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68-472: Zhongwu may refer to: Zhang Zhongwu (張仲武, died 849), Tang dynasty general Prince Zhongwu of Fenyang (汾陽忠武王, 697–781), Tang dynasty general Zhongwu (忠武), the posthumous name of: Zhuge Liang (181–234), chancellor of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period Han Shizhong (1089–1151), general of the late Northern Song dynasty and

136-513: A Tang princess (Emperor Wuzong's aunt) who had married a prior khan, Chongde Khan . Wujie Khan fled, largely ending the Huigu threat. It was said that because Zhang was angry that Liu took the credit for the victory over the Huigu that Zhang and Liu subsequently developed a rivalry. Later in the year, when Liu was one of the generals ordered to attack the warlord Liu Zhen , who had seized Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi , Shanxi ),

204-530: A Uyghur-Manichean text of that period demonstrates the unbridled enthusiasm of the khaghan for Manichaeism: "At that time when the divine Bogu Khan had thus spoken, we the Elects of all the people living within the land rejoiced. It is impossible to describe this ourjoy. The people told the story to one another and rejoiced. At that time, groups of thousands and tens of thousands assembled and with pastimes of all sorts they entertained themselves even unto dawn. And at

272-595: A brother of Kürebir, and Tang dynasty troops in Ordos and today Shaanxi . His brother, Enian Qaghan , was decisively defeated by Tang forces in 847. The Yenisei Kyrgyz who replaced the Uyghur Khaganate were unsophisticated and had little interest in running the empire which they had destroyed. They held the territory from Lake Baikal in the east to the Irtysh River in the west and left Kulug Bagha,

340-879: A fantasy. All available evidence suggests that despite some brief extensions of their power onto the Mongolian Plateau, the Kyrgyz did not maintain a significant political or military presence there after their victories in the 840s. After the fall of the Uyghur Khaganate, the Uyghurs migrated south and established the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom in modern Gansu and the Kingdom of Qocho near modern Turpan . The Uyghurs in Qocho converted to Buddhism, and, according to Mahmud al-Kashgari , were "the strongest of

408-419: A grudge against Hedong Circuit in general and might kill excessively, so Emperor Wuzong did not send Zhang. (Yang's mutiny was soon put down by Hedong soldiers under the command of the eunuch monitor of the army, Lü Yizhong ( 呂義忠 ).) After Liu Zhen was defeated, Emperor Wuzong again urged Zhang to wipe out the Huigu remnants, and apparently, Zhang repeatedly prevailed, causing Wujie Khan to flee further. As

476-516: A new dynasty, the Ädiz ( Chinese : 阿跌氏 ). In 803, the Uyghurs captured Qocho . In 808, Qutluq II died and his son, Baoyi , succeeded him. In the same year, the Uyghurs seized Liang Province from the Tibetans. In 816, a Tibetan raid reached within two days' journey of the Uyghur capital, Ordu-Baliq . In 821, Baoyi Qaghan died, and his son, Chongde , succeeded him. Chongde was considered

544-629: A number of trading outposts with the Tang, Bayanchur Khan used the profits to construct the capital, Ordu-Baliq, and another city further up the Selenga River , Bai Baliq . The new khagan then embarked on a series of campaigns to bring all the steppe peoples under his banner. During this time the Empire expanded rapidly and brought the Sekiz Oghuz, Kyrgyz, Karluks, Turgesh, Toquz Tatars, Chiks and

612-463: A petition on his behalf, accusing Zhang Jiang of cruelty and requesting imperial permission to attack Zhang Jiang. When Wu arrived at Chang'an, Emperor Wuzong had the chancellors question Wu further on the situation at Lulong. Wu, under Li Deyu's questioning, argued that because neither Chen nor Zhang Jiang was from the Lulong army, the Lulong soldiers did not completely support either, while Zhang Zhongwu

680-774: A protected storage space for trade goods from China. They could hold a stable, fixed court, receive traders, and effectively cement their central role in Silk Road exchange. However, the vulnerability that came with having a fixed city was to be the downfall of the Uyghurs. The following list is based on Yihong Pan's "Sui-Tang Foreign Policy: Four case studies". Changshou Tianqin Qaghan (長壽天親可汗) Yaoluoge Guduolu Yaoluoge Hesa Menglig Qaghan (r. 848–?), (personal name, Mang/Pang Te-qin 厖特勤), sovereign title: Ay Tengride Qut Bolmiş Alp Kutlugh Bilge Qaghan 溫祿登里邏汩沒密施合俱錄毗伽, Chinese title: Huaijian Qaghan 懷建可汗. He moved his political centre to

