing dynasty period, the Chinese monetary system was a bimetallic system where both copper-alloy cash coins and silver circulated simultaneously. The copper-alloy currency during most of

4740-400: The standard cash coin would also vary over time, this official weight was usually between 1 qián (c. 3.7g) and 1.4 qián . In the year 1645 the standard weight was altered to 1.2 qián , in 1651 this was further changed to 1.25 qián , and in the year 1657 to 1.4 qián . After the year 1733 it was officially fixed to be at 1.2 qián . The official exchange rate between Zhiqian and silver in

4819-636: The traditional character set used in Taiwan ( TC ) and the set used in Hong Kong ( HK ). Most Chinese-language webpages now use Unicode for their text. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends the use of the language tag zh-Hant to specify webpage content written with traditional characters. In the Japanese writing system , kyujitai are traditional forms, which were simplified to create shinjitai for standardized Japanese use following World War II. Kyūjitai are mostly congruent with

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4898-985: The traditional characters in Chinese, save for minor stylistic variation. Characters that are not included in the jōyō kanji list are generally recommended to be printed in their traditional forms, with a few exceptions. Additionally, there are kokuji , which are kanji wholly created in Japan, rather than originally being borrowed from China. In the Korean writing system , hanja —replaced almost entirely by hangul in South Korea and totally replaced in North Korea —are mostly identical with their traditional counterparts, save minor stylistic variations. As with Japanese, there are autochthonous hanja, known as gukja . Traditional Chinese characters are also used by non-Chinese ethnic groups. The Maniq people living in Thailand and Malaysia use Chinese characters to write

4977-518: The ubiquitous Unicode standard gives equal weight to simplified and traditional Chinese characters, and has become by far the most popular encoding for Chinese-language text. There are various input method editors (IMEs) available for the input of Chinese characters . Many characters, often dialectical variants, are encoded in Unicode but cannot be inputted using certain IMEs, with one example being

5056-499: The usage of silver ingots instead. In the year 1622 the Ministry of Revenue established its own mint in Beijing, this was done to help finance the continued rising cost of fighting the Manchu invasions. The Ministry of Revenue also established a number of branch mints in Nanjing, but the rivalry between the Ministry of Revenue and the Ministry of Public Works prevented the Ming dynasty from adopting an effective monetary policy. By

5135-587: The words for simplified and reduced are homophonous in Standard Chinese , both pronounced as jiǎn . The modern shapes of traditional Chinese characters first appeared with the emergence of the clerical script during the Han dynasty c.  200 BCE , with the sets of forms and norms more or less stable since the Southern and Northern dynasties period c.  the 5th century . Although

5214-751: The year 1023 under the Bureau of Exchange. As these paper notes were backed by the government they were instantly successful and the people regarded them to be equally trustworthy as cash coins , other types of paper notes issued under the Song dynasty include the Huizi and the Guanzi . Before the Mongol Empire conquered China the Jurchen Jin dynasty also issued paper money, the Jiaochao (交鈔). Before

5293-530: The year 1599 the Wanli administration made another attempt at the restoration of cash coinage, during this attempt the Ministry of Public Works opened up a second mint in the city of Nanjing, this increased the number of furnaces from 60 to 250. Proposals for the Nanjing Ministry of Revenue and River Transport Intendancy to establish new mints in the city were also accepted. The Ever Normal Granary mint

5372-403: The year 1623 there were five different concurrent government mints operating in the city of Nanjing, two of which were run by the Ministry of Public Works, two by the Ministry of Revenue, and one by the Nanjing municipal government. The melting down of copper artifacts which were of great historical and religious significance upset a number Conservative government officials, which further added to

5451-492: The year 1644 was inherited from the mid-Ming period and stood at 7 standard cash coins per 0.01 tael , or 1 fēn (分), of silver, while old Ming dynasty period cash coins were traded at a rate of 14 cash coins per 1 fēn of silver. In the year 1645 the official exchange rate was fixed at 10 standard cash coins per fēn of silver. During the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor the government of the Qing dynasty introduced

5530-467: The year Jiajing 5 (1527). In the year Jiajing 11 (1553) the government of the Ming dynasty cast 10,000,000 additional Jiajing Tongbao cash coins and allegedly as well as Zhiqian with 9 earlier reign era names, a total amount of 1,000,000 dìng (錠). Because of the possibility that under the Jiajing Emperor cash coins were produced with earlier reign titles the attribution of some earlier cash coins

5609-414: Was buried in the wall itself. After the labourers removed the soiled and damaged notes, they started selling the banknotes to bystanders standing around them. The labourers only sold them for a few copper coins each which would only amount to a couple of cents in American currency at the time. One of the bystandards who purchased one of these Great Ming Treasure Note notes was Luther Carrington Goodrich of

5688-414: Was established during this period with 250 furnaces. The city of Nanjing was quickly awash with a glut of coinage, which caused the production of cash coins in the year 1606 to be scaled back to an annual production of 15,000 strings with some government mints being closed. In the early 17th century, an increase in the price of copper caused the government to reduce the amount of copper in the composition of

5767-422: Was fixed at 70% copper, known as hongtong (紅銅) and 30% of zinc, known as baiqian (白鉛). The two imperial mints in Beijing were the only places where official standard cash coins were manufactured during the early years of the Qing dynasty period. The later official alloy was altered to 60% copper and 40% zinc and/or lead, but the actual compositions would de facto be determined by the private market, causing

5846-446: Was known as duìxiàn (兌現, "convert into specie") which was the main reason why earlier forms of paper money were deemed reliable. As these regions were completely dependent on paper money inflation hit them more severely as their notes could not be converted into a currency based on any intrinsic value, for this reason the Mongols allowed their subjects to continue using copper-alloy cash coins and issued new ones every now and then. During

5925-448: Was made in 1643 to reintroduce paper money in order to finance the expenditures caused by the difficult situation that the Ming dynasty faced at the time confronted by the rebel Li Zicheng . The Bank of England planted a small stand of mulberry trees as an homage to these banknotes in the 1920s. During the early 20th century two discoveries were made where a large number of 1 guàn Great Ming Treasure Note banknotes were uncovered,

6004-413: Was not backed by any forms of hard currency or reserves and the government never set any limitations on their production. These circumstances led to the paper currency of the Ming dynasty to suffer from inflation . In the year 1376 new legislation was introduced to remove worn out notes from circulation and replace them with new banknotes at the cost of a fee known as "Gongmofei" (工墨費, gōng mò fèi ) which

6083-487: Was reproduced as a lithographic facsimile in the book The Trade and Administration of the Chinese Empire written by Hosea Ballou Morse . Another batch of 1 guàn banknotes was discovered when sometime in the year 1936 one of the walls surrounding the city of Beijing was torn down. When the labourers got to the huge gate in the wall, they uncovered a large bale of 1 guàn Great Ming Treasure Note banknotes which

6162-429: Was set at 30 wén per paper note. However, in the year 1380 a new law restricted the replacement of paper notes which were unreadable which caused the people to accept these older banknotes at reduced value. During this time the government stopped accepting worn out banknotes and in some cases did not accept banknotes which frustrated the people. During this period the government of the Ming dynasty issued more banknotes to

6241-485: Was to be added to the alloy of these coins. As the government of the Ming dynasty had closed its coin mints for such a long period of time, the government was forced to pardon illegal producers and hire them as mint workers. Under the reign of the Jiajing Emperor the government of the Ming dynasty would alleviate the situation by producing a large amount of Zhiqian with the inscription Jiajing Tongbao (嘉靖通寶) in

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