748-498: A result, Zhang requested that a monument be erected to commemorate the victories over the Huigu. Emperor Wuzong agreed, and had Li Deyu author the text. In 845, Emperor Wuzong, a devout Taoist , ordered a general suppression of Buddhism and several other religions. Many Mount Wutai Buddhist monks fled to You Prefecture. Li Deyu, who encouraged Emperor Wuzong to suppress Buddhism, summoned Zhang's emissary at Chang'an and informed him that it would merely damage his relationship with

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816-626: A vassal of Yelü Dashi 's nascent Qara Khitai empire. In 1209, the Qocho ruler Idiqut (" Lord of happiness") Barchuk Art Tegin declared his allegiance to Genghis Khan , and the Uyghurs became important civil servants in the later Mongol Empire , which adapted the Old Uyghur alphabet as its official script. According to the New Book of Tang , a third group went to seek refuge among the Karluks. The Karluks, together with other tribes such as

884-437: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Zhang Zhongwu It is not known when Zhang Zhongwu was born, but it is known that his family was from Fanyang , the capital of Lulong Circuit, which was then in de facto independence from the imperial government. His father Zhang Guangchao ( 張光朝 ) was an officer of the Lulong army. It was said that in his youth, he studied

952-560: The Zuo Zhuan version of the Spring and Autumn Annals , but at some point abandoned his studies and joined the military, eventually becoming the commander of Xiongwu Base (雄武軍, in modern Chengde , Hebei ). In 841, during the reign of Emperor Wuzong , the military governor of Lulong, Shi Yuanzhong , was killed in a mutiny. The soldiers initially supported the officer Chen Xingtai ( 陳行泰 ) as Shi's replacement, and Chen sent messengers to

1020-709: The Chigils and Yagmas , later founded the Kara-Khanid Khanate (940–1212). Some historians associate the Karakhanids with the Uyghurs as the Yaghmas were linked to the Toquz Oghuz . Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan , believed to be a Yagma from Artux , converted to Islam in 932 and seized control of Kashgar in 940, giving rise to the new dynasty, known as Karakhanids . In order to control trade along

1088-634: The Gobi Desert , so it covered the entire territory of the ancient Xiongnu ". In 745, the Uyghurs killed the last khagan of the Göktürks, Kulun Beg ( 白眉可汗 鶻隴匐 ), and sent his head to the Tang. Tang Huiyao , vol. 98, listed nine Toquz Oghuz surname tribes (姓部 xìngbù ); another list of tribes (部落 bùluò ) was recorded in the Old Book of Tang and the New Book of Tang . According to Japanese scholars Hashimoto, Katayama, and Senga, each name in

1156-643: The Silk Road , the Uyghurs established a trading relationship with the Sogdian merchants who controlled some oases of Central Asia . As described above, the Uyghur adoption of Manichaeism was one aspect of this relationship—choosing Manichaeism over Buddhism may have been motivated by a desire to show independence from Tang influence. Not all Uyghurs supported conversion - an inscription at Ordu-Baliq states that Manichaens tried to divert people from their ancient shamanistic beliefs. A rather partisan account from

1224-687: The Slab Grave culture . The admixture between West and East Eurasian sources was estimated to have occurred around the year 500 CE . Of the 5 Uyghur males analyzed, 4 (or 80%) carried the West Eurasian paternal haplogroup Haplogroup R1b , while 1 (or 20%) carried the East Eurasian haplogroup Q1a . Of the 12 maternal haplogroups detected, 58% were of East Eurasian origin ( A , B , D , G ) while 41% were of West Eurasian origin ( J T , H ). An Uyghur remain (GD1-3) analysed in

1292-728: The Western Turkic Khaganate was defeated by the Tang dynasty , after which the Uyghurs defected to the Tang. Prior to this the Uyghurs had already shown an inclination towards alliances with the Tang when they fought with them against the Tibetan Empire and Turks in 627. In 742, the Uyghurs, Karluks , and Basmyls rebelled against the Second Turkic Khaganate . In 744, the Basmyls captured

1360-520: The Barbarians" Mountain (Shahu). Öge was wounded. After the defeat of Öge, Wuzong ordered Ormïzt's troops to be broken up and dispersed among different units. Ormïzt refused to obey. His troops were massacred by general Liu Mian. With the defeat of the two major Uyghur groups, Wuzong saw his chance to get rid of the Manichaeans. He ordered Manichaean temples in several cities to be destroyed,

1428-697: The Black-robed Dashi [Abbasid Caliphate], Nao-wen and others, totaling eight people, come at the same time to pay a visit [to the Tang court]; when they walk to the side entrance of the palace, [both delegations] argue who should be the first [to see the Emperor]. The interpreters and palace secretaries arrange them as left team and right team, and enter through the Eastern Gate and the Western Gate all at once. [After this,] Wen-she-shi and

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1496-488: The Black-robed Dashi envoy pay their visit [to the Chinese Emperor]. In 759 the Uyghurs attempted to assist the Tang in stamping out the rebels but failed. Bayanchur Khan died and his son Tengri Bögü succeeded him as Khagan Qutlugh Tarkhan sengün . In 762 Tengri Bögü planned to invade the Tang with 4,000 soldiers but after negotiations switched sides and assisted them in defeating the rebels at Luoyang. After

1564-460: The Huigu noble Li Sizhong , who had submitted to Tang and become a Tang general, at Hedong's capital Taiyuan, to further plan a major attack against the Huigu remnants led by Wujie Khan. Both Zhang and Liu opined that an attack should not be made in the winter, however, and so this attack never took place. In 843, Liu made a surprise attack, led by his officer Shi Xiong , against Wujie Khan, crushing Wujie Khan's forces and rescuing Princess Taihe ,

1632-588: The Huigu. Later in the year, he had a great victory over the Xi. By that point, Wujie Khan's brother and successor E'nian Khan had been dependent on the Xi chieftain Shi Shelang ( 石捨朗 ) for support, and after Zhang's victory over the Xi he could no longer do so, and so was forced to flee further to the Shiwei. In 848, apparently to try to appease Tang, E'nian Khan sent an emissary to pay homage to Emperor Xuānzong. When

1700-455: The Kyrgyz in 890 and no further opposition from the Kyrgyz is recorded. The Khitan ruler Abaoji did extend his influence onto the Mongolian Plateau in 924, but there is no indication whatsoever of any conflict with the Kyrgyz. The only information we have from Khitan (Liao) sources regarding the Kyrgyz indicates that the two powers maintained diplomatic relations. Scholars who write of a Kyrgyz "empire" from about 840 to about 924 are describing

1768-425: The Shiwei requested to ransom the hostages, Zhang refused their payments — and stated that he would return the hostages as soon as the Shiwei also killed Huigu emissaries to them. (It is not clear how the Shiwei responded at the time.) Later in the year, Emperor Wuzong ordered Zhang Zhongwu to rendezvous with Liu Mian ( 劉沔 ) the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan , Shanxi ) and

1836-431: The Silk Road, with concentric walls and lookout towers, stables, military and commercial stores, and administrative buildings. Certain areas of the town were allotted for trade and handcrafts, while in the center of the town were palaces and temples, including a monastery. The palace had fortified walls and two main gates, as well as moats filled with water and watchtowers. The khaghan maintained his court there and decided

1904-493: The Silk Roads. The Uyghurs created an empire with clear Persian influences, particularly in areas of government. Soon after the empire was founded, they emulated sedentary states by establishing a permanent, settled capital, Karabalghasun ( Ordu-Baliq ), built on the site of the former Göktürk imperial capital, northwest of the later Mongol capital, Karakorum . The city was a fully fortified commercial center, typical along

1972-587: The Tang dynasty Chinese princess Ningguo 寧國公主, daughter of Emperor Suzong , married Uyghur Khagan Bayanchur. In 758, the Uyghurs turned their attention to the northern Yenisei Kyrgyz . Bayanchur Khan destroyed several of their trading outposts before slaughtering a Kyrgyz army and executing their Khan. On the ren-shen day of the fifth month of the first year of the Qianyuan reign [on March 29, 758 CE], The envoys from Hui-he [Uyghur Khaganate], Duo-yi-hai-a-bo and others, totaling eighty people, and an emir from

2040-460: The Tang dynasty based on the advice of his Sogdian courtiers. However, Tengri Bögü's uncle, Tun Baga Tarkhan , opposed this plan and killed him and "nearly two thousand people from among the kaghan's family, his clique and the Sogdians." Tun Bagha Tarkhan ascended the throne, with the title Alp Qutlugh Bilge "Victorious, glorious, wise", and enforced a new set of laws, which he designed to secure

2108-541: The Turk capital of Ötüken and killed the reigning Özmiş Khagan . Later that year, a Uyghur-Karluk alliance formed against the Basmyls and defeated them. Their khagan was killed, and the Basmyls ceased to exist as a people. Hostilities between the Uyghurs and Karluks then forced the Karluks to migrate west into Zhetysu and conflict with the Türgesh , whom they defeated and conquered in 766. The Uyghur khagan's personal name

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2176-442: The Uyghur Khaganate agreed and ordered his eldest son to provide military service to the Tang emperor. Approximately 4,000 Uyghur horsemen assisted Tang armies in retaking Chang'an and Luoyang in 757. After the battle at Luoyang the Uyghurs looted the city for three days and only stopped after large quantities of silk were extracted. For their aid, the Tang sent 20,000 rolls of silk and bestowed them with honorary titles. In addition

2244-546: The Uyghur who defected to them, in charge of the Orkhon Valley . During the reign of Emperor Yizong of Tang (860–873), there were three recorded contacts between the Tang and Kyrgyz, but the nature of their relationship remains unclear. Tang policy makers argued that there was no point in building any relations with the Kyrgyz since the Uyghurs no longer threatened them. The Khitans seized the Orkhon Valley from

2312-445: The Uyghurs and Tang forces were defeated by Tibetan Empire at Tingzhou ( Beshbalik ). Külüg Qaghan died, and his son, A-ch'o, succeeded him as Qutluq Bilge Qaghan . In 791, the Tibetans attacked Lingzhou but were driven off by the Uyghurs, who presented captured prisoners and cattle to Emperor Dezong of Tang . The Tibetans and Karluks suffered another defeat against the Uyghurs at Beiting . The captured Tibetan general Zan Rgyal sum

2380-488: The Uyghurs benefited enormously from this alliance. The Sogdians enabled the Uyghurs to trade in the Western Regions and exchange silk from China for other goods. For the Sogdians it provided their Chinese trading communities with Uyghur protection. The 5th and 6th centuries saw a large emigration of Sogdians to China. The Sogdians were main traders along the Silk Roads, and China was always their biggest market. Among

2448-512: The Uyghurs. In 839, Hu was forced to commit suicide and a minister named Kürebir seized the throne with the help of 20,000 Shatuo horsemen from Ordos . In the same year, there was a famine and an epidemic, with a particularly severe winter that killed much of the livestock the Uyghur economy was based on. In 840, one of nine Uyghur ministers, Kulug Bagha, rival of Kurebir, fled to the Yenisei Kyrgyz and invited them to invade from

2516-452: The battle the Uyghurs looted the city. When the people fled to Buddhist temples for protection, the Uyghurs burnt them down, killing over 10,000. For their aid, the Tang was forced to pay 100,000 pieces of silk to get them to leave. During the campaign the khagan encountered Manichaean priests who converted him to Manichaeism . From then on the official religion of the Uyghur Khaganate became Manichaeism. In 779, Tengri Bögü planned to invade

2584-425: The borders to be closed. The other group, 100,000 strong, led by Öge , son of Baoyi and the new khagan of the defeated Uyghur Khaganate, also fled to Tang territory. However Öge demanded a Tang city for residence as well as the protection of Manichaeans and food. Wuzong found the demands unacceptable and refused. He granted Ormïzt asylum in return for the use of his troops against Öge. Two years later, Wuzong extended

2652-419: The break of the day they made a short fast. The divine ruler Bogu Khan and all the elects of his retinue mounted on horses, and all the princes and the princesses led by those of high repute, the big and the small, the whole people, amidst great rejoicing proceeded to the gate of the city. And when the divine ruler had entered the city, he put the crown on his head... and sat upon the golden throne." As conversion

2720-519: The confiscation of their estates, and the execution of the clergy. In the fourth moon of 843 an Imperial edict was issued [ordering] the Manichaean priests of the empire to be killed. [...] The Manichaean priests are highly respected by the Uighurs. In 846, the penultimate Uyghur khagan, Öge, was killed after having spent his 6-year reign fighting the Kyrgyz, the supporters of his rival Ormïzt ,

2788-527: The early Southern Song dynasty Chang Yuchun (1330–1369), early Ming dynasty general Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Zhongwu . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhongwu&oldid=1248721048 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

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2856-778: The emissary was returning to E'nian Khan through You Prefecture, however, Zhang ordered him to kill E'nian Khan once he arrived back at E'nian Khan's headquarters. When E'nian Khan heard this, he fled, leaving his people with the Shiwei. In 849, Zhang died. Emperor Xuānzong allowed his son Zhang Zhifang to inherit his position, and gave him posthumous honors. Huigu The Uyghur Khaganate (also Uyghur Empire or Uighur Khaganate , self defined as Toquz-Oghuz country ; Old Turkic : 𐱃𐰆𐰴𐰕:𐰆𐰍𐰕:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣 , romanized:  Toquz Oγuz budun , lit.   'Nine clan people', Tang -era names, with modern Hanyu Pinyin : Chinese : 回鶻 ; pinyin : Huíhú or Chinese : 回紇 ; pinyin : Huíhé )

2924-672: The horse trade was fixed at 40 rolls of silk for every horse and Uyghurs were given "guest" status while staying in Tang China. The Tang and Uyghurs conducted an exchange marriage. Bayanchur Khan married Princess Ninguo while a Uyghur princess was married to a Tang prince. The Uyghur Khaganate exchanged princesses in marriage with Tang dynasty China in 756 to seal the alliance against An Lushan. The Uyghur Khagan Bayanchur Khan had his daughter Uyghur Princess Pijia (毗伽公主) married to Tang dynasty Chinese Prince Li Chengcai ( 李承采 ), Prince of Dunhuang (敦煌王李承采), son of Li Shouli, Prince of Bin . while

2992-465: The imperial capital Chang'an to request commission as military governor. The lead chancellor Li Deyu believed that part of the reason why the three de facto independent circuits north of the Yellow River (Lulong, Chengde (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang , Hebei ), and Weibo (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan , Hebei )) had been so disobedient to the imperial government was that

3060-589: The imperial government had, in the past, been too quick to confirm their military governors, and thus suggested that Emperor Wuzong wait and observe the situation further, to further create uncertainty within the Lulong army. Emperor Wuzong agreed. Soon thereafter, Chen was killed in another mutiny, and the soldiers supported Zhang Jiang ( 張絳 ) as his replacement. Zhang Jiang also sought an imperial commission, and Emperor Wuzong again failed to act, in accordance with Li Deyu's suggestion. Meanwhile, Zhang Zhongwu sent his subordinate Wu Zhongshu ( 吳仲舒 ) to Chang'an to submit

3128-499: The imperial government if he accepted the Mount Wutai monks. In response, Zhang sent two swords to his commander at Juyong Pass , ordering the commander to behead every monk who came through the pass. In 847, by which time Emperor Wuzong had died and been succeeded by his uncle Emperor Xuānzong , Zhang was given the honorary chancellor title of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi ( 同中書門下平章事 ) to reward him for his victories over

3196-610: The infidels", while the Ganzhou Uyghurs were conquered by the Tangut people in the 1030s. Even so, Kashgari praised contemporary Uyghurs as bilingual Turkophones whose Turkic dialect remained "pure" and "most correct" (just like dialects spoken by monolingual Yagmas , and Tuhsis ); meanwhile, Kashgari derided other bilingual Turkophones ( Qay , Tatars , Basmyls , Chömüls , Yabakus , etc.), for incorporating foreign loanwords and "slurring" in their speech. In 1134, Qocho became

3264-541: The last great khagan of the Uyghur Khaganate and bore the title Kün tengride ülüg bulmïsh alp küchlüg bilge "Greatly born in sun heaven, victorious, strong and wise". His achievements included improved trade up with the region of Sogdia , and on the battlefield he repulsed a force of invading Tibetans in 821. After defeating the Tibetan and Karluk force, the Uyghurs entered the Principality of Ushrusana and plundered

3332-752: The lists in the Books of Tang recorded each subtribal surname of each chief, while the other list in Tang Huiyao recorded the names of the Toquz Oghuz tribes proper. Walter Bruno Henning (1938) linked nine names recorded in the Saka language " Staël-Holstein Scroll" with those recorded by Han Chinese authors. In 747, Qutlugh Bilge Köl Kaghan died, leaving his youngest son, Bayanchur Khan to reign as Khagan El etmish bilge "State settled, wise". After building

3400-526: The north. With a force of around 80,000 horsemen, they sacked the Uyghur capital at Ordu-Baliq , razing it to the ground. The Kyrgyz captured the Uyghur Khagan, Kürebir ( Hesa/Qasar ), and promptly beheaded him. They went on to destroy other cities throughout the Uyghur empire, burning them to the ground. The Uyghurs fled in two groups. A 30,000-strong group led by the aristocrat Ormïzt sought refuge in Tang territory but Emperor Wuzong of Tang ordered

3468-462: The order to ban Christianity , Zoroastrianism , and especially Buddhism . The Yenisei Kyrgyz and Tang dynasty launched a successful war between 840 and 848 against the Uyghur Khaganate using their claimed familial ties as justification for an alliance. In 841, Öge led the Uyghurs in an invasion of today's Shaanxi . In 843, a Tang army led by Shi Xiong attacked the Uyghurs led by Öge and slaughtered 10,000 Uyghurs on February 13, 843, at "Kill

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3536-473: The other circuits around Zhaoyi were also commissioned, but Emperor Wuzong did not request Zhang to launch his troops as well, stating instead that Zhang should watch the border for possible further Huigu attacks. Still, Emperor Wuzong was worried that the rivalry between Zhang Zhongwu and Liu Mian would interfere with the Zhaoyi campaign, and therefore (after the imperial emissary Li Hui was unable to moderate

3604-536: The paper clothing found in the Astana cemetery near Turfan is a list of taxes paid on caravan trade in the Gaochang kingdom in the 620s. The text is incomplete, but out of the 35 commercial operations it lists, 29 involve a Sogdian trader. Ultimately both rulers of nomadic origin and sedentary states recognized the importance of merchants like the Sogdians and made alliances to further their own agendas in controlling

3672-399: The petition, in his 50s, but Wu did not state which year Zhang Zhongwu was born. ) Li Deyu opined that, whereas Chen and Zhang Jiang were supported by the soldiers and then requested imperial commission, and Zhang Zhongwu requested imperial commission first, it would be proper to commission Zhang Zhongwu. Emperor Wuzong agreed, and commissioned Zhang Zhongwu as the acting governor. Zhang Zhongwu

3740-472: The policies of the empire. With no fixed settlement, the Xiongnu had been limited in their acquisition of Chinese goods to what they could carry. As stated by Thomas Barfield, "the more goods a nomadic society acquired the less mobility it had, hence, at some point, one was more vulnerable trying to protect a rich treasure house by moving it than by fortifying it." By building a fixed city, the Uyghurs created

3808-476: The region. In 822, the Uyghurs sent troops to help the Tang in quelling rebels. The Tang refused the offer but had to pay them 70,000 pieces of silk to go home. In 823, the Tibetan Empire waged war on the Uyghurs. In 824, Chongde died and was succeeded by a brother, Qasar . In 832, Qasar was murdered. He was succeeded by the son of Chongde, Hu . In the same year, the Tibetan Empire failed to make war on

3876-582: The remnants of the Basmyls under Uyghur rule. In 751, the Tang Empire suffered a strategic defeat against the Arabs at the Battle of Talas . After that, the Tang retreated from Central Asia , allowing the Uyghur to emerge as the new dominant power. In 755 An Lushan instigated a rebellion against the Tang dynasty and Emperor Suzong of Tang turned to Bayanchur Khan for assistance in 756. The khagan of

3944-441: The strain between Zhang and Liu) soon transferred Liu to Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern Anyang , Henan ). The former chancellor Li Shi was made the military governor of Hedong, but soon, a mutiny led by Yang Bian ( 楊弁 ) expelled Li Shi. In the aftermaths of the mutiny against Li Shi, Emperor Wuzong considered sending Zhang to attack Yang, but Li Deyu pointed out that, due to Zhang's and Liu's rivalry, Zhang might bear

4012-509: The surrender of some 7,000 tents of people, who were subsequently distributed to the various circuits. Najiachuo fled, but was captured and killed by the leader of another Huigu group, Wujie Khan . Meanwhile, Zhang also sent his officer Shi Gongxu ( 石公緒 ) to the Khitan and Xi tribes to kill the Huigu emissaries to those tribes. Further, when he defeated Najiachuo, he took, as hostages, a group of Shiwei chieftains and their family members. When

4080-489: The threat of Huigu raiders, who had headed south in the aftermaths of the Huigu Khanate's collapse due to Xiajiasi attacks. The Huigu splintered into many groups, and in 842, the noble Najiachuo ( 那頡啜 ) advanced on Xiongwu Base, threatening You Prefecture. Zhang Zhongwu sent his brother Zhang Zhongzhi ( 張仲至 ) with 30,000 soldiers to engage Najiachuo. Zhang Zhongzhi defeated Najiachuo, killed many Huigu, and accepted

4148-512: The unity of the khaganate. During his reign, Manichaeism was suppressed, but his successors restored it as the official religion. In 780, a group of Uyghurs and Sogdians was killed while leaving Chang'an with tribute. Tun demanded 1,800,000 strings of cash in compensation and the Tang agreed to pay this amount in gold and silk. In 789, Tun Bagha Tarkhan died and his son succeeded him as Külüg Qaghan . The Karluks took this opportunity to encroach on Uyghur territory and annexed Futu Valley. In 790,

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4216-399: The west. A 2020 study analyzed the genetic ancestry of 12 Uyghur Khaganate individuals c. 9th Century C.E. from Mongolia . The sample exhibited high (~60%) but variable West Eurasian ancestry, modeled as a mixture of Indo-Iranian Alans and Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex ancestry. The sample also carried substantial (~40%) ancestry from an East Asian source, closely related to

4284-535: Was Qullığ Boyla ( Chinese : 骨力裴羅 ). He took the title Kutlug Bilge Kol Khagan ( Glorious, wise, mighty khagan ), claiming to be the supreme ruler of all the tribes. He built his capital at Ordu-Baliq . According to Chinese sources, the territory of the Uyghur Empire then reached "on its eastern extremity, the territory of Shiwei , on the west the Altai Mountains , on the south it controlled

4352-705: Was a Turkic empire that existed for about a century between the mid 8th and 9th centuries. It was a tribal confederation under the Orkhon Uyghur ( 回鶻 ) nobility, referred to by the Chinese as the Jiu Xing ("Nine Clans"), a calque of the name Toquz Oghuz or Toquz Tughluq . In the mid-5th century, Uyghurs constituted a tribe of the Tiele , which was also under the Turkic Khaganate. In 657,

4420-411: Was based on political and economic concerns regarding trade with the Sogdians, it was driven by the rulers and often encountered resistance in lower societal strata. Furthermore, as the khaghan's political power depended on his ability to provide economically for his subjects, "alliance with the Sogdians through adopting their religion was an important way of securing this objective." Both the Sogdians and

4488-605: Was sent to Dezong. In 792, the Uyghurs, led by Baoyi Qaghan , defeated the Tibetans and Karluks, taking Gaochang . Not long after the Tibetans attacked Yushu, a fortified town 560 li east of Kucha . They were besieged by Baoyi there and destroyed. In 795, Qutluq Bilge Qaghan died and the Yaghlakar dynasty came to an end. A general, Qutluq II , declared himself the new qaghan under the title Ay Tängridä ülüg bulmïsh alp qutlugh ulugh bilgä qaghan "Greatly born in moon heaven, victorious, glorious, great and wise qaghan", founding

4556-624: Was soon able to capture You Prefecture and take over the circuit. Emperor Wuzong had his granduncle Li Hong ( 李紘 ) the Prince of Fu nominally named the military governor of Lulong and commissioned Zhang Zhongwu as the deputy military governor, and created Zhang Zhongwu the Prince of Lanling or the Duke of Lanling. In spring 842, Emperor Wuzong made Zhang Zhongwu the military governor. At the time that Zhang Zhongwu took over Lulong Circuit, Lulong, along with other circuits on Tang's northern border, facing

4624-503: Was well-supported by the Lulong soldiers due to his father's long-standing career in the Lulong army. Wu opined that when Zhang attacked Fanyang, he would be quickly able to capture it due to the soldiers' support — and even if he failed to do so, because the food supplies for You Prefecture (幽州, i.e., Fanyang) came from the prefectures and bases to its north, Zhang Zhongwu could starve You Prefecture into submission by cutting off its supply lines. (According to Wu, Zhang Zhongwu was, at time of

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